cytogen chromosome Flashcards
threadlike structure made up of DNA
Chromosomes
found in the nucleus of each cell
Chromosomes
unit of heredty
gene
chromosome was 1st described by him
Eduard Adolf Strasburger
he is the first used the term “chromosome”
Wilhelm von Waldeyer-Hartz
color
chromo
body
soma
positive ion
cation (basic)
negative ion
anion (acidic)
it is located at the center to which the chromatids or spindle fibers are attached
Centromere
each half of the chromosome joined
Chromatid
positive electrophoresis
anode
negative electrophoresis
cathode
terminal region of each side of the chromosome
telomers
protect the ends of chromosomes from becoming frayed or tangled
Telomers
it is the short arm
p Arm
it is the long arm
q Arm
also responsible for the foundation for kinetochore assembly
Centromere
centromeres are located near the chromosomes center
Metacentric
metacentric can be seen in
chromosome 1
centromeres are non-centrally located so that one arm is longer than the other
Submetacentric
submetacentric can be seen in
chromosome 5
centromeres are located near the end of a chromosome
acrocentric
acrocentric can be seen in
chromosome 13
centromeres are found at the end or telomere region of a chromosome
telocentric
telocentric can be seen in
trisomy 21
how many chromosomes can be seen in trisomy 21 and ika pila siya
3 chromosomes, 21th
chromosome with a missing centromere
acentric chromosome
chromosome with two centromere
dicentric chromosome
a disc-shaped protein structure which assembles on the centromere before cell division
kinetochore
attaches spindle microtubules which is essential for appropriate chromosomal segregation during mitosis
kinetochore
dark staining
heterochromatic or heterochromatin region
light staining
euchromatic or euchromatin region
what are the heterochromatin classification
constitutive heterochromatin and facultative heterochromatin
it stays permanently in heterochromatic stage
constitutive heterochromatin
it does not revert to euchromatic stage
constitutive heterochromatin
euchromatin that takes on the staining
facultative heterochromatin
it has approximately 3 billion base pairs of DNA are packed into 23 chromosome
haploid genome
most cells in the body except for female ovary and male sperm
diploid
6 billion base pairs of DNA are packed into 23 pairs chromosome
diploid human genome
size of each base pair
0.34 nanometer long
each diploid cell
2 meters of DNA
50 trillion cells in human body
100 trillion meters of DNA per human
a circular dna molecule
prokaryote
2 diploid daughter
mitosis
4 haploid
meiosis
consist of short nucleotide sequences, which are repeated multiple times
telomere
gold standard for precise DNA image cytometry
feulgen staining
it allows cells to be subjected to mild hydrolysis
1N HCl at 600 degree celsius fot 10 minutes
Giemsa stain (blood)
G Banding
AT-rich region stain darker than GC-rich regions
G banding
reverse stain
r banding
GC-rich region stain darker than AT-rich regions
R Banding
Quinacrine fluorescent due stains AT-rich regions
Q Banding
stains heterochromatic regions close to the centromeres
C Banding
usually stains the entire long arm of the Y chromosome
C Banding
Classifies mitotic chromosomes according to their fluorescence and light scattering as they move in a single file rapidly in a narrow stream of liquid
Flow Cytometry
it is also known as Multiplex-FISH (M-Fish)
Spectral Karyotyping (SKY)
other name of SKY
Multiplex-FISH (M-FISH)
Simultaneous visualization of each chromosome pair in different color
Spectral Karyotyping (SKY)
Molecular cytogenetic method that allows the analysis of the entire genome is a single experiment
Comparative Genomic Hybridization
Use of this method is limited to the detection of quantitative genome changes (amplification/deletion)
Comparative Genomic Hybridization
Use of this method is limited to the detection of quantitative genome changes (amplification/deletion)
Comparative Genomic Hybridization
