DAY5 Flashcards
deformity of the joint connecting the big toe to the foot..
- Plantar fasciitis
- Morton’s neuroma
- Cmpartment syndrome
- Bunion deformity
- bunion deformity
hallus abducto valgus (or varus)
pain in the heel and bottom of the foot, usually most severe with the first steps of the day or following a period of rest..
- Plantar fasciitis
- morton’s neuroma
- cmpartment syndrome
- bunion deformity
- plantar fasciitis
benign neuroma of an intermetatarsal plantar nerve, commonly between 3rd and 4th intermetatarsal spaces
morton’s neuoma
serious condition involving increased pressure, leads to muscle and nerve damage and problems with blood flow
emergency surgery.. compartment syndrome (fasciotomy)
test for anterior cruciate ligament integrity or tear (ACL)
anterior drawer test..
more reliable is Lachman test.. knee flexed 20–30°, the tibia is displaced anteriorly relative to the femur; a soft endpoint or greater than 4 mm of displacement is positive
test for meniscus both medial and lateral
McMurray test… pain on external rotation (medial meniscus) pain on internal rotation (lateral meniscus)
unhappy triad …diagnosed orthopedic issues?
ACL, MCL, Medial meniscus… diagnosed with MRI
drop arm test for?
weakness on external rotation, pain upon abduction of arm…Rotator cuff tear (also Hawkins - kennedy test)
patients arm in shoulder flexion, external rotation, full elbow extension, forearm supination, manual resistance is then applied… test for bicipital tendonitis
Speed’s test (also can use yegarson’s test)
types of spinal curvatures..
Kyphosis - thoracic curvature (hunchback)
Lordosis - anterior lumbar curvature (swayback)
Scoliosis - lateral curvature
moderate scoliosis
cobb angle 20 to 40 degrees
symmetrical joint pain, morning stiffness last 60 minutes, fatigue, anorexia, pain gets better during the day
Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA)
needle shaped negatively birefringent crystals, in a middle aged obese man, severe pain, redness and swelling in the big toe,
Gout (uric acid accumulation), often put on purine restricted diet
hip fractures, vertebral compression fractures, loss of height and progressive thoracic kyphosis, distal radius fractures (Colles’ fracture), following minimal trauma
osteoporosis (diagnosed with DEXA scan T score -2.5 and lower)
vitamin D deficiency in adults and children
adults osteomalacia, children rickets
osteoblasts vs osteoclast
build up bone vs breakdown
too much PTH (parathyroid hormone) can cause?
osteoporosis…. PTH increases blood calcium, less for bones
hypertension diagnosis…
130/90 pre hypertension
140./90 hypertension
grade 2 160/100
grade 3 180/110
essential hypertension is caused by?
unknown…
secondary hypertension is caused by…
Cushings Hyperaldosterone Aortic Pheochromocytoma Stenosis of renal
major risk factors for ischemic heart disease..
Age>65 Male Family history Hyperttension Smoking Hyperlipidemia DM
medications for hypertension
ACE inhibitors
Beta Blockers
Calcium channel blockers
Diuretics
fat deposits around the eyes showing excess fat in the body (think high levels of triglycerides)
Xanthoma
factors contibuting to atherosclerotic vascular disease…
high LDL, low HDL
total cholesterol
LDL cholestoerol
HDL cholesterol
triglycerides
below 200
below 100
above 40 (this is the cleaner of the pathways)
below 150
substernal chest tightness/pain or SOB with a consistent amount of exertion, relief is OBTAINED with rest or nitroglycerine…
- Stable angina
- unstable angina
- myocardial infarction
- acute coronary syndrome
- stable angina because it is addressed with medication, unstable angina the pain would not improve
59 year old male in ER, history of DM, HTN, hypercholesterolemia, chest pain radiating to the jaw, pain started 6 hours ago, ECG confims anterior MI… what test?
Troponin I
CK-MB is for an attack that occured further into the past…(example 4 days ago)
when would you screen for Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm 1. 45 to 55 for everyone 2. 45 to 55 who ever smoked 3. 65 to 75 everyone 65 to 75 who ever smoked
an ultrasound screening for 65 to 75 year old who have smoked.. surgical candidate if 5.5 cm or larger
right side of the heart pumps blood ….?
to the lungs.. this is the pulmonary circuit and the blood is deoxygenated
the systemic circuits pumps to the whole body
blood vessels that contain oxygenated blood…
pulmonary vein to the heart
aorta oxygenated blood from heart to body
the pulmonary artery takes blood away from the heart to the lungs and is deoxygenated.. the vena cava has deoxygenated blood (from body to heart)
normal ECG patter is composed of…
P QRS T
tachycardia in an adult..
resting heart rate over 100… for a fetus it is greater than 140
bradychardia in an adult is..
resting heart rate under 60bpm