Cytology Flashcards
Which is false?
A.Not all tumors exfoliate cells.
B.Scrapings are more difficult to collect and only able to collect superficial lesions.
C.The material must be allowed to dry on slide before performing squash prep or other smear technique.
D.NOTA
C - must not be allowed dapat
A.Differentiate scrapings from imprints
B.Main advantages of fine needle aspirates
A. Scrapings are done on freshly cut surfaces; imprints are done on ulcers/external lesions/biopsy
B. Avoids superficial contamination & Very little risk to patient
A.Fine Needle Aspirate Non-Aspiration Technique works best __ & for __
B.needle used @ FNA Aspiration??
A.for small masses that are difficult to aspirate & or highly vascular tissues
B.22-25 gauge needle
A.Purpose of fixation
B.best fixative
A.Prevents cellular distortion
B.50% ethyl alcohol is the best fixative
A.Why shouldn’t the solution be >50% EtOH ?
B. Why shouldn’t we use fixatives containing acetones or ether for liquid specimens?
A. hardens sediments, very difficult to spread on slides
B. cannot be smeared immediately after collection
Enumerate three ways to prepare smears from aspirates?
- Squash Preparation method
- Needle Spread method
- Blood Smear method
In which method is the sample pulled out into several projections (starfish appearance)?
A.Squash Preparation method
B.Needle Spread method
C.Blood Smear method
(B! A is when Aspirated material is placed on the center of the slide. A second slide is placed over the sample to form a cross.)
One of the common problems with Fine Needle Aspirate is the minimal number of cells obtained. Which is not a probable reason?
A.Some lesions do not exfoliate cells well.
B.The needle may miss the site of the lesion
C.Timid collection
D.Inadequate positive pressure
D - negative pressure dapat
One of the common problems with Fine Needle Aspirate is blood contamination. Which is not a probable reason?
A.Using too small needle gauge
B.Prolonged aspiration
C.Failure to blot if doing imprint
A: too large dapat
False about coating fixatives
A.spray form
B.for smears which to be mailed to other laboratories
C.has to be removed by 80% isopropyl alcohol before staining
C = ethyl alcohol dapat
A.Fixative best used for smears prepared from fluids?
B.stain used in human OB-Gyne exams?
A.95% ethyl alcohol
B.Papanicolau stain
False about 95% ethyl alcohol
A.Do not excessively shrink or swell cells.
B.Do not distort or dissolve cellular components.
C.Preserves nuclear details without inactivating enzymes.
D.Improves optical differentiation and enhance staining properties of the cell components.
C: enzymes are also activated!
False about Papanicolau stain
A. highly define nuclear details (differentiates benign from malignant)
B. cytoplasm is clearly stained
C. various shades of one tint delineates degrees of cellular maturity and metabolic activity
C - various hues dapat
[Papanicolau Staining]
- Rgt for nuclear staining?
- Rgt for cytoplasmic staining?
- 90-96% ethyl alcohol
2. OG-6 and EA-50
[Papanicolau Staining]
- Rgt for dehydration?
- Rgt for clearing?
- ethanol
2. xylene
A.main purpose of slide coverslipping
B.main purpose of mounting medium @ slide coverslipping
A. coverslipping further preserves and protects specimen to facilitate its evaluation under the microscope
B.Mounting medium- prevents the cellular specimen from shrinking and losing stain due to exposure to atmosphere
- microscope lens combo used to screen individual cells
2. microscope lens for cell details
- 10X objective, 15X ocular
2. 40x objective
Compare & contrast hyperplasia and neoplasia
Both involve cell multiplication but
Hyperplasia is a response to a stimulus and
Neoplasia happens even w/o external stimulus
identify: - reversible, irregular, atypical, proliferative cellular changes in response to irritation or inflammation.
Dysplasia
identify: reversible process in which one mature cell type is replaced by another mature cell type (adaptive response to a stimulus)
Metaplasia
primary purpose of karyotyping
To determine abnormalities in the structure and number of chromosomes in a sample
of body cells
The following may be sources of specimen for karyotyping. Which one/s ought to be heparinized? A.Amniotic fluid B.Peripheral blood C.Bone marrow D.Leukemic blood E.Products of conception like abortuses
B & C
Mitogen that isn’t for T Lymphocytes
A.PHA – phytohemgglutinin
B. PWM – pokeweed
C. Con A – concanavalin A
C - this is for B lymphocytes
What does colchicine or demecolcine (tubulin inhibitors) do in metaphase arrest?
depolymerize the mitotic spindle and so arrest the cell at this stage
Enumerate the two methods used to stain slides @ karyotyping
- Chromosome banding techniques
2. Chromosome painting techniques
results from interaction of DNA and proteins with thiazine and eosin of the stain
A. Giemsa G-banding
B. Giemsa C-banding
C. Q (quinacrine) banding
A
intercalates with DNA and fluoresces brighter in AT- rich DNA
A. Giemsa G-banding
B. Giemsa C-banding
C. Q (quinacrine) banding
C
constitutive heterochromatic banding of the centromere
A. Giemsa G-banding
B. Giemsa C-banding
C. Q (quinacrine) banding
B
Painting probes can do all except
A.uniformly decorate the entire chromosome
B.decorate only a specific segment of the chromosome
C.identify the chromosomal origin in structural rearrangements
D.NOTA
D
The term, “__” is used to describe “whole” chromosome specific painting.
spectral karyotyping
A. What is translocation?
B. What is deletion?
A. (exchange of materials between two or more chromosomes)
B. (loss of material from a single chromosome)
A. What is monosomy?
B. What is triploidy?
A.monosomy – loss of chromosome (die after conception)
B.triploidy – extra copy of each chromosome resulting to death in the newborn
(45, X) karyotype
A.Down syndrome
B.Turner syndrome
C.Klinefelter syndrome
B.
(47 XY + X) Karyotype
A.Down syndrome
B.Turner syndrome
C.Klinefelter syndrome
C
