day 10 - neuro

Question 1

PNS is split into BLANK and BLANK systems

Answer 1

PNS is split into SENSORY and MOTOR systems

Question 2

motor division of the PNS is split into BLANK and BLANK

Answer 2

somatic (skelital muscles) and autonomic (involuntary)

Question 3

autonomic division of the PNS is split into BLANK and BLANK

Answer 3

sypathetic and parasympathetic

Question 4

hormone (def)

Answer 4

chemical released into the blood

Question 5

autonomic nervous system (func)

Answer 5

controls internal environment by sending signals to effector organs

works closely w/endocrine system (neuroendocrine system)

Question 6

dendrite

Answer 6

carries signals TO the soma/cell body of neuron

Question 7

axon

Answer 7

carries signals AWAY from the soma/cell body of neuron

Question 8

1 neuron controls around BLANK muscle cells

Answer 8

1 neuron controls around 1000 muscle cells

Question 9

how many neurons from spinal chord to target in somatic motor + sensory signals

Answer 9

1 neuron from spinal chord to target

Question 10

how many neurons from spinal chord to target in autonomic (smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, glands, etc) signals

Answer 10

two neurons:

spinal chord to synapse (primary neuron)

synapse to target (secondary neuron)

Question 11

arteries have BLANK muscle surrounding them

Answer 11

smooth muscle

Question 12

can blood vessels make themselves larger?

Answer 12

vessels CANNOT make themselves bigger, the smooth muscle surrounding them relaxes

Question 13

reaching a neuron’s threshold is caused by the BLANK of excitatory and inhibitory signals

Answer 13

SUMMATION of excitatory and inhibitory signals

Question 14

proprioceptors (def)

Answer 14

provide CNS with sensory info about body position + movement

Question 15

mechanoreceptors (3 types)

Answer 15

muscle spindles, golgi tendon organs, free nerve endings

Question 16

chemoreceptors (def)

Answer 16

provide CNS with info regarding the metabolic rate + muscle activity

Question 17

baroreceptors (def)

Answer 17

provide CNS with info about pressure (ex. blood pressure in vessels)

Question 18

reflex (def)

Answer 18

rapid, unconscious reaction to stimulus

Question 19

muscle spindles (shape)

Answer 19

shaped like a spring (compresses + uncompresses)

Question 20

muscle spindles (func)

Answer 20

detect changes in muscle length + how fast it is getting longer/shorter

Question 21

what reflex are muscle spindles responsible for

Answer 21

knee-jerk reflex

Question 22

special muscle fibers name

Answer 22

intrafusal fibers

Question 23

intrafusal fibers

Answer 23

special muscle fibers

Question 24

explain the muscle action in the knee-jerk reflex

Answer 24

a rapid stretch causes a reflex contration or shortening of adjacent muscle fibers

muscle spindle sense stimulus (knee hit) and tells brain something moved BUT you didnt tell it too, protection = contraction

Question 25

motor unit (def)

Answer 25

a single motor neuron and all the fibers it inervates

Question 26

innervation ratio (def)

Answer 26

number of muscle cells per motor neuron ex. 1:10 in eye vs 1:1000 in leg

Question 27

cerebellum (func)

Answer 27

coordinates/figures out how to get plan done (plan comes from motor cortex)

Question 28

motor neurons in PNS carry messages from BLANk to BLANK

Answer 28

from spinal chord ganglia to skelital muscles

Question 29

golgi tendon organs tell CNS...

Answer 29

how much tensions is being produced by entire muscle

Question 30

golgi tendon organs protect us from BLANK

Answer 30

protect us from recruiting too many muscle fibers (too strong for our own good) wont let you produce too much tension

Question 31

autonomic nervous system (func) + what it controls

Answer 31

assists in maintaining internal environment (involuntary) controls: smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, glands

Question 32

is SYMPATHETIC "fight or flight" or "rest and digest"

Answer 32

SYMPATHETIC is fight or flight

Question 33

is PARASYMPATHETIC "fight or flight" or "rest and digest"

Answer 33

PARASYMPATHETIC is rest and digest

Question 34

is sympathetic ususally excitatory or inhibitory

Answer 34

excitatory

Question 35

is parasympathetic ususally excitatory or inhibitory

Answer 35

inhibitory

Question 36

sympathetic is in what devision(s) of the spinal chord

Answer 36

thoracic + lumbar regions of spinal chord

Question 37

parasympathetic is in what devision(s) of the spinal chord

Answer 37

cervicle + sacral regions of spinal chord

Question 38

in SYMPATHETIC system, presynaptic neuron releases BLANK onto postsynaptic neuron which releases BLANK (excitatory/inhibitory)

Answer 38

presynaptic neuron: releases ACh postsynaptic neuron: releases norepinephrine (+)

Question 39

in PARASYMPATHETIC system, presynaptic neuron releases BLANK onto postsynaptic neuron which releases BLANK (excitatory/inhibitory)

Answer 39

presynaptic neuron: releases ACh postsynaptic neuron: releases ACh (-)