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2nd year, 1st sem > BIOCHEM > Flashcards

BIOCHEM Flashcards

1
Q

smallest carbohydrates

A

Glyceraldehyde

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2
Q

Major Energy Source

A

Glucose

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3
Q

Storage form of glucose

A

Glycogen

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4
Q

Components of cell membranes

A

Glycoprotein

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5
Q

Structural component in plants, bacteria and insects

A

Chitin and cellulose

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6
Q

Contains 1 sugar unit

A

Monosaccharides

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7
Q

2 sugar units linked together by a glycosidic bond

A

Dissaccharides

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8
Q

Contains 3-10 monosaccharides or sugar units

A

Oligosaccharides

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9
Q

More than 10 sugar units

A

Polysaccharides

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10
Q

Glucose + Glucose

A

Maltose

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11
Q

Glucose + Glucose

A

Maltose

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12
Q

Glucose + Galactose

A

Lactose

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13
Q

Glucose + Fructose

A

Sucrose

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14
Q

examples of monosaccharides

A

Glucose
Galactose
Fructose

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15
Q

examples of monosaccharides

A

Glucose
Galactose
Fructose

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16
Q

examples of polysaccharides

A

Glycogen, peptidoglycan
Starch, cellulose, chitin

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17
Q

example of oligosaccharides

A

Seldom encountered

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18
Q

what are the reducing sugar

A

Glucose, Maltose, Lactose, Fructose, Galactose

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19
Q

what is the non reducing sugar

A

Sucrose

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20
Q

Contain a Ketone group

A

Ketose

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21
Q

Contain and Aldehyde group

A

Aldose

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22
Q

it has 3 carbon atoms

A

triose

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23
Q

it has 4 carbons

A

tetrose

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24
Q

it has 5 carbons

A

pentose

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25
Q

it has 6 carbons

A

hexose

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26
Q

Glyceraldehyde, Dihydroxyacetone

A

triose

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27
Q

Threose, Erythrose

A

tetrose

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28
Q

Ribose, Arabinose, Lyxose, Xylose

A

pentose

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29
Q

Glucose, Fructose, Galactose, Mannose, Idose, Allose

A

hexose

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30
Q

Glucose, Fructose, Galactose, Mannose, Idose, Allose

A

hexose

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31
Q

Compounds that have the same chemical formula

A

isomers

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32
Q

Isomers that differ in configuration around only one specific carbon atom

A

epimers

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33
Q

D and L designations refers to the configuration of the highest numbered chiral carbon (

A

enantiomers

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34
Q

In aqueous solution, monosaccharides with five or more carbon atoms occur predominantly as cyclic/ ring structure.

A

Anomers

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35
Q

-OH in carbonyl carbon is in opposite position of CH2OH

A

Alpha Anomers

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36
Q

-OH in carbonyl carbon is in the same position of CH2OH

A

Beta Anomers

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37
Q

Epimers at C2 of D-Glucose

A

Mannose

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38
Q

Epimers at C3 of D-Glucose

A

Allose

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39
Q

Epimers at C4 of D-Glucose

A

Gallactose

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40
Q

Epimers at C5 of D-Glucose

A

Idose

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41
Q

catalyze the hydrolysis of starch to maltose

A

Amylase

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42
Q

what are the two types of amylase

A

Salivary amylase (Ptyalin), Pancreatic amylase (Amylopsin)

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43
Q

other name of sucrose

A

Table sugar

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44
Q

only carbohydrate to be used directly for energy

A

glucose

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45
Q

other name of lactose

A

milk sugar

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46
Q

other name of maltose

A

malt sugar

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47
Q

Metabolism of glucose molecule to pyruvate or lactate for production of energy

A

Glycolysis

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48
Q

Formation of glucose-6-phosphate from non-carbohydrate source

A

Gluconeogenesis

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49
Q

Conversion of glucose to glycogen for storage

A

Glycogenesis

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50
Q

Breakdown of glycogen to glucose for use as energy

A

Glycogenolysis

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51
Q

Conversion of carbohydrates to fatty acids

A

Lipogenesis

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52
Q

Decomposition of fats

A

Lipolysis

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53
Q

Produced by the beta cells of the islets of Langerhans (pancreas)

A

Insulin

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54
Q

Produced by the alpha cells of the islets of Langerhans

A

Glucagon

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55
Q

lowers blood glucose in the body

A

Insulin

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56
Q

what is the goal of insulin?

A

decrease blood glucose

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57
Q

increases blood glucose in the body

A

glucagon

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58
Q

Increases gluconeogenesis

A

Cortisol

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59
Q

Stimulates Glycogenolysis

A

Catecholamines

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60
Q

Increase glucose absorption in small intestines

A

Thyroid Hormones

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61
Q

Increase liver gluconeogenesis
Inhibits glycolysis

A

Growth Hormone

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62
Q

Produced by the delta cells of the islets of Langerhans (pancreas)
Inhibits glucagon and insulin secretion

A

Somatostatin

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63
Q

regulates and maintains the constancy of the circulating
glucose levels at around 70-110mg/dL

A

Liver

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64
Q

has a renal threshold for glucose at 170-180 mg/dL

A

Kidneys

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65
Q

Elevated fasting blood glucose caused by a relative or absolute deficiency of glucose

A

Diabetes Mellitus

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66
Q

increased urine output

A

Polyuria

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67
Q

excessive thirst as a compensation for polyuria

A

Polydypsia

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68
Q

excessive appetite because of the failure of glucose to enter the peripheral tissues

A

Polyphagia

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69
Q

Glucose concentration exceed the renal threshold for glucose

A

Glucosuria

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70
Q

what is the Diagnostic Value of Fasting Blood Glucose

A

> 126 mg/dL

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71
Q

what is the Diagnostic Value of Random Blood Glucose

A

> 200 mg/dL+ primary symptoms of DM

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72
Q

what is the diagnostic value of 2 hour plasma glucose

A

> 200 mg/dl during the OGTT

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73
Q

What is the Diagnostic Value of HbA1c

A

> 6.5%

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74
Q

Type I DM is also known as?

A

Juevenile-Onset DM
Insulin Dependent DM

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75
Q

Type II DM is also known as

A

Adult-Onset DM
Non-insulin dependent DM

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76
Q

A disease affecting the adrenal cortex causing excessive secretion of diabetogenic glucocorticoids.

A

Cushing Syndrome

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77
Q

A tumor affecting the chromocytes of adrenal medulla.

A

Pheochromocytoma

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78
Q

A disease characterized by excessive enlargement of the bones of the hands, feet skull due to overproduction of Growth hormones which elevates blood sugar.

A

Acromegaly

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79
Q

Glucose intolerance with onset or first recognition during pregnancy

A

Gestational Diabetes

80
Q

what is the long term monitoring of glucose?

A

3 months

81
Q

this should be tested at least twice a year to monitor long term glycemic control

A

Glycosylated Hemoglobin

82
Q

Monitor glucose control over past 2-3 weeks

A

Fructosamine

83
Q

Reference method for glucose

A

Hexokinase

84
Q

Measures both alpha and beta glucose

A

Hexokinase

85
Q

Reacts only with the B-D glucose

A

Glucose oxidase method

86
Q

measure the rate of disappearance of oxygen using an oxygen electrode

A

Polarographic method

87
Q

use a side reaction that consumes Hydrogen peroxide

A

Colorimetric method

88
Q

it is specific only to beta glucose

A

Glucose oxidase

89
Q

Alpha glucose is converted to beta glucose by the enzyme

A

Mutarotose

90
Q

Source of Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase

A

Leuconostoc mesenteroides

91
Q

Source of Glucose dehydrogenase

A

Bacillus cereus

92
Q

Reducing substances contributes major interference which it falsely increases the value of glucose.

A

Folin Wu Method

93
Q

most accurate Reduction-Oxidation test for glucose

A

Nelson-Somogyi Method

94
Q

Neocuproine reagent

A

2,9-dimethyl-1,10-phenanthroline hydrochloride

95
Q

Modification of Folin Wu method for qualitative urine glucose

A

Benedict’s Method

96
Q

Uses the principle of Iodine reaction with cuprous byproduct and excess I2 is then titrated with Thiosulfate

A

Shaffer-Hartman Somogyi

97
Q

First method adopted by Technicon Auto Analyzer

A

Hagedorn-Jensen Method

98
Q

Condensation of amines

A

Dubowski method

99
Q

Condensation of phenols

A

Anthrone’s test

100
Q

what is type 1 in glycogen-storage diseases

A

Von Gierke

101
Q

what is type 2 in glycogen-storage disease

A

pompe

102
Q

what is type 3 in glycogen-storage disease

A

Cori Forbes

103
Q

what is type 4 in glycogen-storage disease

A

Andersen

104
Q

what is type 5 in glycogen-storage disease

A

Mc Ardle

105
Q

what is type 6 in glycogen-storage disease

A

Hers

106
Q

what is type 7 in glycogen-storage disease

A

Tarui

107
Q

what is type 11 in glycogen-storage disease

A

Fanconi-Bickel

108
Q

It is also known as fats

A

lipid

109
Q

it is non-polar organic solvents

A

soluble

110
Q

it is a polar solvents

A

Insoluble

111
Q

rich source of energy

A

Gluconeogenesis

112
Q

Water-insoluble and is transported by?

A

lipoproteins

113
Q

Water-insoluble and is transported by?

A

lipoproteins

114
Q

integral part of the cellular membrane

A

phospholipids

115
Q

it only has single bonds in the chain

A

saturated fatty acids

116
Q

carbon-carbon double bonds in the chain

A

Unsaturated Fatty Acids

117
Q

carbon-carbon double bonds in the chain

A

Unsaturated Fatty Acids

118
Q

it has 12 carbon atoms in saturated fatty acids

A

lauric

119
Q

it has 14 carbon atoms in saturated fatty acids

A

myristic

120
Q

it has 16 carbon atoms in saturated fatty acids

A

palmitic

121
Q

it has 18 carbon atoms in saturated fatty acids

A

stearic

122
Q

it has 20 carbon atoms in saturated fatty acids

A

arachidic

123
Q

it has 16 carbon atoms in unsaturated fatty acids

A

palmitoleic

124
Q

what are those 3 who have 18 carbon atoms in unsaturated fatty acids

A

oleic, linoleic, linolenic

125
Q

it has 20 carbon atoms in unsaturated fatty acids

A

arachidonic

126
Q

it increases both bad and good cholesterol

A

Saturated Fatty Acid

127
Q

Lowers bad cholesterol and increases good cholesterol

A

Unsaturated Fatty Acids or Cis

128
Q

increases bad cholesterol and lower good cholesterol

A

Trans-Fat

129
Q

it is high melting point

A

Saturated Fatty Acids

130
Q

its source is animal oil

A

saturated fatty acids

131
Q

solid in the room temperature

A

Saturated Fatty Acids

132
Q

Low Melting Point

A

Unsaturated Fatty Acids

133
Q

its source is plant oil

A

Unsaturated Fatty Acid

134
Q

Liquid form in room temperature

A

Unsaturated Fatty Acids

135
Q

Glucose is metabolized at room temperature at a rate of?

A

7 mg/dl/hour

136
Q

At 4 degree Celsius, glucose decreased by approximately?

A

2 mg/dl/hour

137
Q

Co-factor of Hexokinase

A

Magnesium

138
Q

deficiency of insulin caused by an autoimmune attack on the beta cells of the pancreas

A

Type I DM

139
Q

insulin resistance and dysfunctional beta cells

A

Type II DM

140
Q

How many percent does Acetone have?

A

2%

141
Q

How many percent does B-hydroxybutyrate?

A

78%

142
Q

how many percent does acetoacetate have?

A

20%

143
Q

what is the test for ketone

A

acetest

144
Q

what is the test for bilirubin

A

ictotest

145
Q

what is the test for bilirubin

A

ictotest

146
Q

also known as neutral fat

A

triglycerides

147
Q

what is the composition of triglycerides

A

3 water molecule and 1 glycerol

148
Q

main storage form of lipid in man

A

adipose tissue

149
Q

measurement of triglycerides

A

monitor the risk for heart disease

150
Q

usually done as part of group

A

lipid profile

151
Q

Hydrogen peroxide

A

trinder’s reaction

152
Q

NAD

A

Winartasaputra method

153
Q

original reference method of triglycerides

A

Modified Van Handel Zilversmith

154
Q

reagent in step 1a

A

Folch’s reagent

155
Q

reagent in step 1b

A

Salicic acid

156
Q

reagent in step 2

A

Alcoholic Potassium Hydroxide

157
Q

reagent in step 3

A

Sodium periodate

158
Q

reagent in step 4

A

sulfuric acid

159
Q

what is step 1a

A

extraction

160
Q

what is step 1b

A

adsorption

161
Q

what is step 2

A

saponification

162
Q

what is step 3

A

oxidation

163
Q

what is step 4

A

colorimetry

164
Q

remove the lipids from protein

A

extraction

165
Q

remove non-triglyceride glycerol

A

adsorption

166
Q

to cleave triglycerides molecules into fatty acids and glycerol

A

saponification

167
Q

to convert glycerol to a measurable compound

A

oxidation

168
Q

addition of color reagent

A

colorimetry

169
Q

produces yellow compound

A

Hantzsch Condensation (Diacetyl Lutidine compound)

170
Q

transport exogenous triglycerides

A

chylonicrons

171
Q

transport endogenous triglycerides

A

VLDL

172
Q

Contains 4-rings and single C-H chain

A

Cholesterol

173
Q

Precursors of 5 major classes of steroid hormones

A

Cholesterol

174
Q

percentage of cholesterol esters

A

70%

175
Q

percentage of free cholesterol

A

30%

176
Q

Composed of cholesterol ring and fatty acids

A

Cholesterol esters

177
Q

LCAT

A

Lecithin Cholesterol Acyl Transferase

178
Q

Unesterified cholesterol

A

Free cholesterol

179
Q

Unesterified cholesterol

A

Free cholesterol

180
Q

the end product of this is Green Cholestadienyl Monosulfonic acid

A

Liebermann-Burchard’s Test

181
Q

the end product of this is Red Cholestadienyl Disulfonic acid

A

Salkowski Test

182
Q

reference method of cholesterol

A

Abell Levy and Brodie

183
Q

It is measured at 500 nm in Enzymatic Method

A

quinoneimine dye

184
Q

Serves as a surfactant

A

Phosphilipids

185
Q

forms of phosphilipids

A

lecithin, sphingomyelin, cephalin

186
Q

percentage of lecithin

A

70%

187
Q

percentage of spingomyelin

A

20%

188
Q

percentage of cephalin

A

10%

189
Q

It accumulates in the liver and spleen of patients suffering

A

Niemann-pick disease

190
Q

not derived from glycerol but from an amino acid alcohol

A

sphingosine

191
Q

Deficiency in Glucocerebrosidase or Beta-glucosidase

A

Gaucher’s Disease (Wrinkled Cytoplasm)

192
Q

Deficiency in Sphingomyelinase

A

Niemann-Pick Disease (Foamy Cytoplasm)

193
Q

Deficiency in Hexosaminidase A

A

Tay-Sachs disease (Vacuolated cytoplasm)

194
Q

Deficiency in Hexosaminidase A and B

A

Sandoff disease (Vacuolated cytoplasm)

195
Q

Deficiency in Hexosaminidase A and B

A

Sandoff disease (Vacuolated cytoplasm)

2nd year, 1st sem (20 decks)

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