DAY2 Flashcards
number of new cases of a disease divided by the number of persons at risk
incidence
number of deaths due to a disease divided by total population
mortality
another term for illness
morbidity
total number of cases existing of a disease
prevalence
highest incidence rate of cancer in men and women
men: prostate women: breast
highest mortality rate of cancer in men and woment
lung for both
endocrine system compared to nervous system exception:
- Serve internal communication via Chemical means
- SLow and chronic control
- continue long after stimulate stops
- precisely targeted and specific
- precisely targeted and specific
this is a charcteristic of the nervous system which also includes internal communciation via electrical and chemical; fast acute control; stops quickly after stimulus stops
negative feedback exception:
- the fundamental mechanism that keeps a variable close to its set point
- thermoregulation
- thyroid hormone synthesis
- deliver
- delivery
This positive feedback. In addition ovulation is positive feedback. Self amplyfying cycle in which a physiological change leads to even greater change in the same direction
Hormones from anterior pituitary
TSH, ACTH, FSH, LH, PRL, GH,
Hormones from posterior pituitary
Oxytocin, ADH
TSH
Thyroid - growth of thyroid, secretion of thyroid hormone
ACTH
Adrenal Gland - growth, secretion of corticosteroids
FSH, LH
Ovaries, Testes -
FSH: ovarian follicles, increase estrogen
LH: Ovulation
PRL
Mammary Gland: milk synthesis, Increase sensitivity of LH
GH
Bone, muscle, adipose tissue - somatomedin secretion, widespread tissue growth
OT
uterus contraction, milk RELEASE
ADH
Kidneys - water retention, vasopressin (at high concentration)
Pineal Gland
melatonin and serotonin
Thymus
thymopoietin and thymosins
Thyroid
releases T3, T4, Calcitonin
Parathyroid
release PTH (parathyroid hormone)
T3 and T4
increase metabolic rate, heat production, increase circulation, development
calcitonin
decrease blood calcium levels, increase calcium levels in bone
PTH
increase blood calcium levels, decrease urinary calcium excretion (too much can cause osteoporosis)
Adrenal Medulla
epinephrine, norepinephrine, dopamine
Adrenal Cortex
aldosterone, cortisol, corticosterone, androgen and estrogen
epinephrine, norepinephrine, dopamine
complement effects of sympathetic nervous system, fight or flight
aldosterone
control electrolte balance (promotes sodium retention and potassium excretion), maintains blood pressure and volume
cortisol and corticosterone
fat/protein catabolism increase, gluconegenesis, stress resistance, tissue repair, inhibit immune system
androgen and estrogen
growth of pubic and axillary hair, bone growth, sex drive, male prenatal development
insulin (most tissues)
70% beta cells of pancreas
decrease blood glucose levels, increase glycogen, fat and protein synthesis
glucagon (target is liver)
alpha cells of pancreas
increase blood glucose levels, decrease glycogen, fat breakdown
T Cells are originated in…., matured in …….
bone marrow..thymus
T cell
cell mediated immunity
B cell
humoral immunity (relating to antibodies)
mature follicle ruptures in response to a surge in…
Leutenizing hormone
increases blood calcium, decrease urinary calcium
parathyroid hormone
decrease blood calcium, increase urinary calcium
calcitonin
used for male pattern baldness
finasteride (proscar)
painless bleeding and sudden, presenting as hematochezia with anemia symptoms (fatigue, lightheadedness, dyspnea on exertion)
diverticulosis
risk factors for diverticulosis
low fiber, high fat diet; advanced age (>80), connective tissue disorders (ehlers danlos syndrome)
diverticulosis is most common cause of……. in patients > ….. years of age
Lower GI bleeding(sigmoid)… 40