Data / Statistics Flashcards
what is quantitive data?
data that can be counted or measured in numerical values.
what is qualitative data?
data representing information and concepts that are not represented by numbers.
mean formula:
sum of terms divide by the number of terms
median formula:
Arrange the data points from smallest to largest. If the number of data points is odd, the median is the middle data point in the list. If the number of data points is even, the median is the average of the two middle data points in the list.
mode formula:
Place all numbers in a given set in order; this can be from lowest to highest or highest to lowest, and then count how many times each number appears in the set.
interpret p value:
The p-value only tells you how likely the data you have observed is to have occurred under the null hypothesis. If the p-value is below your threshold of significance (typically p < 0.05), then you can reject the null hypothesis, but this does not necessarily mean that your alternative hypothesis is true.
interpret r values:
r > 0 indicates a positive association.r < 0 indicates a negative association.Values of r near 0 indicate a very weak linear relationship. The strength of the linear relationship increases as r moves away from 0 toward -1 or 1.
interpret confidence intervals:
if you have a 95% confidence interval of 0.65 < p < 0.73, then you would say, “If we were to repeat this process, then 95% of the time the interval 0.65 to 0.73 would contain the true population proportion.” This means that if you have 100 intervals, 95 of them will contain the true proportion
interpret error bars
The length of an Error Bar helps reveal the uncertainty of a data point: a short Error Bar shows that values are concentrated, signalling that the plotted average value is more likely, while a long Error Bar would indicate that the values are more spread out and less reliable.
differentiate independent and dependent variable
The independent variable is the cause. Its value is independent of other variables in your study. The dependent variable is the effect.
differentiate null and alternative variable
The null hypothesis of a test always predicts no effect or no relationship between variables, while the alternative hypothesis states your research prediction of an effect or relationship.
how to refine study?
Who? Who is the specific person/group to which you would like to limit your research?
What? What specific aspect of the broad topic idea is interesting to you?
Where? To which specific geographic area or region would you like to limit your research?
diffrent sample type?
how to extend study?
altering the methodology in order to overcome certain limitations of the scope, or how the data can be applied.
example different measures design
how to redirect study?
to modify the methodology to gain further insight into the phenomena observed in the original experiment.
