[Dave: OK; Rushen: 2014 Ed, Semaine 6] Semaine 3 - Goldstein, 2010, CH 10, Perceiving Depth and Size, pp. 227-254 Flashcards
When we expand our view from two isolated points to the entire retinal image, what do we increase?
A. The color contrast.
B. The clarity of the image.
C. The size of the objects.
D. The amount of information available to us.
E. Aucune de ces réponses.
F. Toutes ces réponses.
D. The amount of information available to us.
« When we expand our view from two isolated points to the entire retinal image, we increase the amount of information available to us because now we can see the images of the house and the tree. However, because this image is two-dimensional, we still need to explain how we get from the flat image on the retina to the three-dimensional perception of the scene. One way researchers have approached this problem is to ask what information is contained in this two-dimensional image that enables us to perceive depth in the scene. » (Goldstein, 2010, p. 260)
What is the cue approach to depth perception focused on?
A. Identifying information in the retinal image correlated with depth by determining the size of objects.
B. Deduct depht by measuring the distance between objects.
C. Analyzing distance and motions of objects.
D. Identifying information in the retinal image correlated with depth.
E. Aucune de ces réponses.
F. Toutes ces réponses.
D. Identifying information in the retinal image correlated with depth.
« This is called the cue approach to depth perception. The cue approach to depth perception focuses on identifying information in the retinal image that is correlated with depth in the scene. For example, when one object partially covers another object, as the tree in the foreground in Figure 10.1 covers part of the house, the object that is partially covered must be at a greater distance than the object that is covering it. » (Goldstein, 2010, p. 230)
How do we learn the connection between cues and depth according to cue theory?
A. By comparing sizes and distances through automatic inner perceptual mechanisms
B. By measuring distances.
C. By analyzing colors schemes in the background.
D. Through previous experience with the environment.
E. Aucune de ces réponses.
F. Toutes ces réponses.
D. Through previous experience with the environment.
« According to cue theory, we learn the connection between this cue and depth through our previous experience with the environment. After this learning has occurred, the association between particular cues and depth becomes automatic, and when these depth cues are present, we experience the world in three dimensions. » (Goldstein, 2010, p. 260)
What happens after learning the association between cues and depth?
A. The association becomes automatic.
B. We need to relearn it.
C. It becomes less reliable.
D. It becomes more complex.
E. Aucune de ces réponses.
F. Toutes ces réponses.
A. The association becomes automatic.
« After this learning has occurred, the association between particular cues and depth becomes automatic, and when these depth cues are present, we experience the world in three dimensions. A number of different types of cues that signal depth in a scene have been identified. » (Goldstein, 2010, p. 230)
How many major groups of depth cues are there?
A. Two
B. Three.
C. Four.
D. Five.
E. Aucune de ces réponses.
F. Toutes ces réponses.
B. Three.
« A number of different types of cues that signal depth in a scene have been identified. We can divide these cues into three major groups: 1. Oculomotor. Cues based on our ability to sense the position of our eyes and the tension in our eye muscles. 2. Monocular. Cues that work with one eye. 3. Binocular. Cues that depend on two eyes. » (Goldstein, 2010, p. 230)
What are oculomotor cues based on?
Our ability to sense the position of our eyes and the tension in our eye muscles.
« We can divide these cues into three major groups: 1. Oculomotor. Cues based on our ability to sense the position of our eyes and the tension in our eye muscles. 2. Monocular. Cues that work with one eye. 3. Binocular. Cues that depend on two eyes. » (Goldstein, 2010, p. 230)
Which cues work with one eye?
Monocular cues.
« We can divide these cues into three major groups: 1. Oculomotor. Cues based on our ability to sense the position of our eyes and the tension in our eye muscles. 2. Monocular. Cues that work with one eye. 3. Binocular. Cues that depend on two eyes. » (Goldstein, 2010, p. 230)
Quels sont les indices oculomoteurs ?
A. La convergence.
B. L’accommodation.
C. La divergence.
D. La focalisation.
E. Aucune de ces réponses.
F. Toutes ces réponses.
A. La convergence.
B. L’accommodation.
« The oculomotor cues are created by (1) convergence, the inward movement of the eyes that occurs when we look at nearby objects, and (2) accommodation, the change in the shape of the lens that occurs when we focus on objects at various distances. The idea behind these cues is that we can feel the inward movement of the eyes that occurs when the eyes converge to look at nearby objects, and we feel the tightening of eye muscles that change the shape of the lens to focus on a nearby object. » (Goldstein, 2010, p. 231)
Que ressentons-nous lorsque nos yeux convergent pour regarder des objets proches ?
A. Le mouvement vers l’intérieur des yeux.
B. Le relâchement des muscles oculaires.
C. La tension accrue des muscles oculaires.
D. La relaxation des muscles oculaires.
E. Aucune de ces réponses.
F. Toutes ces réponses.
A. Le mouvement vers l’intérieur des yeux.
C. La tension accrue des muscles oculaires.
« The idea behind these cues is that we can feel the inward movement of the eyes that occurs when the eyes converge to look at nearby objects, and we feel the tightening of eye muscles that change the shape of the lens to focus on a nearby object. You can experience the feelings in your eyes associated with convergence and accommodation by doing the following demonstration. » (Goldstein, 2010, p. 231)
Que se passe-t-il lorsque vous déplacez votre doigt vers votre nez ?
A. Vous ressentez vos yeux regarder vers l’intérieur.
B. Vous ressentez une tension accrue dans vos yeux.
C. Vos yeux se détendent.
D. Vos yeux se déplacent vers l’extérieur.
E. Aucune de ces réponses.
F. Toutes ces réponses.
A. Vous ressentez vos yeux regarder vers l’intérieur.
B. Vous ressentez une tension accrue dans vos yeux.
« Look at your finger as you hold it at arm’s length. Then, as you slowly move your finger toward your nose, notice how you feel your eyes looking inward and become aware of the increasing tension inside your eyes. The feelings you experience as you move your finger closer are caused by (1) the change in convergence angle as your eye muscles cause your eyes to look inward, as in Figure 10.2a, and (2) the change in the shape of the lens as the eye accommodates to focus on a near object. » (Goldstein, 2010, p. 231)
Que se passe-t-il lorsque vous éloignez votre doigt de votre nez ?
A. Le cristallin s’aplatit.
B. Vos yeux se déplacent vers l’extérieur.
C. Vos yeux regardent droit devant.
D. Vos yeux convergent.
E. Aucune de ces réponses.
F. Toutes ces réponses.
A. Le cristallin s’aplatit.
B. Vos yeux se déplacent vers l’extérieur.
C. Vos yeux regardent droit devant.
« If you move your finger farther away, the lens flattens, and your eyes move away from the nose until they are both looking straight ahead, as in Figure 10.2b. Convergence and accommodation indicate when an object is close and are useful up to a distance of about arm’s length, with convergence being the more effective of the two. » (Goldstein, 2010, p. 231)
Jusqu’à quelle distance la convergence et l’accommodation sont-elles utiles ?
A. Jusqu’à 1 mètre.
B. Jusqu’à 10 mètres.
C. Jusqu’à 5 mètres.
D. Jusqu’à la longueur d’un bras.
E. Aucune de ces réponses.
F. Toutes ces réponses.
D. Jusqu’à la longueur d’un bras.
« Convergence and accommodation indicate when an object is close and are useful up to a distance of about arm’s length, with convergence being the more effective of the two. » (Goldstein, 2010, p. 231)
À une distance d’un bras, quelle est l’indice oculomoteur le plus efficace des deux : convergence ou accommodation ?
A. Accommodation.
B. Convergence.
C. Les deux sont également efficaces.
D. Aucune des deux.
B. Convergence.
« Convergence and accommodation indicate when an object is close and are useful up to a distance of about arm’s length, with convergence being the more effective of the two. » (Goldstein, 2010, p. 231)
Qui a étudié l’efficacité de la convergence et de l’accommodation ?
A. Cutting & Vishton.
B. Mon-Williams & Tresilian.
C. Tresilian et al.
D. Tous les précédents.
E. Aucune de ces réponses.
F. Toutes ces réponses.
D. Tous les précédents.
« Convergence and accommodation indicate when an object is close and are useful up to a distance of about arm’s length, with convergence being the more effective of the two (Cutting & Vishton, 1995; Mon-Williams & Tresilian, 1999; Tresilian et al., 1999). » (Goldstein, 2010, p. 231)
What are monocular cues?
A. Accommodation and convergence
B. Accommodation, pictoral cues and movement-based cues
C. Occlusion, pictoral cues and movement-based cues
D. Convergence, pictoral cues and movement-based cues
E. Aucune de ces réponses
F. Toutes ces réponses
B
« Monocular cues work with only one eye. They include accommodation, which we have described under oculomotor cues; pictorial cues, which is depth information that can be depicted in a two-dimensional picture; and movement-based cues, which are based on depth information created by movement. » (Goldstein, 2010, p. 231)
Où est l’indice d’occlusion dans cette image ?
A. La montage
B. Le nuage
C. La route
D. Le cactus
E. La colline
F. Toutes ces réponses
D
E
« A scene in Tucson, Arizona, containing a number of depth cues: occlusion (the cactus occludes the hill, which occludes the mountain)» (Goldstein, 2010, p. 231)
What do pictorial cues provide?
A. Depth information that can be depicted in a movie
B. Information about an object’s absolute distance
C. Depth information that can be depicted in a picture
D. Information about an object’s size
E. Aucune de ces réponses
F. Toutes ces réponses
C
« Pictorial cues are sources of depth information that can be depicted in a picture, such as the illustrations in this book or the image on the retina. » (Goldstein, 2010, p. 231)
What does occlusion indicate?
A. Absolute distance
B. Relative distance
C. Color of the object
D. Size of the object
E. Aucune de ces réponses
F. Toutes ces réponses
B
« Occlusion does not provide information about an object’s absolute distance; it only indicates relative distance. We know that the object that is partially covered is farther away than another object, but from occlusion alone we can’t tell how much farther. » (Goldstein, 2010, p. 231)
What are movement-based cues based on?
A. Depth information created by movement
B. Color information created by movement
C. Size information created by movement
D. Shape information created by movement
E. Aucune de ces réponses
F. Toutes ces réponses
A
« Movement-based cues, which are based on depth information created by movement. » (Goldstein, 2010, p. 231)
What is the role of accommodation in monocular cues?
A. It is described under oculomotor cues
B. It is described under pictorial cues
C. It is described under movement-based cues
D. It is not related to monocular cues
E. Aucune de ces réponses
F. Toutes ces réponses
A
« Monocular cues work with only one eye. They include accommodation, which we have described under oculomotor cues. » (Goldstein, 2010, p. 231)
What can occlusion not tell us?
A. The height of the object
B. Which object is farther away
C. How much farther an object is
D. The size of the object
E. Aucune de ces réponses
F. Toutes ces réponses
C
« We know that the object that is partially covered is farther away than another object, but from occlusion alone we can’t tell how much farther. » (Goldstein, 2010, p. 231)
- Selon l’indice de hauteur relative, comment les objets situés en dessous de l’horizon sont-ils perçus lorsqu’ils ont leurs bases plus hautes dans le champ de vision ?
A. Plus proches
B. Plus éloignés
C. De même distance
D. Plus grands
E. Aucune de ces réponses
F. Toutes ces réponses
B
« Selon l’indice de hauteur relative, les objets qui sont en dessous de l’horizon et ont leurs bases plus hautes dans le champ de vision sont généralement perçus comme étant plus éloignés. Remarquez comment cela s’applique aux deux motos dans la Figure 10.3. La base de la moto éloignée (où ses pneus touchent la route) est plus haute dans l’image que la base de la moto proche. » (Goldstein, 2010, p. 231)
Comment les objets situés au-dessus de l’horizon sont-ils perçus lorsqu’ils sont plus bas dans le champ de vision ?
A. Plus proches
B. Plus éloignés
C. De même distance
D. Plus grands
E. Aucune de ces réponses
F. Toutes ces réponses
B
« Lorsque les objets sont au-dessus de l’horizon, comme les nuages, être plus bas dans le champ de vision indique plus de distance. Il y a aussi un lien entre le regard de l’observateur et la distance. » (Goldstein, 2010, p. 231)
- Selon l’indice de taille relative, comment deux objets de même taille sont-ils perçus lorsque l’un est plus éloigné ?
A. Plus petit
B. Plus grand
C. De même taille
D. Plus proche
E. Aucune de ces réponses
F. Toutes ces réponses
A
« Selon l’indice de taille relative, lorsque deux objets sont de même taille, celui qui est plus éloigné occupera moins de votre champ de vision que celui qui est plus proche. Cet indice dépend, dans une certaine mesure, de la connaissance des tailles physiques d’une personne » (Goldstein, 2010, p. 231)