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Med Conditions > CV Physio > Flashcards

CV Physio Flashcards

1
Q

what is the average pressure in the R ventricl?

A

20

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2
Q

why do valves open and close?

A

bc of pressure gradient

  • if pressure in L ventricle slightly greater than aorta, valve opens
  • if aortic pressure greater- it closes
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3
Q

Where are the electrodes on the heart?

A

on the inside

-less electricity bc they are close to the conduction system

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4
Q

what is Wiggers diagram?

A

-represents the events that make up the cardiac cycle
mechanical (pressure, volume, flow)
electrical (ECG)
audio (heart sounds)

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5
Q

what is the avg rate of the SA node?

A

60-100

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6
Q

what is the avg rate of the AV node?

A

40-60

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7
Q

what is the avg rate of the ventricular/purkinje system

A

20-40

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8
Q

how does the NS effect the heart?

A

SNS: impacts HR directly and how ventricles contract
PNS: does NOT innervate vasculature

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9
Q

what is chronotrophy

A

HR

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10
Q

what is dromotropy

A

conduction velocity

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11
Q

what is inotropy

A

contraction of myocardium

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12
Q

what is lusitropy

A

relaxation of myocardium

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13
Q

where are alpha 1 receptors located?

A

vascular smooth muscle

arteries, veins, iris

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14
Q

what is the effect of alpha 1 receptors?

A

vasoconstriction

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15
Q

where is the location of the alpha 2 receptor?

A

adrenergic nerve

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16
Q

where are the beta 1 receptors located?

A

heart

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17
Q

what do the beta 1 receptors do?

A

increase HR
increase contractility
increase conduction velocty

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18
Q

where are beta 2 receptors located?

A

lungs

coronary arteries

19
Q

what do the beta 2 receptors do?

A

bronchodilation

vasodilation

20
Q

Explain the first step of ECC and CICR

A

AP induced by pacemaker cells is conducted to contractile cardiomyocytes via conduction system and specifically by gap junctions

21
Q

Explain the 2nd step of ECC and CICR

A

as AP travels between sarcomeres, calcium channels in T-tubules are activated, which results in an influx of calcium ions into the cell through the l-type Ca channel

  • initial cytosolic Ca is not sufficient to initiate contraction alone BUT triggers greater Ca release from SR
  • also activates ryanodine receptors on SR which triggers ca release= CICR
22
Q

Explain the 3rd step of ECC and CICR

A

-Ca in cytoplasm binds to cardiac tronponin-C, which moves troponin-tropomyosin regulatory complex away from actin binding site.
actin is free to bind with myosin for muscle contraction ==ECC

23
Q

Explain the 4th step of ECC and CICR

A

intracellular Ca removed and stored by SR which decreases intracellular calcium concentration

24
Q

Explain the baroreceptor reflex

A
  • important for BP monitering and maintenance
  • pressure sensors
  • act like a break: usually slowing you down
  • LBP causes activation
  • as receptors fire, fight or flight, SV increase, vasoconstriciton, BP increase
  • imporatnt to prevent hypotension
  • older=less sensitive
25
Q

Describe the Frank-Starling mechanism

A

a lenght-tension relationship

-ability of heart to change its force of contraction and therefore SV in reponse to venous return

26
Q

Describe the Treppe reflex

A

increases in HR result in increases in contractile force

-release more Ca

27
Q

Define preload

A

EDV

28
Q

define afterload

A

stress in wall of LV during ejection

29
Q

what are the functions of the pericardium?

A
  • reduce friction
  • -stabilize/anchor heart in thorax
  • protect
  • enables greater SV/CO
30
Q

what is a buildup of fluid around the heart called?

A

pericardial effusion

31
Q

what happens to vasculature as we get older?

A

compliance changes

they become less compliant which means they are very stiff

32
Q

what is the #1 resistance to BF?

A

radius

33
Q

what would happen if the aorta becomes less compliant?

A

it becomes stiff and non-elastic so the LV has to develop more pressure.
-it would increase the LV work and the heart would hypertrophy

-as heart gets bigger, ventricular chamber gets smaller and can lead to heart failure cause not enough space to fill

34
Q

what are the functions of small arteries and arterioles?

A
  • regulate BP by altering peripheral resistance

- regulate blood distribution to cap beds

35
Q

what is capillary flow porportional to?

A

velocity and surface area

-slow velocity enables exhcange to occur effecitvely

36
Q

what is the function of cappilaries?

A
  • area of exhcange for gas, nutrients,waste

- pericytes

37
Q

what happens when caps become damaged?

A

become hihgly permable

38
Q

explain continous caps

A

most common
some perm
tight junctions

39
Q

explain fenestrated caps

A

more permeable

40
Q

explain discontinous/sinusoidal caps

A

most permeable

liver, spleen

41
Q

what is the function of veins

A

serves as reservoir for blood and some involved in exchange

-return blood to heart

42
Q

compare veins to arteries

A

veins have:

  • larger lumens
  • more collagen
  • thinner walls
  • less elastin
  • less smooth muscle fibers
43
Q

what is autoregulation

A
  • ability of an organ to maintain a constant BF despite changes in perfusion pressure (ability to maintain constant flow when pressure is variable)
  • important with brain and kidney too
44
Q

what is MAP

A

“organ perfusion pressure”

  • avg BP during single cardiac cycle
  • should be greater than 60 mmHg to sustain organ perfusion

normal=70-110 mmHg

if MAP falls below 60, tissues wont get enough blood flow and organ ischemia may happen

Med Conditions (20 decks)

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