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BIOMED - KIM VIDEOS > DAY2 > Flashcards

DAY2 Flashcards

1
Q

number of new cases of a disease divided by the number of persons at risk

A

incidence

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2
Q

number of deaths due to a disease divided by total population

A

mortality

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3
Q

another term for illness

A

morbidity

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4
Q

total number of cases existing of a disease

A

prevalence

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5
Q

highest incidence rate of cancer in men and women

A

men: prostate women: breast

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6
Q

highest mortality rate of cancer in men and woment

A

lung for both

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7
Q

endocrine system compared to nervous system exception:

  1. Serve internal communication via Chemical means
  2. SLow and chronic control
  3. continue long after stimulate stops
  4. precisely targeted and specific
A
  1. precisely targeted and specific

this is a charcteristic of the nervous system which also includes internal communciation via electrical and chemical; fast acute control; stops quickly after stimulus stops

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8
Q

negative feedback exception:

  1. the fundamental mechanism that keeps a variable close to its set point
  2. thermoregulation
  3. thyroid hormone synthesis
  4. deliver
A
  1. delivery
    This positive feedback. In addition ovulation is positive feedback. Self amplyfying cycle in which a physiological change leads to even greater change in the same direction
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9
Q

Hormones from anterior pituitary

A

TSH, ACTH, FSH, LH, PRL, GH,

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10
Q

Hormones from posterior pituitary

A

Oxytocin, ADH

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11
Q

TSH

A

Thyroid - growth of thyroid, secretion of thyroid hormone

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12
Q

ACTH

A

Adrenal Gland - growth, secretion of corticosteroids

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13
Q

FSH, LH

A

Ovaries, Testes -
FSH: ovarian follicles, increase estrogen
LH: Ovulation

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14
Q

PRL

A

Mammary Gland: milk synthesis, Increase sensitivity of LH

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15
Q

GH

A

Bone, muscle, adipose tissue - somatomedin secretion, widespread tissue growth

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16
Q

OT

A

uterus contraction, milk RELEASE

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17
Q

ADH

A

Kidneys - water retention, vasopressin (at high concentration)

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18
Q

Pineal Gland

A

melatonin and serotonin

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19
Q

Thymus

A

thymopoietin and thymosins

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20
Q

Thyroid

A

releases T3, T4, Calcitonin

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21
Q

Parathyroid

A

release PTH (parathyroid hormone)

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22
Q

T3 and T4

A

increase metabolic rate, heat production, increase circulation, development

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23
Q

calcitonin

A

decrease blood calcium levels, increase calcium levels in bone

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24
Q

PTH

A

increase blood calcium levels, decrease urinary calcium excretion (too much can cause osteoporosis)

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25
Q

Adrenal Medulla

A

epinephrine, norepinephrine, dopamine

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26
Q

Adrenal Cortex

A

aldosterone, cortisol, corticosterone, androgen and estrogen

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27
Q

epinephrine, norepinephrine, dopamine

A

complement effects of sympathetic nervous system, fight or flight

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28
Q

aldosterone

A

control electrolte balance (promotes sodium retention and potassium excretion), maintains blood pressure and volume

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29
Q

cortisol and corticosterone

A

fat/protein catabolism increase, gluconegenesis, stress resistance, tissue repair, inhibit immune system

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30
Q

androgen and estrogen

A

growth of pubic and axillary hair, bone growth, sex drive, male prenatal development

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31
Q

insulin (most tissues)

A

70% beta cells of pancreas

decrease blood glucose levels, increase glycogen, fat and protein synthesis

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32
Q

glucagon (target is liver)

A

alpha cells of pancreas

increase blood glucose levels, decrease glycogen, fat breakdown

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33
Q

T Cells are originated in…., matured in …….

A

bone marrow..thymus

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34
Q

T cell

A

cell mediated immunity

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35
Q

B cell

A

humoral immunity (relating to antibodies)

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36
Q

mature follicle ruptures in response to a surge in…

A

Leutenizing hormone

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37
Q

increases blood calcium, decrease urinary calcium

A

parathyroid hormone

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38
Q

decrease blood calcium, increase urinary calcium

A

calcitonin

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39
Q

used for male pattern baldness

A

finasteride (proscar)

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40
Q

painless bleeding and sudden, presenting as hematochezia with anemia symptoms (fatigue, lightheadedness, dyspnea on exertion)

A

diverticulosis

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41
Q

risk factors for diverticulosis

A

low fiber, high fat diet; advanced age (>80), connective tissue disorders (ehlers danlos syndrome)

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42
Q

diverticulosis is most common cause of……. in patients > ….. years of age

A

Lower GI bleeding(sigmoid)… 40

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43
Q

at what age should colon cancer screening

A

50 every 10 years

44
Q

diagnostic test for diverticulosis

A

blood test

45
Q

inflammation, LLQ abdominal pain, fever, nausea, vomiting, constipation… CBC may show leukocytosis

A

diverticulitis

46
Q

what is diagnosis for diverticulitis?

A

colonoscopy, barium enema, abdominal xray (caution with colonscopy because of perforation)

47
Q

treatment option for diverticulitis exception:

  1. bowel rest
  2. IV fluid
  3. IV antibiotics
  4. High fiber diet
A
  1. high fiber diet is for diverticulosis
48
Q

peripheral ipsilateral facial paralysis with inability to close the eye on the involved sign; forehead has no wrinkles, corner of mouth droops… what CN is effected

A

Bell’s Palsy… CNVII.. LMN

49
Q

what is effected if the opposite side and lower side of face is impacted

A

Upper Motor Neurons

50
Q

Bells Palsy is a complication of…..

A

AIDS, LYME DISEASE, SARCOIDOSIS, TUMORS, DIABETES

51
Q

Bells Palsy is 3x more likely to occur in …

A

pregnant women than non-pregnant women

52
Q

CNVII relates to taste?

A

anterior 2/3 of the tongue

53
Q

Parkinson’s disease is attributable to…

A

decreased levels of dopamine

54
Q

Parkinson Tetrad

A

Postural Instability
Rigidity (cogwheeling)
Tremors (pill rolling) (resting tremors)
Slowed movement

55
Q

drug used for parkinsons

A

Levodopa with carbidopa
Carbidopa blocks the metabolism of levodopa in the periphery
Levodopa is a precursor to dopamine that crosses the blood brain barrier

56
Q

hesitancy, weak stream, intermittent stream, incomplte emptying, urinary retention, bladder fullness

A

Benign Prstatic Hyperplasia

57
Q

diagnosis for BPH

A

DRE, PSA, cystoscopy will see an enlarged prostate

58
Q

herbs for prostate

A

Saw Palmetto

59
Q

Herbs for UTI

60
Q

herbs for PMS

A

evening primrose

61
Q

herbs for anxiety and insomnia

A

passionflower

62
Q

treatment for BPH exception:

  1. Terazosin (alpha 1 blocker)
  2. Finasteride (5 alpha reductate inhibitors
  3. Trans urethera resection prostate
  4. radiation therapy
A
  1. radiation is for prostate cancer

BPH is not cancer

63
Q

most common cancer in men and second leading cause of cancer death

A

prostate cancer

64
Q

diagnosis of prostate cancer

A

increased PSA levels, DRE, but definitive diagnosis is with ultra sound guided biopsy

65
Q

dysuria, urgency, frequency, suprapubic pain and possibly hematuria

A

UTI (more frequestly in women than men) +E Coli cultures in 80%

66
Q

UTI bugs.. SEEKS PP

A 
Serratia
E Coli
Enterobacter
Klebsiella
Staphylococcus saprophyticus
Pseudomonas
Proteus mirabilis
67
Q

systolic BP > 140 and diastolic BP >90 based on 3 measurements separated in time… with no know cause

A

Essential Hypertension…

when there is a cause associated it is called secondary hypertension

68
Q

treatment of hypertension ABCD

A

ACE inhibitors
Beta Blockers
Calcium Channel BLockers
Diuretics

69
Q

Secondary Hypertension….

A

cushings, conn’s, pheochromocytoma

70
Q

Pain Amenorhea Vaginal bleeding….

A

PAVEctopic pregnancy

71
Q

abdominal pain, + pregnancy test, tranvaginal ultrasound showing an empty uterus, confirm with hCG

A

Ectopic Pregnancy… usually tubal

72
Q

autoimmune pancreatic beta cell destruction leading to insulin deficiency and abnormal fuel metabolism..

A

DM1 … risk is diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA)

73
Q

dysfunction in glucose metabolism that is charcterized as varying degrees of insulin resistance

74
Q

HbA1c for diagnosis of diabetes…

  1. below 6.5%
  2. between 6 and 6.5
  3. over 6.5
  4. 125 and over
75
Q

diagnosis must include 1 of the following for Diabetes..

A

fasting glucose over 126
random glucose over 200
HbA1c over 6.5
2 hour post prandial glucose over 200

76
Q

medication for DM2

77
Q

complications of DM2

A

macrovascular: arthrosclerosis, coronary AD, stroke
microvascular: retinopath, nephropathy, neuropathy

78
Q

subacute granulomatous inflammation of the large vessels, including the aorta, external carotid (especially the temporal branch), vertebral arteries

A

Temporal artertitis (giant cell arteritis)

79
Q

new headache (uni or bi), scalp pain, temporal tenderness, jaw claudication, fever, permanet monocular blindness, weight loss, myalgias.. fear of blindness

A

temporal artertits presentation

80
Q

diagnosis of temporal artertitis

A

ESR blood test >50, ophthalmologic evaluation, temporal artery biopsy

81
Q

bull’s eye red rash, flu like symptoms, facial nerve palsy, transmitted by ticks… later monoarthritis, migratory polyarthritis, cardiac,

A

Lyme Disease

82
Q

treatment of Lyme’s

A

doxycycline, ceftriaxone

83
Q

metabolic bone disease.. T Score -2.5 or lower

A

osteoporosis

84
Q

diagnosis

A

DEXA scan… -2.5 or lower is osteoporosis, -1 to -2.5 osteopenia

85
Q

28 year old female, binge eating, purgin, BMI 13, amenorrhea

A

Anorexia Nervosa

86
Q

diagnostic method for bladder cancer

  1. urinalysis
  2. CT urography
  3. intravenous pyelogram
  4. cystoscopy with biopsy
A

all are possible.. but 4 is definitive

87
Q

muscles involved with rotator cuff

A

infraspinatus, subscapularis, teres minor, supraspinatus… SItS

88
Q

dark blood in the stool…

A

Gastric Bleeding… dark blood is far away…

Hematochezia is bright red blood .. external and internal hemorrhoids

89
Q

fever, tachycardia, chronic cough, bloody sputum, weakness, weight loss, swollen lymph nodes

90
Q

frequent urination, unquenable thirst, 55 yo male.. possible?

A

diabetes…

91
Q

first sign of infectious mononucleosis..

A

severe sore throat.. EPSTEIN BARRE virus.. red flag is enlarged spleen.. no contact sports

92
Q

breast cancer risks…

A

nulligravida (never pregnant), early menarche, sister with breast cancer…. longer time in menstural bleeding means higher risk for cancer

93
Q

KUB xray is…. kidney and…

A

ureters and bladder..

94
Q 
Dermatomes
T4
C6
T10
L4
L5
S1
S2-S4
A 
nipple
thumb
umblicus
knee
dorsum of foot
achilles tenodon
perineum
95
Q

bronchoscopy is used for .. exception

  1. esophagus
  2. trachea
  3. lung
  4. bronchi
A

esophagus is a pathway for food… others are airways..

96
Q

Apex of the heart..

97
Q

MS patients will get worse….

A

hot weather, hot showers

98
Q

antihistamine (H1) side effects especially 1st generation…

A

drowsiness… (benadryl)… 2nd generation (zyrtec, claritin)
H2 antihistamines in ST (zantac)

99
Q

hypertension plus proteinuria plus edema

A

pre-elampsia

100
Q

eclampsia

A

hypertension plus proteinuria plus seizure

101
Q

AST:ALT > 2:1

  1. hepatitis
  2. liver cirrhosis
  3. alcoholic hepatitis
  4. liver cancer
A
  1. alcoholic hepatitis
102
Q

chronic overdosing from salicylate (aspirin)

103
Q

HEPC, HEPB, HIV transmission…

104
Q

colonoscopy uses for…

  1. Duodenal ulcers
  2. hemorrhoids
  3. colon polyps
  4. colon cancer
A

used for all except duodenal ulcer

105
Q

signs of memingitis…

  1. High fever
  2. BLoody diarrhea
  3. stiff neck
  4. drowsiness
A

bloody diarrhea is not a sign
Kernig’s sign (can’t extend knee)
Brudzinski’s sign (flex neck and legs raise)

106
Q 
long term use of corticosteroid exceptions..
1. exophthalmos
2. cushings syndrome
3. hirsutism
4 abdominal striae
A

exophthalmos is for grave’s disease..

the others are excessive corticosteroids..

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