DAY2 Flashcards
1
Q
number of new cases of a disease divided by the number of persons at risk
A
incidence
2
Q
number of deaths due to a disease divided by total population
A
mortality
3
Q
another term for illness
A
morbidity
4
Q
total number of cases existing of a disease
A
prevalence
5
Q
highest incidence rate of cancer in men and women
A
men: prostate women: breast
6
Q
highest mortality rate of cancer in men and woment
A
lung for both
7
Q
endocrine system compared to nervous system exception:
- Serve internal communication via Chemical means
- SLow and chronic control
- continue long after stimulate stops
- precisely targeted and specific
A
- precisely targeted and specific
this is a charcteristic of the nervous system which also includes internal communciation via electrical and chemical; fast acute control; stops quickly after stimulus stops
8
Q
negative feedback exception:
- the fundamental mechanism that keeps a variable close to its set point
- thermoregulation
- thyroid hormone synthesis
- deliver
A
- delivery
This positive feedback. In addition ovulation is positive feedback. Self amplyfying cycle in which a physiological change leads to even greater change in the same direction
9
Q
Hormones from anterior pituitary
A
TSH, ACTH, FSH, LH, PRL, GH,
10
Q
Hormones from posterior pituitary
A
Oxytocin, ADH
11
Q
TSH
A
Thyroid - growth of thyroid, secretion of thyroid hormone
12
Q
ACTH
A
Adrenal Gland - growth, secretion of corticosteroids
13
Q
FSH, LH
A
Ovaries, Testes -
FSH: ovarian follicles, increase estrogen
LH: Ovulation
14
Q
PRL
A
Mammary Gland: milk synthesis, Increase sensitivity of LH
15
Q
GH
A
Bone, muscle, adipose tissue - somatomedin secretion, widespread tissue growth
16
Q
OT
A
uterus contraction, milk RELEASE
17
Q
ADH
A
Kidneys - water retention, vasopressin (at high concentration)
18
Q
Pineal Gland
A
melatonin and serotonin
19
Q
Thymus
A
thymopoietin and thymosins
20
Q
Thyroid
A
releases T3, T4, Calcitonin
21
Q
Parathyroid
A
release PTH (parathyroid hormone)
22
Q
T3 and T4
A
increase metabolic rate, heat production, increase circulation, development
23
Q
calcitonin
A
decrease blood calcium levels, increase calcium levels in bone
24
Q
PTH
A
increase blood calcium levels, decrease urinary calcium excretion (too much can cause osteoporosis)
25
Adrenal Medulla
epinephrine, norepinephrine, dopamine
26
Adrenal Cortex
aldosterone, cortisol, corticosterone, androgen and estrogen
27
epinephrine, norepinephrine, dopamine
complement effects of sympathetic nervous system, fight or flight
28
aldosterone
control electrolte balance (promotes sodium retention and potassium excretion), maintains blood pressure and volume
29
cortisol and corticosterone
fat/protein catabolism increase, gluconegenesis, stress resistance, tissue repair, inhibit immune system
30
androgen and estrogen
growth of pubic and axillary hair, bone growth, sex drive, male prenatal development
31
insulin (most tissues)
70% beta cells of pancreas
| decrease blood glucose levels, increase glycogen, fat and protein synthesis
32
glucagon (target is liver)
alpha cells of pancreas
| increase blood glucose levels, decrease glycogen, fat breakdown
33
T Cells are originated in...., matured in .......
bone marrow..thymus
34
T cell
cell mediated immunity
35
B cell
humoral immunity (relating to antibodies)
36
mature follicle ruptures in response to a surge in...
Leutenizing hormone
37
increases blood calcium, decrease urinary calcium
parathyroid hormone
38
decrease blood calcium, increase urinary calcium
calcitonin
39
used for male pattern baldness
finasteride (proscar)
40
painless bleeding and sudden, presenting as hematochezia with anemia symptoms (fatigue, lightheadedness, dyspnea on exertion)
diverticulosis
41
risk factors for diverticulosis
low fiber, high fat diet; advanced age (>80), connective tissue disorders (ehlers danlos syndrome)
42
diverticulosis is most common cause of....... in patients > ..... years of age
Lower GI bleeding(sigmoid)... 40
43
at what age should colon cancer screening
50 every 10 years
44
diagnostic test for diverticulosis
blood test
45
inflammation, LLQ abdominal pain, fever, nausea, vomiting, constipation... CBC may show leukocytosis
diverticulitis
46
what is diagnosis for diverticulitis?
colonoscopy, barium enema, abdominal xray (caution with colonscopy because of perforation)
47
treatment option for diverticulitis exception:
1. bowel rest
2. IV fluid
3. IV antibiotics
4. High fiber diet
4. high fiber diet is for diverticulosis
48
peripheral ipsilateral facial paralysis with inability to close the eye on the involved sign; forehead has no wrinkles, corner of mouth droops... what CN is effected
Bell's Palsy... CNVII.. LMN
49
what is effected if the opposite side and lower side of face is impacted
Upper Motor Neurons
50
Bells Palsy is a complication of.....
AIDS, LYME DISEASE, SARCOIDOSIS, TUMORS, DIABETES
51
Bells Palsy is 3x more likely to occur in ...
pregnant women than non-pregnant women
52
CNVII relates to taste?
anterior 2/3 of the tongue
53
Parkinson's disease is attributable to...
decreased levels of dopamine
54
Parkinson Tetrad
Postural Instability
Rigidity (cogwheeling)
Tremors (pill rolling) (resting tremors)
Slowed movement
55
drug used for parkinsons
Levodopa with carbidopa
Carbidopa blocks the metabolism of levodopa in the periphery
Levodopa is a precursor to dopamine that crosses the blood brain barrier
56
hesitancy, weak stream, intermittent stream, incomplte emptying, urinary retention, bladder fullness
Benign Prstatic Hyperplasia
57
diagnosis for BPH
DRE, PSA, cystoscopy will see an enlarged prostate
58
herbs for prostate
Saw Palmetto
59
Herbs for UTI
Cranberry
60
herbs for PMS
evening primrose
61
herbs for anxiety and insomnia
passionflower
62
treatment for BPH exception:
1. Terazosin (alpha 1 blocker)
2. Finasteride (5 alpha reductate inhibitors
3. Trans urethera resection prostate
4. radiation therapy
4. radiation is for prostate cancer
| BPH is not cancer
63
most common cancer in men and second leading cause of cancer death
prostate cancer
64
diagnosis of prostate cancer
increased PSA levels, DRE, but definitive diagnosis is with ultra sound guided biopsy
65
dysuria, urgency, frequency, suprapubic pain and possibly hematuria
UTI (more frequestly in women than men) +E Coli cultures in 80%
66
UTI bugs.. SEEKS PP
```
Serratia
E Coli
Enterobacter
Klebsiella
Staphylococcus saprophyticus
Pseudomonas
Proteus mirabilis
```
67
systolic BP > 140 and diastolic BP >90 based on 3 measurements separated in time... with no know cause
Essential Hypertension...
| when there is a cause associated it is called secondary hypertension
68
treatment of hypertension ABCD
ACE inhibitors
Beta Blockers
Calcium Channel BLockers
Diuretics
69
Secondary Hypertension....
cushings, conn's, pheochromocytoma
70
Pain Amenorhea Vaginal bleeding....
PAVEctopic pregnancy
71
abdominal pain, + pregnancy test, tranvaginal ultrasound showing an empty uterus, confirm with hCG
Ectopic Pregnancy... usually tubal
72
autoimmune pancreatic beta cell destruction leading to insulin deficiency and abnormal fuel metabolism..
DM1 ... risk is diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA)
73
dysfunction in glucose metabolism that is charcterized as varying degrees of insulin resistance
DM2 ..
74
HbA1c for diagnosis of diabetes...
1. below 6.5%
2. between 6 and 6.5
3. over 6.5
4. 125 and over
3. over 6.5%
75
diagnosis must include 1 of the following for Diabetes..
fasting glucose over 126
random glucose over 200
HbA1c over 6.5
2 hour post prandial glucose over 200
76
medication for DM2
metformin
77
complications of DM2
macrovascular: arthrosclerosis, coronary AD, stroke
microvascular: retinopath, nephropathy, neuropathy
78
subacute granulomatous inflammation of the large vessels, including the aorta, external carotid (especially the temporal branch), vertebral arteries
Temporal artertitis (giant cell arteritis)
79
new headache (uni or bi), scalp pain, temporal tenderness, jaw claudication, fever, permanet monocular blindness, weight loss, myalgias.. fear of blindness
temporal artertits presentation
80
diagnosis of temporal artertitis
ESR blood test >50, ophthalmologic evaluation, temporal artery biopsy
81
bull's eye red rash, flu like symptoms, facial nerve palsy, transmitted by ticks... later monoarthritis, migratory polyarthritis, cardiac,
Lyme Disease
82
treatment of Lyme's
doxycycline, ceftriaxone
83
metabolic bone disease.. T Score -2.5 or lower
osteoporosis
84
diagnosis
DEXA scan... -2.5 or lower is osteoporosis, -1 to -2.5 osteopenia
85
28 year old female, binge eating, purgin, BMI 13, amenorrhea
Anorexia Nervosa
86
diagnostic method for bladder cancer
1. urinalysis
2. CT urography
3. intravenous pyelogram
4. cystoscopy with biopsy
all are possible.. but 4 is definitive
87
muscles involved with rotator cuff
infraspinatus, subscapularis, teres minor, supraspinatus... SItS
88
dark blood in the stool...
Gastric Bleeding... dark blood is far away...
| Hematochezia is bright red blood .. external and internal hemorrhoids
89
fever, tachycardia, chronic cough, bloody sputum, weakness, weight loss, swollen lymph nodes
TB
90
frequent urination, unquenable thirst, 55 yo male.. possible?
diabetes...
91
first sign of infectious mononucleosis..
severe sore throat.. EPSTEIN BARRE virus.. red flag is enlarged spleen.. no contact sports
92
breast cancer risks...
nulligravida (never pregnant), early menarche, sister with breast cancer.... longer time in menstural bleeding means higher risk for cancer
93
KUB xray is.... kidney and...
ureters and bladder..
94
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Dermatomes
T4
C6
T10
L4
L5
S1
S2-S4
```
```
nipple
thumb
umblicus
knee
dorsum of foot
achilles tenodon
perineum
```
95
bronchoscopy is used for .. exception
1. esophagus
2. trachea
3. lung
4. bronchi
esophagus is a pathway for food... others are airways..
96
Apex of the heart..
5th ICS
97
MS patients will get worse....
hot weather, hot showers
98
antihistamine (H1) side effects especially 1st generation...
drowsiness... (benadryl)... 2nd generation (zyrtec, claritin)
H2 antihistamines in ST (zantac)
99
hypertension plus proteinuria plus edema
pre-elampsia
100
eclampsia
hypertension plus proteinuria plus seizure
101
AST:ALT > 2:1
1. hepatitis
2. liver cirrhosis
3. alcoholic hepatitis
4. liver cancer
3. alcoholic hepatitis
102
chronic overdosing from salicylate (aspirin)
tinnitus
103
HEPC, HEPB, HIV transmission...
blood
104
colonoscopy uses for...
1. Duodenal ulcers
2. hemorrhoids
3. colon polyps
4. colon cancer
used for all except duodenal ulcer
105
signs of memingitis...
1. High fever
2. BLoody diarrhea
3. stiff neck
4. drowsiness
bloody diarrhea is not a sign
Kernig's sign (can't extend knee)
Brudzinski's sign (flex neck and legs raise)
106
```
long term use of corticosteroid exceptions..
1. exophthalmos
2. cushings syndrome
3. hirsutism
4 abdominal striae
```
exophthalmos is for grave's disease..
| the others are excessive corticosteroids..
