cultural variations ATM

Question 1

cultural variations

Answer 1

differences in norms and values that exist between people in different groups

Question 2

culture

Answer 2

the norms and values that exist within any group of people

Question 3

meta-analysis

Answer 3

results of the studies were combined and analysed together

Question 4

Van IJzendoorn and Kroonenberg’s research

Answer 4

The study looks at the proportions of the types of attachment across a range of countries to assess cultural variation. They also investigated variations within the same cultures.

Question 5

Van IJzendoorn and Kroonenberg’s procedure

Answer 5

• Located 32 studies where the strange situation had been used
• Conducted in 8 countries (15 in the US)
• Overall results were collected from 1990 babies
• Data was meta-analysed

Question 6

Van IJzendoorn and Kroonenberg’s findings

Answer 6

• All countries, secure attachment was most common classification
• Proportion rate varied from 75% in Britain to 50% in China
• Individualist cultures rate of insecure-resistant attachment were similar to Ainsworth
• Can be great variations in findings in the same country

Question 7

italian study

Answer 7

• Simonelli investigated whether the proportions of babies of different attachment types still match those found in previous studies
• 76 babies ages 12 months
• 50% secure, 36% insecure-avoidant
• Because of increasing numbers of mothers of very young children work long hours and use professional childcare

Question 8

korean study

Answer 8

• Mi Kyoung Jin found most being secure
• More of those classified as insecurely attached resistant and only one bay was avoidant
• Japan and Korea have similar child rearing strategies

Question 9

conclusions

Answer 9

Secure is norm in wide range of cultures, but cultural practices have an influence on attachment type

Question 10

indigenous research and counterpoint

strenght and limitation

Answer 10

Most of studies conducted this way
* Indigenous psychologists have the same cultural background as participants
* Eg van IJzendoorn and Kroonenberg include research from german team (Grossmann et al) and Japanese (Keiko takahashi)
* Can avoid problems from cross-cultural research
* Eg language
Good chance of successful communication, enhancing the validity

BUT
* Not true of all cross-cultural research
* Morelli and Tronick are Americans who studied child-rearing and attachment in the Efe of Zaire
* Difficult gathering data from other cultures
Some data might be affected by bias