✅Death and The Afterlife Flashcards
what is the kingdom of God?
an actual/spiritual/symbolic place for the moral life
what is eschatological
the idea that the kingdom will be a future redeemed state of righteousness live s in perfect harmony with God.
what was the meaning of jesus’ teachings?
sacrifice for sin, his death would prompt God to establish a new world.
what was the Resurrection
central to christian teachings on afterlife. “I am the Resurrection and the life” John
how does William lane Craig describe Resurrection?
as a real historical event
what are the christian concepts on souls?
people have souls which survive after death
reject reincarnation
Resurrection is possible- person will be given a renewed spiritual body.
Resurrection definition
as the promise of post-mortem existence in a re-created human body
examples of Resurrection
Ezekiel, corinthians, gospels, genesis, daniel
ezekial resurrection
God shows ezekiel a valley of dry bones and states he can “make these live again”
corinthians Resurrection
st paul argues in favour of the body being raised imperishable.
gospels resurrection
Resurrection of jesus is attempted in all four of the gospels
genesis resurrection
“Then abraham breathed his last and died at a good old age, an old man and full of years; he was gathered to his people”
daniel resurrection story
“multitudes who sleep on the dust of the earth will awake; some to everlasting life, others to shame and everlasting contempt.
what does Rowan Williams say about resurrection
lies “on the frontier of any possible language”. it is ineffable, mystical idea, but an integral of christian faith.
what did jesus say during his crucifixion?
“truely i tell you, today you will be with me in paradise”
how will the kingdom of ends happen?
the first resurrection, those dead in Christ will be resurrected first. followed by a thousand year reign of the righteousness. and then the second resurrection “but the rest of the dead did not live again until the thousand tears were finished” Revelation.
where is the kingdom of ends plan told?
revelation
problems with resurrection:
not believable to atheists. body has many flaws- disease, lust, desire etc- may be better of without it.
what does ayer say about the porblem of resurrection?
no empirical evidence.
what does peter cole say about resurrection?
problem of what state will our bodies be in?
what does peter geech say about resurrection?
bodily resurrection is the only meaningful way in which one can speak of life after death. “To such a body as would reconstitute a man identifiable with a man who died”
What is John hicks replica theory
Demonstrates how resurrection could be logically possible. His view on both personal identity is hag a person cannot simply be reduced to physically processes. A person includes physical and mental. JOHN SMITH- America disappears and turns up in India.
Aquinas on resurrection
Resurrection of the BODY. Beatific vision- post mortem existence. Monism. Humans rational soul is special and enables life after death.
“For now, we only see a reflection in the mirror.”
Corinthians
Aquinas on resurrection quote
The natural condition of the human soul is to be united with a body
Issues with Aquinas resurrection ideas
If the soul is timeless im the presence of how, it is difficult how you would be he same person. We are shaped by our experiences and therefore would change over time
Where is the The parable of the sheep and goats
Matthew 25
Sheep and goat quotes
“He will separate the people from one another as a shepherd separates the sheep from the goats”
Whatever you did for one of the least of my brothers and sisters of mine, you did for me
Matthew 25 parable of the sheep and goat
What does the sheep and goat parable mean
Judgement of God. Sheep are moral people, fed hungry and clothed naked. Christian behaves the way they do because they are Christians. Goat faces harsh punishment.
All the nations will be gathered” meaning
Shows all people will be judged at the end of time, not just Christians. Also seems to happen at the end of time
Which part of the parable shows that heaven is a part of gods plan for creation
Take your inheritance, the kingdom prepared for you since the creation of the world
What does this mean?
“Then they will go away to eternal punishment but the righteousness to eternal life”
Heaven and hell don’t seem to include purgatory, either option is eternal and both options seem to be physical places
What is universalisation
Barths view that everyone would go to heaven. Open to all. Hicks view was that everyone necessarily must go to heaven because that is the only way that a loving god could logically exist in the world.
Who will be saved in universalisation?
Removes free will from humans. God chooses where we go for eternity based on his knowledge. Calvin would say that it is presumptuous to say to god “I deserve salvation” .
What is purgatory
State of cleaning that takes place beofre someone enters heaven
Who rejects purgatory?
Protestants. It is a catholic teaching that forgiveness is possible after death.
What’s the difference between the sheep and the goats.
You can’t really see a difference, and this reminds us that we cannot always know neighbours it’s good or bad, but Jesus knows inside and out. Shephard use crook to the tech sheep, perhaps the goats report away from the sheep emphasising that the condemnation is final. This shows that Jesus is protecting us in some way. Bible
What is judgement
Traditionally, the faithful go to heaven. “My father’s house has many rooms “.
What does Bernard Williams think about judgement
Question is whether time is it in heaven would be desirable. Give me a perfect body, no physical limitations, and whatever we do, would it get boring?
What does Karl rahner think about judgement
He is a catholic Theogian, they make the same. That limited span of of life gives the meaning. Then what is the point of afterlife which is eternal?
When does judgement take place
Whether or not we are chosen by God, for heaven, or we make our afterlife offer ourselves, Christianity is clear that we will go through judgement. Alice question so just went as a future event-a day of judgement when we all went to heaven or hell. This is the image we see in the parable of the sheep and the goats. Will you wait for this moment, people exist in a neutral but positive state. However, the Bible seems to suggest that people might go straight to heaven or hell. When talking to the thief on the cross, Jesus seems to say that today he will be with Jesus in paradise. This could reflect the fact that of the day time will need to be understood differently.
What Is universalisation
This is both of you which often taken to imply that he was a universalist that is, he believed that everyone would go to heaven and he refused to deny this. Universalism teachers that it was necessary that everyone goes to heaven, but is this that it was not necessary but that free choice of God and she was in heaven is open to all. X view was that everyone necessarily must get heaven, because that is the only way that live in God logically exist in the world. In the afterlife, there will be an opportunity to finish this so making process and everyone will get there eventually. However, it is often criticised for giving the impression that it doesn’t matter what choices we make-morality would perhaps we can unnecessary. It also does not seem to give sufficient emphasis to Jesus’s sacrifice on the cross.
Who will be saved?
Universalisation seems to remove freewheel from humans and yet limit election doesn’t seem to tie in belief in a God of love. Could be argued that God chooses where we go for eternity, because of his full knowledge of actions, putting emphasis on humans. Calvin would say that it is presumptuous to say that God-I deserve salvation, and so for him, the most important thing to protect was got control over the situation. He would’ve rejected the idea that the election suggest God doesn’t love us, and what is dead, like Augustina, have emphasised the idea of gods grace. Calvin developed the idea of a neutral state. Go to chosen will exist in a positive state and is attracted by God would be in pain. If the fee was taken, then all of creation can be said to come around In a circle, back to a perfect state at the start of Genesis.
Who rejects Purgatory.
Protestants. It is a catholic teaching, which shows the forgiveness is possible after death. Described as a place of pain but as a metaphor for the souls great awareness of the consequences of their sin
What is the definition of Purgatory
The state of cleansing that takes place before someone enters heaven
What does Rahner think about Purgatory
Develop the doctrine of Purgatory in a way more appealing to 20 th century minds, I do it is a metaphorical place, not a great pain but rather of the self awareness of scene between death and the last judgement
What does the Bible say about hell
Hell is described as rubbish dump or lake of firey sulfur with my people are thrown into
What does Hume think about he’ll
The whole concept of how call God’s justice into question because of financing could never deserve an infinite punishment.
What does Hick think about hell
Rejects help, because it is incompatible with a belief in on the benevolent God. Argues that this view was developed as a form of control, encouraging people to be fearful of disobeying God religious authorities.
What does Dante Alighieri think about hell
He was born in Florence, was a poet understatement. His “Divine comedy “, is an imaginative and richly poetic work with theological terms inference by Aquinas. He tells Dantes journey through the three rounds of afterlife. It was created now Jesus death when, according to Matthews Gospel, and earthquake was the death to wait for their teams. There is a sign at the entrance of hell which says abandon all hope all he enters here.
What did satre think about the abundance of freedom
We are condemned to be free. This makes a scare because all of the authorities you can think of a fake. We must live by our own rules.
Matthew 12
Sin against the holy spirit not being forgiven in this age for the age to come. Suggesting that some sins can be forgiven in the age to come
What did John Hick think about the idea of Purgatory
He is an example of a liberal theology and he saw value in the idea of Purgatory. But the hell cannot be part of gods love nature and plan and so thought that there must be an opportunity after death board to be purified before heaven
What is the spiritual aspect of Purgatory
It could be that purgatory is to be understood less as a place of pain, I’m over spirituality speak state where person comes to a great understanding of the sinfulness. Alternatively, Purgatory could be symbolic of the final movement of repentance when we are present with eternal purpose nature of God.
Catechism of the Catholic Church 10:30
All he died in gods grace and friendship, but still in perfect purified, or indeed are short of their eternal salvation, but after death they undergo purification, so as to achieve the holiness necessary to enter the joy of heaven.
What is the beatific vision
The state of eternal happiness when we are face-to-face with God
What does Bernard Williams think about heaven.
Is an eternity in heaven desirable? He wonders whether the eternity in heaven would be desirable as he said it may be boring, all our targets will be achieved, and the pleasure of living is about other things. If we have a limited time to do what we want it will be boring. Scenario with women hating heaven.
Objections to Ben Williams for you about heaven
Go to make sure that we did not get bored, why God didn’t make it like this in the first place?
Karl rahner view of heaven.
Agrees with Bernard Williams. How can we be the same person as an earth when I empathic where the bodies have become perfect? Have and it would be like to be able to eat a limited amount of a favourite food or listen to your favourite music unlimited times-would it become boring?
What are the Christian beliefs to do with heaven?
The faithful will go to heaven after death. Heaven is a different dimension from the world. It is the place where God lives, John the gospe conveys idea of comfort, return and familiarity and authority of agape love. Heaven is the ultimate state in which humans come face-to-face with God ( Corinthians). Revelation metaphoric says that there will be some as well the round that people will be able to afford to walk on it. She has no suffering no pain no death. Sin will be washed away, and people will be purified to live in peace.
What does Thomas Aquinas think about heaven
Heaven is the fulfilment of the deepest human longings. Princeton’s are you having to somewhere where you can live in the presence of God and with the loved ones. In heaven, we will be perfect for mother at the selves.
How does the bible describes heaven
A place where those who have worked for righteousness well, a place where people like Abraham or as well as the angels, a place where there is no more hunger pain, a place where every tear is wiped away, there is no sadness.
What does the catechism of the Catholic Church say about heaven
This perfect life with the most holy Trinity-this communion of life and live with the Trinity, with the Virgin Mary, the angels and all the blessed-it’s called heaven. Haven’t thought of it and and for filament of the deepest human longing is, the state of supreme, the definite happiness
What is parousia?
Use of the second coming of Christ, when Jesus will return to judge the world. The kingdom of Christ
How is heaven a symbol
Symbol of a person spiritual and moral life on Earth. I did hear that the person who was worthy Earth of heaven has had moments of blissful happiness, both becomes representations of interactions with other people. Heaven then comes a representation of the sums of all positive moments in someone’s life. This is not a real place, perhaps because it captures memories of those which we leave behind
How is heaven a spiritual place
Natural continuation of a spiritual journey after death. If the body is not needed in the arse life, and as I was captured here we are as a person, and have a does not need to be a place as we understand the word and the word state might be used. Have it is a different form of existence, rather than the place where we might go to. Heaven, therefore, becomes understood as the moment as I was leaving bodies behind to be with a non-physical state.
What is the definition of hell
Place of eternal pain and punishment, seen below the physical world, and it is where a person separated from God for mentality. Probably arrive with on the benevolent aspect of God. Hume calls hell God is just a patient into question as the finite can either be deserved as an infinite sin
How did the gospels describe how
Matthews Gospel is with her to Hades and sometimes Gehenna often translates as hell. Hades in Greek thought Is the shadow we have existence of human spirit awaiting justice. Gehenna in Jewish thought was a bit of torment and something for the world. She’ll is in the old Testament which is the equivalent to Hades. It is an underwater departed spirits. The book of Revelation describes her in a similar way as well as Matthew, combine all these ideas to warn thebunrightousness that the state of hell is fire.
How is Hell an actual place?
The parable rich man and Lazarus, Christians think I’ve had is a place with agonising torture and torment. “In Hades where he is in torment, he looked up and saw Abraham”. As time passed, more more Christians rebelled against the idea of hell. Totally against the idea that God is love. In revelation, have a burning like a fire sulfur. , traditionally Christians areartwork picked up on this and I picked it up to show in agony. Roman Catholic Church believe that has an actual place. But emphasises that the main punishment in hell is the alienation from God. So I’m going to tell because they are they have died in a state of mortal sin and they’ve died without repenting for my serious sense. Old Testament on the contrary
How is hell a spiritual place?
Punishment isn’t inflicted by god through Satan, but is rather each Persons own interior anguish at being separated by god.
How does the Catholic Church show that hell is spiritual?
Hell is eternal for those who have committed moral sins. This is a re emphasis on the idea that he’ll is a separation room from God. Self alienation.
There is no need to be punished by fire because alienation from god would be punishment enough.
What does Gregory of think about hell being spiritual?
Argued judgement and the torture of hell are the result of guilty conscience when a person is placed infront of Christ,
What does Dante think about hell being spiritual?
Hell is in all respects, physical, mental, and spiritually an utterly disfunctional state.
What does satire think about hell?
That in hell there is no exit because there is no freedom to be an individual person and in the final words of his play he supported this by saying: “hell is other people”
How is hell a symbol?
God is a symbol of our commitment to living a good and moral life. Hell is symbolic representation of the negative elements of someone’s life.
An all loving god couldn’t have created hell for physical pain. Symbolic representation that if we are judged unworthy to go to heaven, we will be annihilated and our existence will not continue,
What does DZ Ohillips say about hell?
Symbol.
He did not believe in the existence of god which therefore head him to not believe in the existence of hell. The idea of god and hell is seen by us as a symbol.
Issues with the teachings on heaven and hell
Issue to do with the nature of god- all loving?
Issue to do with continuity and identity - souls or bodies?
Issues to do with the bible- not clear at all
Issue to do with believability - doesn’t make sense that there is one punishment for all.
What is election/predestination?
Belief that god already knew before all of time bean who would be saved and go to heaven.
Ephesians quote about election
He predestined us to adoption as sones through Jesus Christ to Himself, according to the kind intention of his will.
What are the 2 types of election?
Limited election and unlimited election
What is limited election?
Salvation and the reward of heaven is only for those who god chooses.
Limited atonement, Christ died only for the sins of the elect.
What is unlimited election?
The god of love calls all poeple to salvation and to achieve perfection the promise of heaven in the afterlife is possible for all.
Unlimited election leaves to the doctrine of “unlimited atonement, that is that Christ died for the sins of the whole world.
What does st Paul think about predestination?
Originated from St. Paul.
“For those god foreknew he also predestined to be conformed to the likeness of his son, that he might be the firstborn among all brother…
and those he predestined, he also called, those he called, he also put right with himself…” Romans’
What did Augustine think about rpedestination?
His analysis on human nature concluded that even faith in Christ’s redemption was insufficient to overcome sin and concupiscence.
The will was so weakened by the fall, that it lacks an capacity to achieve merit for eternal life. Salvation is ONLY possible because of god mercy and grace.
What is Augustine’s conclusion about predestination?
Even though god has called all people to salvation, he knows from the beginning that only some are eligible for a place in heaven, these are the elect. There are also those who aren’t capable of receiving grace, and the free predestined to hell.
What is single predestination?
Came from Augustine’s teachings.
Single predestination is the does that god elects only those whom he ordains to enter heaven
What is double predestination?
God electrons both those who go to heaven, AND those who will go to hell.
What is Antelapsarian decree
At the moment of creation, god decided who is the elect
What is postlapsarian decree?
After the fall, god decided who was the elect
What did Aquinas think of single presestination?
Aquinas didn’t consider the fall to have wiped out human freedom.
The Catholic Church holds to position of single presentation, that god elects the righteous for salvation, but the wicked select themselves for hell.
What does the catechism say about single predestination.
“God predestined no one to go to hell, for this, a wilful turning way from god is necessary”
What does Calvin think about predestination?
He believed in double predestination. He set out the Calvinist position in the west minister confession of faith.
Calvinism stress the utter sinfulness of humanity and gods active grace but at the loss of human free will.
What did Calvin notice in the bible that led to the believe in double predestination?
Faithful were few. Noah and his family were saved, the Israelites were saved, whisky many were perished.
God must have a plan,
Matthew quotes for double predestination
“For many are called, but few are chosen”
Why does calvin supportlimited election?
In agreement with Augustine’ interpretation of Timothy as limited election, however presented argument differently
Gods will is hidden, and we shouldn’t presume to know what god has in store.
What god reveals to humans takes in account their limited knowledge. When St. Paul said ALL PEOPLE, he isn’t referring to individuals but all kinds of people, god wills his grace for all. this SHOULD be unlimited election, but god has chosen particular people.
Christians have a duty to preach to all kinds of people, both the elect and the non-elect she a duty to act morally.
What does JOhn Hick think about election?
Believed in the vale of soul making,
He argue that reconciliation wit god is the overwhelming emphasis on the NT.
if earthly existence is a journey of moral and spiritual education then t Ames more sense to see hell existentially as a continuation of that journey to amend your ways and site for perfection.
What does Barth think of election?
Argues against the view that election is simply god choosing some for heaven and condemning the rest to hell.
God act freely. Shown though Jesus, the elector and the elected.
Why does Barth talk about the subject and elector?
god in Christ elects to redeem all fallen humanity by dying and overcoming death on its behalf.
Why does Barth talk about object and elected?
God in the person of Jesus reveals his friendliness towards humanity by entering fully into its fallen state and even dying on the cross.
Barth quote about election
“I do not believed in universalism but i do believe in Christ the reconciler of all. “
Strengths of election
Supports Gods omniscience and omnipotence
Some views enable all to achieve salvation
Supported by biblical evidence
Offer explanation for human behaviour
Weaknesses of election
Presents an un-theistic god who isn’t all loving
Our actions do to make a difference
Means people only do good because god planned it
Means punishment is unfair
Dependent on the existence of god
Means we have no free will, the bible is specific in telling is that humans do have free will
“He predestined us to adoption as sones through JC to himself”
Ephesians 1:5
Who believes in the party analogy?
Calvin.
You dis elect yourself, it wasn’t gods love or grace. He invites all but few decide to turn up
What is the coming kingdom?
Jesus’ teachings on the afterlife and the coming of the kingdom of God is rooted in Jewish eschatology.
Jesus’ life was a sacrifice for sin.
His death would prompt god to establish a new world
He would be raised up with the saints and martyrs who have died before hi, and his follower s would have a place in the new kingdom
What s inaugurated eschatology?
Jesus in his teachings presents the kingdom of God as if it had already started on earth. Jesus was healing, performing miracle etc, fulfilling Isaiah prophecy.
What is eschatological?
The idea that the kingdom will be a future redeemed state where the righteous live in perfect harmony. Made possible done to Jesus’ death.
at is the rich man and Lazarus story?
Clear message of separation after death of different ups of people
Good people will go to heaven and bad will go to hell. Parable suggests that god judges each person immediately after death, although some argue that the parable is meant to be taken as sin illustrative point
Jesus quote on his crucifixion
truly i tell you, today you will be its me in paradise” suggests heaven is immediate.
Hick books
Create and eternal life 1985
McGrath book
Theology, the basics. 2011
