Decision Making / Human Factors Flashcards
What is CRM?
Crew resource management (CRM) training for flight crews is focused on the effective use of all available resources: human resources, hardware, and information supporting ADM to facilitate crew cooperation and improve decision-making.
What is ADM?
aeronautical decision-making ADM is a systematic approach to risk assessment and stress management. To understand ADM is to also understand how personal attitudes can influence decision-making and how those attitudes can be modified to enhance safety in the flight deck.
What is Risk Management?
The goal of risk management is to proactively identify safety-related hazards and mitigate the associated risks. Risk management is an important component of ADM. When a pilot follows good decision-making practices, the inherent risk
in a flight is reduced or even eliminated.
What is SRM?
Single-Pilot Resource Management (SRM). SRM is defined as the art and science of managing all the resources (both on-board the aircraft and from outside sources) available to a single pilot (prior to and during flight) to ensure the successful outcome of the flight.
SRM includes the concepts of ADM, risk management (RM), task management (TM), automation management (AM), controlled flight into terrain (CFIT) awareness, and situational awareness (SA).
Single-Pilot Resource Management (SRM) is about how togather information, analyze it, and make decisions. Learning
how to identify problems, analyze the information, and make informed and timely decisions is not as straightforward as the training involved in learning specific maneuvers. Learning how to judge a situation and “how to think” in the endless variety of situations encountered while flying out in the “real world” is more difficult.
Describe the 5 Hazardous Attitudes and the antidotes "Don't tell me" "Do it quickly" "it won't happen" "I CAN DO IT!!" "What's the use?"
Anti-authority: “Don’t tell me.”
Antidote: Follow the rules. They are usually right.
This attitude is found in people who do not like anyone telling them what to do. In a sense, they are saying, “No one can tell me what to do.” They may be resentful of having someone tell them what to do or may regard rules, regulations, and procedures as silly or unnecessary. However, it is always your prerogative to question authority
if you feel it is in error.
Impulsivity: “Do it quickly.”
Antidote: Not so fast. Think first.
This is the attitude of people who frequently feel the need to do something, anything, immediately. They do not stop to think about what they are about to do, they do not select the best alternative, and they do the first thing that comes to mind.
Invulnerability: “It won’t happen to me.”
Antidote: It could happen to me.
Many people falsely believe that accidents happen to others, but never to them. They know accidents can happen, and they know that anyone can be affected. However, they never really feel or believe that they will be personally involved. Pilots who think this way are more likely to take chances and increase risk.
Macho: “I can do it.”
Antidote: Taking chances is foolish.
Pilots who are always trying to prove that they are better than anyone else think, “I can do it—I’ll show them.” Pilots with this type of attitude will try to prove themselves by taking risks in order to impress others. While this pattern is thought to be a male characteristic, women are equally susceptible.
Resignation: “What’s the use?”
Antidote: I’m not helpless. I can make a difference.
Pilots who think, “What’s the use?” do not see themselves as being able to make a
great deal of difference in what happens to them. When things go well, the pilot is apt to think that it is good luck. When things go badly, the pilot may feel that someone is out to get them or attribute it to bad luck. The pilot will leave the action to others, for better or worse. Sometimes, such pilots will even go along with unreasonable requests just to be a “nice guy.”
What is Hypoxia and its different types?
When the tissue is NOT getting enough oxygen.
Hypoxic hypoxia - when accending too quickly in altitude (Can’t get O2)
Hypemic Hypoxia - the blood can’t carry oxygen (Can’t carry O2) Ex: Anemia
Stagnant Hypoxia - Poor circulation of oxygen (Can’t circulate O2)
Histoxic Hypoxia - cells don’t accept oxygen (Can’t use O2) Ex: Alchohol, drugs.
What is IMSAFE?
the IMSAFE checklist to determine physical and mental readiness for flying:
- Illness—Am I sick? Illness is an obvious pilot risk.
- Medication—Am I taking any medicines that might affect my judgment or make me drowsy?
- Stress—Am I under psychological pressure from the job? Do I have money, health, or family problems? Stress causes concentration and performance problems. While the regulations list medical conditions that require grounding, stress is not among them. The pilot should consider the effects of stress on performance.
- Alcohol—Have I been drinking within 8 hours? Within 24 hours? As little as one ounce of liquor, one bottle of beer, or four ounces of wine can impair flying skills. Alcohol also renders a pilot more susceptible to disorientation and hypoxia.
- Fatigue—Am I tired and not adequately rested? Fatigue continues to be one of the most insidious hazards to flight safety, as it may not be apparent to a pilot until serious errors are made.
- Emotion—Am I emotionally upset?
What is the PAVE Checklist?
Identify Hazards and Personal Minimums
P = Pilot in Command (PIC)
Personal minimums will include pilot health and experience and can be evaluated in depth with the I’M SAFE checklist. How many hours of sleep do you usually need to function well? Are you healthy? Have you battled any illness or are you on any medications? How much flight experience do you have in the aircraft you’re about to fly? How many hours have you flown in the past week/month/year? Are you rusty? Stressed? All of these factors can affect your flight.
Aircraft
Is the aircraft airworthy? Did it undergo any inspections recently? Do you have the fuel necessary? Are you comfortable with the weight and balance and performance for the flight? Do you know the aircraft limitations? Do you have current charts? Is the GPS up-to-date?
EnVironment
What’s the weather like? Are you comfortable and experienced enough to fly in the forecast weather conditions? Have you considered all your options and left yourself an “out”? Are you instrument-current? Are you comfortable with the type of approaches available to you? Did you check PIREPs and NOTAMs? Are you at comfortable flying in busy airspace or on edge about the air traffic control situation? Does the aircraft have heat or air conditioning? Are you familiar with the terrain?
External Pressures
Are you stressed or anxious? Is this a flight that will cause you to be stressed or anxious? Is there pressure to get to your destination quickly? Do you have a plan B? Are you dealing with difficult passengers or an unhealthy safety culture?
Are you being honest with yourself and others about your pilot abilities and limitations?
What is The 5 Ps Check?
Plan
- Weather
- Route
- Publications
- ATC Delays
- Fuel Remaining
Plane
- Mechanical Status
- Automation Status
- Database Currency
- Circuit Breakers
- Backup Systems
Pilot
- “I”llness
- “M”edication
- “S”tress
- “A”lcohol
- “F”atigue
- “E”ating
Passengers
- Pilots or non-pilots
- Nervous or quiet
- Experienced or new
- Helpful or a handful
- Urgent or optional
- Business or pleasure
Programming
Preprogram the:
-Autopilot
-GPS
-MFD/PFD
Anticipate:
-Likely reroutes and clearances
-Crunch points
-Manual backup
-High terrain encounters
What CARE Checklist?
Review Hazards and Evaluate Risks
Consequences—departing after a full workday creates fatigue and pressure
Alternatives—delay until morning; reschedule
meeting; drive
Reality —dangers and distractions of fatigue could lead to an accident
External pressures—business meeting at destination might influence me
What is TEAM Checklist?
Choose and Implement Risk Controls
Transfer—Should this risk decision be transferred to someone else (e.g., do you need to consult the chief flight instructor?)
Eliminate—Is there a way to eliminate the hazard?
Accept—Do the benefits of accepting risk outweigh the costs?
Mitigate—What can you do to mitigate the risk?
What is the DECIDE model?
D- Detect that the action necessary
E- Estimate the significance of the action
C- Choose a desirable outcome
I- Identify actions needed in order to achieve the chosen option
D- Do the necessary action to achieve change
E- Evaluate the effects of the action
What is carbon monoxide poisoning?
A form of Hypemic Hypoxia where carbon monoxide does not allow oxygen to attach to any of the cells.
What are the regulations concerning use of supplement oxygen on board an aircraft? (14 CFR 91.211)
At cabin pressure altitudes above 12,000 feet MSL up to and including 14,000 feet MSL: for that part of the flight at those altitudes that is more than 30 minutes, the required minimum flight crew must be provided with and use supplemental oxygen.
At cabin pressure altitudes above 14,000 feet MSL: for the entire flight time at those altitudes, the required flight crew is provided with and uses supplemental oxygen.
At cabin pressure altitudes above 15,000 feet MSL: each occupant is provided with supplemental oxygen.
What is hyperventilation?
The body as TOO MUCH Oxygen
Can be caused when emotional stress increases the breathing rate and depletes the carbon dioxide from the body.
This may:
Decrease reaction time Impair judgement Produce a drowsiness feeling
Breathing into a bag or talking outload to increase carbon dioxide is a normal cure.
