DAY8 Flashcards by Jacqueline Plachta

what is used for screening for oseoporosis

DEXA scan… -1 to -2.5 is ostepenia..

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timeline for colon cancer screening with colonoscopy..

every 10years in those over 50

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first degree relative has colon cancer then…

screening starts at 40 or 10 years before family member was diagnosed..

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pap smear for cervical cancer screening starts..

at age 21 until 75.. every 3 years if normal.. over 30 can combine pap and HPV screening

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mammography for breast cancer screening..

every 2 years after age 50

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most common cause of death for <1 years old..

congenital malformations

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most common cause of death for 15 to 24 year olds..

unintentional injury… (also 1 to 14 year olds, 25 to 34 year olds, 35 to 44 year olds)

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most common cause of death for 45 to 64 year olds..

cancer..

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most common cause of death >65 year olds

heart disease

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sex chromosome disorders of sexual develpment… XXY

klinefelter syndrome.. male with female charcteristics… breast development, tall, long arms, legs

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disorder for females… short stature and male characteristics..

turner syndrome… 45, XO

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trisomy 21

down’s syndrome

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definition of primary disease prevention…

prevent disease occurrence..

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the cell cycle…

gap 1 synthesis.. gap2 G1 S G2

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cell division

mitosis

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the most common site of epistaxis (nose bleeds)

anterior bleed.. less severe, bleeding is visible

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posterior epistaxis

more brisk and less common, blood is swallowed and may not be seen

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skyla, mirena, paraguard

types of IUD’s…

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acute, presents with eye pain, headache, nausea, conjuctival infection, halos around lights, fixed dilated pupils.. most common cause of blindness..

closed angle glaucoma.. contact an ophthalmologist immediately

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chronic, gradual loss of periperal vision

open angle glaucoma

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shortness of breath on supine, edema of the legs, fatigue, heart is pumping but weaker

CHF, congestive heart failure

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non specific, don’t memorized, minutes to hours to react.. immunity type?

innate immunity.. neutrophils, macrophages, monocytes, NK cells

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adaptive immunity… Tcells and Bcells…

highly specific, slow to react (days)

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both b lymphocytes and t lymphocytes originate in the bone marrow but they differ….

b lymphocytes mature in bone marrow - t lymphocytes mature in thymus
b lymphocytes humoral immunity (secretes antibodies) - t lymphocytes cellular immunity
b lymphocytes attact invaders outside the cells - t lymphocytes attack invaders inside the cells

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parents can't stop minors from getting treatment for..

contraception, std's pregnancy, addiction, emergency, trauma

posterior pituitary produces...

oxytocin and ADH

anterior pituitary produces...

LH, FSH, TSH, ACTH, GH, PROLACTIN

produced by alpha cells on the pancreas....

glucagon... raises the concentation of glucose in the bloodstream

produced by beta cells in the pancreas

insulin.. takes glucose out of the bloodstream

pancreas is both exocrine and endocrine

exocrine..digestive enzyme - endocrine.. alpha, beta, delta

myedema refers to...

thyroid

thyroid storm...

hyperthyroid extreme..

myxedema coma..

hypothyroid extreme..

glans of penis in male is in a female..

clitoris in female

labia ... labia minor... clitoris

scrotum... body of penis... glans of penis

diagnosis for BPH..

DRE, PSA, transrectal ultrasonography..cystoscopy will show an enlarged prostate

asthma, hay fever, food, eczema, anaphylaxis

type 1 hypersensitivity... delayed type is type 4 hypersensitivity

occurs in infants and more common in males.. lateral to inferior epigastric artery

INDIRECT inguinal hernia... DIRECT inguinal hernia.. older man Hiatal hernia.. diaphragm area femoral hernia.. female Hernia strangulation is an emergency situation

what test provides further evidence of possible peptic ulcer..

fecal occult blood test..

carotid atherosclerosis is one of the main risk factors of CVA... sound that can be auscultated on carotid artery..

bruit...

during an acupuncture treatment the patient starts having panic attack with hyperventilation..

respiratory alkalosis..ph >7.4 respiratory acidosis.. hypoventilation.. airway obstruction ph <7.4

a patient suddenly collapse and there is no pulse and breathing cannot be deetected... first thing to do..

call 911

associated with occult blood in the stool..

hemorrhoids, colon cancer, esophagitis...

schilling test?

pernicious anemia with urine

diuretic.. lasix (furosemide) can reult in

hypokalemia.. potassium deficiency

brainstem...

midbrain, pons, medulla

coordinates voluntary movement and balance...

Cerebellum.. CNVIII.. vestibulocochlear

higher brain function like thought and action

cerebrum

limbic system linked to memory

hippocampus

relays messages between lower brain centers and cerebal cortex..

thalamus

cerebrum supplied by...

carotid arteries

represents the first step in the filtration of blood and generation of urine..

glomerulus...(functional unit in kidneys)

proteinuria, hyperlipidemia, edema

nephrotic syndrome

hematuria, oliguria, hypertension, proteinuria

nephritic syndrome

cortisol and DHEA are indicators of the ..

Adrenals..

CPK test is mot often used to SUPPORT the diagnosis of...

myocardial infarction..

CPK is found in various tissues and cell types...

heart, brain, muscles... any muscle injury will show an elevation..

most common form of hep

A,B,C

soft musculoskeletal mass would best be evaluated by....

MRI...brain, joint, rotator cuff...

abdominal pain, kidney stones..

CT scan..

gall stones, pregnancy..

ultrasound

breast self examination....

monthly

erythrocyte sedimentation rate utilized for...

inflammatory processes..

when a person faints.. first thing to do...

check for responsiveness...

chronic cough with blood-containing sputum, fever, night sweats, swollen lymph node, weakness and weight loss..

tuberculosis

cough with phlegm, chest pain, fever, and trouble breathing..

pneumonia

left sided CHF... coming from Lungs so there is a back flow to the lungs...

pulmonary edema, orthopnea, paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea

right sided CHF...from the body, systemic...

hepatomegaly, peripheral edema, jugular venous distention

first signal of left sided CHF...

difficult or painful breathing...

right 2nd intercostal space..listening to the heart?

Aortic region..

left sided areas for listening to the heart..

pulmonic, triscupid, mitral (5th intercostal)

grade two heart murmur...

faint quiet but hear immediately when placing a stethoscope... ``` Grade 1.. very faint many be heard in all postions grade 3.. moderately loud grade 4.. loud grade 5.. very loud grade 6.. loudest possible ```

the patient's hard copy records belong to ...

health care providor

contents of the patients health records belong to..

patient

chlamydia in most prevalent in men...

from 20 to 24..(most common bacteria)...

chlamydia most prevalent in women...

15 to 24.. (most common viral is HPV)

75% of cholestoerol is bound to ...

LDL.. statins lower LDL, fish oil lowers triglycerides.. LDL can penetrate and interact dangerously with the walls of the artery

25% of cholesterol is bound to

HDL... increase HDL through exercise..removes cholesterol from the walls and return it to the liver for disposal from the body..

performing acupunture on a pregnant patient, while needling she complains of sudden abdominal pain nausea, lightheadedness and shoulder pain..

CALL 911.. possibly ectopic pregnancy

health care providor must act on a patients request for ammendment of his or her medical records..

within 60 days..

physical exam for thoracic outlet syndrome.. hyperabduct the arm over the head with some extension and evaluate the loss of radial pulse..

Wright's test

signs of meningitis..

fever, headache, stiff neck, dislike of bright lights, confusion, kernig's sign , brudzinkis sign

adrenal medulla hormones...

epinephrine, norepinephrine.. Cateccholamines

adrenal insufficency, hyperpigmentation, tired, hypoglycemia

addison's disease (effects adrenal cortex)

hormones of the adrenal cortex..

aldosterone, cortisol, cortisone, estrogens, testosterone...

excessive secretion of aldosterone... hypertension and hypokalemia headache, or blurry vision, fatigue muscle weakness and cramps, numbness and temporary paralysis

Conn's syndrome

tumor of the adrenal medulla.. | palpatations, headache, hypertension, episodic sweating

pheochromocytoma

prolonged exposure to endogenous or exogenous glucocorticoids (cortisol or cortisone)...

cushing syndrome...moon face, buffalo hump, obese, striated abdomen, thinning skin..

lipase and amylase are elevated in

pancreatitis.. (they are produced in the pancreas)

side effects of pyridium phenasopyridine (analgesic for the urinary tract)

urine turns orange...

renin is release from..

kidney

ACE is released from ...

lung and kidney

recomendations to prevent bones from breaking in osteoporosis...

stop smoking and alcohol..

bilateral swelling and tenderness of the fingers for several week, joint stiffness that is usually worse in the mornings and after inactivity, fatigue, fever, weight loss..

RA.. system rpoblem.. auto immune problem.. hand is deformed

myelogram is a diagnostic procedure for the..used to find tumor, infection, narrowing,

spinal cord

urinary pregnanediol

progesterone levels.. and indirect way to measure.. it is an inactive product of progesterone.

electrocardiogram.. ECG or EKG...

Pwave.. QRS comples.. Twave

ventricular depolarization (contraction)...

QRS complex

atrium depolarization (contraction)

P wave

ventricular repolarization (recovery)

Twave

increase of ammonia in blood..

liver cirrhosis.. LV process ammonia out of the body..

pupillary reaction.. CN?

CNII is what is coming in... CNIII is what is going out...

vaccine available for which hep virus...

HEP B and HEP A

stomach cancer is confirmed by..

endoscopy and biopsy.. the definitive confirmation for cancer is biopsy.

parietal cells of the stomach secrete..

HCL and intrinsic factor.. this is used in the SI to assist with absorption of B12 .. without this there is pernicous anemia..

distinguishing feature of Grave's disease..

bulging eyes..

what is the largest and heaviest organ..

Liver..

largest external organ.. and also the largest organ..

skin..

apex of the heart is located at the ..

5th intercostal space.. also listen to the mitral valve here

cranial nerve VII

facial... expressions, saliva, tears, bells palsy, taste ant 2/3 of tongue

deep tendon reflex associated with ankle

deep tendon reflex associated with triceps

deep tendon reflex associated with knee

deep tendon reflex associated with big toe