BIOCHEM Flashcards
smallest carbohydrates
Glyceraldehyde
Major Energy Source
Glucose
Storage form of glucose
Glycogen
Components of cell membranes
Glycoprotein
Structural component in plants, bacteria and insects
Chitin and cellulose
Contains 1 sugar unit
Monosaccharides
2 sugar units linked together by a glycosidic bond
Dissaccharides
Contains 3-10 monosaccharides or sugar units
Oligosaccharides
More than 10 sugar units
Polysaccharides
Glucose + Glucose
Maltose
Glucose + Glucose
Maltose
Glucose + Galactose
Lactose
Glucose + Fructose
Sucrose
examples of monosaccharides
Glucose
Galactose
Fructose
examples of monosaccharides
Glucose
Galactose
Fructose
examples of polysaccharides
Glycogen, peptidoglycan
Starch, cellulose, chitin
example of oligosaccharides
Seldom encountered
what are the reducing sugar
Glucose, Maltose, Lactose, Fructose, Galactose
what is the non reducing sugar
Sucrose
Contain a Ketone group
Ketose
Contain and Aldehyde group
Aldose
it has 3 carbon atoms
triose
it has 4 carbons
tetrose
it has 5 carbons
pentose
it has 6 carbons
hexose
Glyceraldehyde, Dihydroxyacetone
triose
Threose, Erythrose
tetrose
Ribose, Arabinose, Lyxose, Xylose
pentose
Glucose, Fructose, Galactose, Mannose, Idose, Allose
hexose
Glucose, Fructose, Galactose, Mannose, Idose, Allose
hexose
Compounds that have the same chemical formula
isomers
Isomers that differ in configuration around only one specific carbon atom
epimers
D and L designations refers to the configuration of the highest numbered chiral carbon (
enantiomers
In aqueous solution, monosaccharides with five or more carbon atoms occur predominantly as cyclic/ ring structure.
Anomers
-OH in carbonyl carbon is in opposite position of CH2OH
Alpha Anomers
-OH in carbonyl carbon is in the same position of CH2OH
Beta Anomers
Epimers at C2 of D-Glucose
Mannose
Epimers at C3 of D-Glucose
Allose
Epimers at C4 of D-Glucose
Gallactose
Epimers at C5 of D-Glucose
Idose
catalyze the hydrolysis of starch to maltose
Amylase
what are the two types of amylase
Salivary amylase (Ptyalin), Pancreatic amylase (Amylopsin)
other name of sucrose
Table sugar
only carbohydrate to be used directly for energy
glucose
other name of lactose
milk sugar
other name of maltose
malt sugar
Metabolism of glucose molecule to pyruvate or lactate for production of energy
Glycolysis
Formation of glucose-6-phosphate from non-carbohydrate source
Gluconeogenesis
Conversion of glucose to glycogen for storage
Glycogenesis
Breakdown of glycogen to glucose for use as energy
Glycogenolysis
Conversion of carbohydrates to fatty acids
Lipogenesis
Decomposition of fats
Lipolysis
Produced by the beta cells of the islets of Langerhans (pancreas)
Insulin
Produced by the alpha cells of the islets of Langerhans
Glucagon
lowers blood glucose in the body
Insulin
what is the goal of insulin?
decrease blood glucose
increases blood glucose in the body
glucagon
Increases gluconeogenesis
Cortisol
Stimulates Glycogenolysis
Catecholamines
Increase glucose absorption in small intestines
Thyroid Hormones
Increase liver gluconeogenesis
Inhibits glycolysis
Growth Hormone
Produced by the delta cells of the islets of Langerhans (pancreas)
Inhibits glucagon and insulin secretion
Somatostatin
regulates and maintains the constancy of the circulating
glucose levels at around 70-110mg/dL
Liver
has a renal threshold for glucose at 170-180 mg/dL
Kidneys
Elevated fasting blood glucose caused by a relative or absolute deficiency of glucose
Diabetes Mellitus
increased urine output
Polyuria
excessive thirst as a compensation for polyuria
Polydypsia
excessive appetite because of the failure of glucose to enter the peripheral tissues
Polyphagia
Glucose concentration exceed the renal threshold for glucose
Glucosuria
what is the Diagnostic Value of Fasting Blood Glucose
> 126 mg/dL
what is the Diagnostic Value of Random Blood Glucose
> 200 mg/dL+ primary symptoms of DM
what is the diagnostic value of 2 hour plasma glucose
> 200 mg/dl during the OGTT
What is the Diagnostic Value of HbA1c
> 6.5%
Type I DM is also known as?
Juevenile-Onset DM
Insulin Dependent DM
Type II DM is also known as
Adult-Onset DM
Non-insulin dependent DM
A disease affecting the adrenal cortex causing excessive secretion of diabetogenic glucocorticoids.
Cushing Syndrome
A tumor affecting the chromocytes of adrenal medulla.
Pheochromocytoma
A disease characterized by excessive enlargement of the bones of the hands, feet skull due to overproduction of Growth hormones which elevates blood sugar.
Acromegaly
Glucose intolerance with onset or first recognition during pregnancy
Gestational Diabetes
what is the long term monitoring of glucose?
3 months
this should be tested at least twice a year to monitor long term glycemic control
Glycosylated Hemoglobin
Monitor glucose control over past 2-3 weeks
Fructosamine
Reference method for glucose
Hexokinase
Measures both alpha and beta glucose
Hexokinase
Reacts only with the B-D glucose
Glucose oxidase method
measure the rate of disappearance of oxygen using an oxygen electrode
Polarographic method
use a side reaction that consumes Hydrogen peroxide
Colorimetric method
it is specific only to beta glucose
Glucose oxidase
Alpha glucose is converted to beta glucose by the enzyme
Mutarotose
Source of Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase
Leuconostoc mesenteroides
Source of Glucose dehydrogenase
Bacillus cereus
Reducing substances contributes major interference which it falsely increases the value of glucose.
Folin Wu Method
most accurate Reduction-Oxidation test for glucose
Nelson-Somogyi Method
Neocuproine reagent
2,9-dimethyl-1,10-phenanthroline hydrochloride
Modification of Folin Wu method for qualitative urine glucose
Benedict’s Method
Uses the principle of Iodine reaction with cuprous byproduct and excess I2 is then titrated with Thiosulfate
Shaffer-Hartman Somogyi
First method adopted by Technicon Auto Analyzer
Hagedorn-Jensen Method
Condensation of amines
Dubowski method
Condensation of phenols
Anthrone’s test
what is type 1 in glycogen-storage diseases
Von Gierke
what is type 2 in glycogen-storage disease
pompe
what is type 3 in glycogen-storage disease
Cori Forbes
what is type 4 in glycogen-storage disease
Andersen
what is type 5 in glycogen-storage disease
Mc Ardle
what is type 6 in glycogen-storage disease
Hers
what is type 7 in glycogen-storage disease
Tarui
what is type 11 in glycogen-storage disease
Fanconi-Bickel
It is also known as fats
lipid
it is non-polar organic solvents
soluble
it is a polar solvents
Insoluble
rich source of energy
Gluconeogenesis
Water-insoluble and is transported by?
lipoproteins
Water-insoluble and is transported by?
lipoproteins
integral part of the cellular membrane
phospholipids
it only has single bonds in the chain
saturated fatty acids
carbon-carbon double bonds in the chain
Unsaturated Fatty Acids
carbon-carbon double bonds in the chain
Unsaturated Fatty Acids
it has 12 carbon atoms in saturated fatty acids
lauric
it has 14 carbon atoms in saturated fatty acids
myristic
it has 16 carbon atoms in saturated fatty acids
palmitic
it has 18 carbon atoms in saturated fatty acids
stearic
it has 20 carbon atoms in saturated fatty acids
arachidic
it has 16 carbon atoms in unsaturated fatty acids
palmitoleic
what are those 3 who have 18 carbon atoms in unsaturated fatty acids
oleic, linoleic, linolenic
it has 20 carbon atoms in unsaturated fatty acids
arachidonic
it increases both bad and good cholesterol
Saturated Fatty Acid
Lowers bad cholesterol and increases good cholesterol
Unsaturated Fatty Acids or Cis
increases bad cholesterol and lower good cholesterol
Trans-Fat
it is high melting point
Saturated Fatty Acids
its source is animal oil
saturated fatty acids
solid in the room temperature
Saturated Fatty Acids
Low Melting Point
Unsaturated Fatty Acids
its source is plant oil
Unsaturated Fatty Acid
Liquid form in room temperature
Unsaturated Fatty Acids
Glucose is metabolized at room temperature at a rate of?
7 mg/dl/hour
At 4 degree Celsius, glucose decreased by approximately?
2 mg/dl/hour
Co-factor of Hexokinase
Magnesium
deficiency of insulin caused by an autoimmune attack on the beta cells of the pancreas
Type I DM
insulin resistance and dysfunctional beta cells
Type II DM
How many percent does Acetone have?
2%
How many percent does B-hydroxybutyrate?
78%
how many percent does acetoacetate have?
20%
what is the test for ketone
acetest
what is the test for bilirubin
ictotest
what is the test for bilirubin
ictotest
also known as neutral fat
triglycerides
what is the composition of triglycerides
3 water molecule and 1 glycerol
main storage form of lipid in man
adipose tissue
measurement of triglycerides
monitor the risk for heart disease
usually done as part of group
lipid profile
Hydrogen peroxide
trinder’s reaction
NAD
Winartasaputra method
original reference method of triglycerides
Modified Van Handel Zilversmith
reagent in step 1a
Folch’s reagent
reagent in step 1b
Salicic acid
reagent in step 2
Alcoholic Potassium Hydroxide
reagent in step 3
Sodium periodate
reagent in step 4
sulfuric acid
what is step 1a
extraction
what is step 1b
adsorption
what is step 2
saponification
what is step 3
oxidation
what is step 4
colorimetry
remove the lipids from protein
extraction
remove non-triglyceride glycerol
adsorption
to cleave triglycerides molecules into fatty acids and glycerol
saponification
to convert glycerol to a measurable compound
oxidation
addition of color reagent
colorimetry
produces yellow compound
Hantzsch Condensation (Diacetyl Lutidine compound)
transport exogenous triglycerides
chylonicrons
transport endogenous triglycerides
VLDL
Contains 4-rings and single C-H chain
Cholesterol
Precursors of 5 major classes of steroid hormones
Cholesterol
percentage of cholesterol esters
70%
percentage of free cholesterol
30%
Composed of cholesterol ring and fatty acids
Cholesterol esters
LCAT
Lecithin Cholesterol Acyl Transferase
Unesterified cholesterol
Free cholesterol
Unesterified cholesterol
Free cholesterol
the end product of this is Green Cholestadienyl Monosulfonic acid
Liebermann-Burchard’s Test
the end product of this is Red Cholestadienyl Disulfonic acid
Salkowski Test
reference method of cholesterol
Abell Levy and Brodie
It is measured at 500 nm in Enzymatic Method
quinoneimine dye
Serves as a surfactant
Phosphilipids
forms of phosphilipids
lecithin, sphingomyelin, cephalin
percentage of lecithin
70%
percentage of spingomyelin
20%
percentage of cephalin
10%
It accumulates in the liver and spleen of patients suffering
Niemann-pick disease
not derived from glycerol but from an amino acid alcohol
sphingosine
Deficiency in Glucocerebrosidase or Beta-glucosidase
Gaucher’s Disease (Wrinkled Cytoplasm)
Deficiency in Sphingomyelinase
Niemann-Pick Disease (Foamy Cytoplasm)
Deficiency in Hexosaminidase A
Tay-Sachs disease (Vacuolated cytoplasm)
Deficiency in Hexosaminidase A and B
Sandoff disease (Vacuolated cytoplasm)
Deficiency in Hexosaminidase A and B
Sandoff disease (Vacuolated cytoplasm)
