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fundamentals of hbk > day 12 - cardiovascular system > Flashcards

day 12 - cardiovascular system Flashcards

1
Q

heart (def)

A

organ that pumps blood and creates pressure in vascular system

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2
Q

arteries + arterioles (def)

A

vessels that carry blood away from heart

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3
Q

capillaries (def)

A

vessels that allow for gas/nutrient exchange with tissue(s)

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4
Q

veins + venuoles (def)

A

vessels that carry blood toward the heart

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5
Q

blood is made up of: (super basic)

A

liquid and cells

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6
Q

components of blood:

A
  1. plasma
  2. hematocrit
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7
Q

plasma (def)

A

liquid portion of blood

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8
Q

what is plasma made up of

A

small ions, amino acids, glucose, horomones, etc

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9
Q

hematocrit (def)

A

percent of blood composed of cells (not liquid)

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10
Q

what makes up hematocrit

A

primarily red blood cells

also white blood cells, and platelets

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11
Q

red blood cells (func)

A

have hemoglobin which transports O2

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12
Q

white blood cells (func)

A

important for immune function

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13
Q

platelets (func)

A

important for blood clotting

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14
Q

normal college-age person has hematocrit levels around…

A

~42% for males
~38% for females

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15
Q

what makes blood viscus

A

hematocrit

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16
Q

what/in which situations can/is your blood more viscus

A

dehydrated or use of erythropoietin (EPO) to make more red blood cells

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17
Q

main functions of cardiovascular system (3)

A

1) transports O2 and nutrients to tissue(s)

2) removes CO2 and metabolic byproducts from tissue(s)

3) regulates body tempurature

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18
Q

how does the cardiovascular system regulate body tempurature

A

1) blood gains heat when it flows through/by working muscles and transports that heat to skin as blood is circulated away from heart + out toward perifery

2) increased circulation post exercise helps body cool off faster (cool down/walk)

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19
Q

systemic circuit

A

left side (L ventricle) of the heart pumps oxygen-rich blood out of aorta to body via arteries and returns oxygen-poor blood from body to right side of hear (R atrium) via veins

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20
Q

pulmonary circuit

A

right side (R ventricle) of heart pumps oxygen-poor blood to lungs via pulmonary arteries and returns oxygen-rich blood from lungs through pulmonary veins

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21
Q

what artery/arteries carry DO2/oxygen-poor blood

A

pulmonary arteries

going from heart to lungs to get oxiginated

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22
Q

what vein/veins carry oxiginated blood

A

pulmonary veins

going from lungs to heart to get pumped out to body

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23
Q

cardiac output (Q) def.

A

total amount of blood ejected from heart per minute (L/min)

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24
Q

heart rate (HR) def.

A

number of heart beats/contractions per minute (bpm)

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25
Q

stroke volume (SV) def.

A

amount of blood ejected by heart per beat (mL/beat)

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26
Q

equation for cardiac output (Q)

A

Q = HR * SV

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27
Q

“normal” blood pressure

A

<120 and/or 80mmHg

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28
Q

high (stage 1) blood pressure

A

> 130 and/or 90mmHg

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29
Q

how is blood pressure expressed/recorded

A

systolic/diastolic blood pressures

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30
Q

systolic pressure is the BLANK number

A

first/top

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31
Q

systolic blood pressure (def)

A

pressure generated in aorta/arteries due to hearts ventricular contraction

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32
Q

systole (def)

A

ventricular contraction of the heart

33
Q

diastolic blood pressure is the BLANK number

A

second/bottom

34
Q

diastolic blood pressure (def)

A

pressure in aorta/arteries during heart’s ventricular relaxation/filling period

35
Q

diastole (def)

A

heart’s ventricular relaxation/filling period

36
Q

central command theory (def)

A

initial signal sent to drive cardiovascular system, comes from higher brain centers in medulla oblongada

fined tuned by/with feedback

37
Q

what gives feedback to the cardiovascular system

A

1) chemoreceptors in arteries (aorta, corotid)
2) mechanoreceptors in muscles + heart (myocardium)
3) baroreceptors in arteries (aorta, corotid)
4) thermoreeptors in CNS and muscles

38
Q

VO2 MAX is BLANK times more than VO2 at rest

A

10-20x

39
Q

Q MAX is BLANK times more than Q at rest

A

4-8x

40
Q

hypertension (def)

A

high blood pressure

41
Q

true/false the heart can generate its own action potentials

A

true

if not controlled by parasympathetic NS, beats at ~100bpm

42
Q

SA node (func)

A

generates action potential in heart

43
Q

AV node (func)

A

gets action potential from SA node cascade + slows SA node a bit

44
Q

decrease in HR

A
  • via vagus nerve, acetylcholine

ACh onto SA node = slows, AV node slowed slightly as well

45
Q

increase in HR

A
  • via cardiac accelerator nerves

increases HR AND contractile force (contractility)

uses norepinephrine (excitatory)

46
Q

factors affecting HR at REST

A

1) age: HRmax decreases with age

2) biological sex: HR in females averages 5-10 bpm faster than adult males

3) posture: HR tends to increase by ~10bpm when going from sitting to standing

4) injection of food: HR (resting and exercise) goes up after eating as internal metablic work rate increases

5) emotion: anxiety/stress can cause increase in resting + exercise HR

6) body temp: HR is positivly related to body tempurature

47
Q

main factors effecting stroke volume

A

1) end diastolic volume (EDV)

2) total periferal resistance

3) strength of ventricular contraction

48
Q

end diastolic volume (def)

A

highest volume of blood in the ventricle (more blood u can fit into heart = more blood you can pump out)

49
Q

how does end diastolic volume affect stroke volume

A
  • greater ventricular filling results in more ventricular stretch and a more forceful contraction when valve(s) open (water balloon getting stretched)
50
Q

what influences end diastolic volume (EDV)

A

venous return (more return = more blood pushed in and out of heart)

51
Q

what influences rate of venous return

A

1) venoconstriction – via smooth muscle sympathetic reflex

2) skelital muscle pump – rhythmic skelital muscle contractions force blood in extremities toward the heart

3) respiratory pump: increased rate + depth of breathing promotes blood flow toward the heart

52
Q

total periferal resistance (def)

A

pressure heart has to pump against to eject blood into systemic circuit

if you have hypertension, this pressure is higher so you cant get as much blood out per beat (stroke volume is less)

53
Q

contractility (def)

A

strength of ventricular contraction (increased contractility = increased stroke volume)

circulating norepi + epi cause direct sympathetic stimulation of heart myocardium

54
Q

more minor factors that affect stroke volume at rest

A

1) posture: blood pools in lower extremidies/toward gravity, can decrease venous return and thus SV

2) size of heart: larger, stronger heart muscle can contract with more force

3) non-pathalogical cardiac hypertrophy

55
Q

cardiac hypertrophy (def)

A

increase in number of contractile proteins (actin + myosin) in heart tissue/cells

56
Q

pathalogical cardiac hypertrophy (def)

A

disease (chronic hypertension) induced increase in the thickness of the heart walls, with a decrease in chamber size

57
Q

non-pathalogical cardiac hypertophy (def)

A

exercise-induced increase in thickness of hear walls with an increase in chamber size

58
Q

how can VO2 increase 10-20x from rest to max, but Q only increases 4-8 times from rest to max

A

during exercise, more O2 is utilized per L of blood

concentration of O2 in working muscle cells goes down (being used to make ATP) so the driving force for O2 into the cells increases and O2 enters cells)

59
Q

SV plateaus around BLANK for most people

A

~40% VO2 MAX

60
Q

SV plateaus around BLANK for highly trained atheletes

A

60% VO2 MAX

61
Q

cardiac output increases due to:

A

1) increased HR

2) increased SV

3) oxygen uptake by muscle cells increases (more O2 pulled out per L of blood)

62
Q

factors that effect strength (2)

A

neural adaptivity + hypertrophy

63
Q

hyponutremia (def)

A

low blood-salt levels

64
Q

redistribution of blood flow during exercise

A
  • increased bloodlflow to working skelital muscles, skin (cooling), heart
  • reduced bloodflow to less active organs, but none are reduced to near zero
65
Q

when looking at redistribution of bloodflow info, you should use relative or absolute numbers

A

ABSOLUTE ALWAYS

66
Q

how does increased bloodflow to skeletal muscles actually work

A
  • withdrawl of parasympathetic vasoconstriction (veins open up)
  • autoregulation by CNS:
    a) bloodflow increases to meet metabolic demands of tissue
    b) chemoreceptors (CO2, lactate)
    c) mechanoreceptors (GTOs, muscle spindles)
67
Q

a BLANK CHANGE in HR occurs at the start of exercise

A

rapid increase in HR

68
Q

does HR platoe in steady state?

A

yes, just like VO2

69
Q

HR recovery (to rest) after exercise depends on

A

1) duration and intensity of exercise
2) body temp, epinephrine in system
3) training state of subject (untrained = slower, trained = faster)

70
Q

does heart rate immediatly return to rest after exercise

A

NO

its like EPOC but with heartrate

71
Q

variables in HR response to exercise (4)

A

1) intensity: relative to workrate, positive relationship btwen HR and instensity

2) mod of exercise: static vs dynamic activity + speed of movements

3) duration: HR usually plateaus at low to moderate intensity

4) emotional influence: HR is increased with anxiety/fear (plays much less of a role in HR when exercising than resting HR)

72
Q

CV (cardiovascular) response to prolonged exercise, particuraly in hot + humid environments

A
  • rising body temp leads to increased bloodflow to skin (vasodialation) and prolonged sweating
  • dehydration can occur, causing loss of blood plasma
  • gradual decrease in SV can occur due to plasma loss to sweat
  • cardiac output (Q) maintained by CV control centers (in medulla)
  • gradual increase in HR even at low to moderate intensity
73
Q

cardiovascular/O2 drift (def)

A

HR, breathing rate, and VO2 rise slowly over time

74
Q

HR variability (def)

A

the time between heart beats (during sleep)

75
Q

high HR variability is considered BLANK

A

HEALTHY

76
Q

low HR variability is considered BLANK

A

UNhealthy

77
Q

low HR variability can be a sign/symptom of BLANK

A

overtraining sydrome

78
Q

sympathovagal balance (def)

A

balance between SNS and PNS

79
Q

balance between SNS and PNS is called

A

sympathovagal balance

fundamentals of hbk (18 decks)

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