cultural psychology Flashcards
culture by Edward Burnett Tyler
complex whole which includes knowledge, belief, art, morals, law, custom and other capabilities and habits acquired by man as a member of society
geert hoofdstede about culture
the collective programming of the mind that distinguishes the members of one group of people from another
steven j heine about culture
any kind of information that is acquired from other members of one’s species through social learning that is capable of affecting an individual’s behaviours.
particular group of people living within a shared context and exposed to same cultural information “western” vs. “east astian” cultures.
Alex mesoudi about culture
socially transmitted information
cultural values
preferences for one state of affairs over another that distinguishes ocountries (rather than individuals) from each other
individualism vs collectivism
the extend to which individuals prioritize their personal goals vs their group goals
tightness vs looseness
tolerance of deviant behaviour and severity of punishments to norm violators
construct equivalence
similarity of construct across cultures
methodlogical equivalence
equality in familiratiry with stimulus material & response procedure
linguistic equivalence
translation accuracy, retention of connotations
culture defined by book
culture is any kind of information that is acquired from other members of one’s species through social learning that can influence an individual’s behaviors /// A culture is a group of people who are existing within some kind of shared context.
see the mind as a highly abstract central processing unit CPU
that operates independently of the context within which it is thinking or of the content it is thinking about
nonuniversal
if we find that a particular psych process can be said to not exist in all cultures, this reflects an absence of universality, they are cultural inventions
existential universal
a psych process is said to exist in all cultures althoug the process is not necessarily used to solve the same problems, nor iis it equally accessible across cultures
functional universal
psych processes that exist in all cultures, are used to solve the same problems across cultures, yet are more accessible to people from some cultures than others
accessibility universal
a given psych process exists in all cultures, is used to solve the same problems across cultures and is accessible to the same degree across cultures
ethnocentrism
judging people from other cultures by the standards of one’s own culture
ethnographies
usually contain rich description of a culture or a particular situation or group of people within a culture, derived from extensive observations nd integration by an anthropologist
Methodological equivalence
for researchers to make meaningful comparison sacross cultures, participants must understand the questions or situations the same way
power
its capacity of the study to detect an effect to the extent that such an effect really exists
back translation
a strategy to avoid the problems having a translator during a conversation. translating your original text from egnlsih to Indonesian, and then translating that back from Indonesian to English
response bias
factor that distorts the accuracy of a. persons response to survey uquestions
reference group effect
people from different cultures tend to evaluate themselves by comparing themselves to different reference groups, and thus different standards
deprivation effect
the issue for measuring values across cultures is the expectation that in cultures where there is chronically less personal safety, people would express valuing it more.// The tendency for people living in conditions with a real threat of starvation to value food more than those living where food is abundant is an example of
between groups manipulation
in which different groups of participants receive different levels of the independent variable
within groups manipulation
each participant receives more than one level of the independent variable.
situation sampling
if researchers can see how people respond to situations that are regularly experiences by people in another culture, they can get some perspective on how cultures shape people’s way of thinking.
cultural priming
works by making certain ideas more accessible to participants, and if those ideas are associated with cultural meanings, researchers can invesitigate what happens when people start to think about them
tightness-looseness
refers to the degree to which a culture, or society has strong social norms and low tolaerance for people who violate those norms
unpackaging
cultural findings means identifying the underlying variables that give rise to cultural differences
Occam’s razor
states that the simplest solution to a problem tends to be the right one
culture of honor
in which people (especially men) strive to protect their reputation through aggression
agent based modeling
a way of testing a hypothesis by creating simulations with virtual agents who are programmed to act autonomously in a computerised game
prestige bias
learning something from someone that is an expert in a skill or area and thinking that this is best
imitative learning
in which the learner internalises something of the models goals and behavioural strategies//less effective, more precise
emulative learning
more effective, less precise, in which the learning focuses on the environmental events involved, such as how to use of one object could potentially cause changes in the state of the environment.
how is cultural learning possible
theory of mind (understanding others intentions) and language (communicate ideas and intentions)
ratchet effect
accumulation of cultural information (high-fidelity social transmission) + innovation (modification and improvement of the transmitted cultural information)
where does cultural variation come from?
cultural norms are adaptive responses to features of the ecology (geography & climate)
how does ecology contribute to cultural variation?
evoked culture -> transmitted culture
evoked culture
culture norms as a biological encoded response to certain ecological factors (parasite prevalence)
parasite prevalence
physical attractiveness (index of healthy) is important in mate selection
transmitted culture
cultural norms are learned from other individuals (spreading of the norms that have been developed) for ex: watch neighbour plant wheat seeds and enjoy the benefits > plants wheat seeds himself
which cultural ideas spread
useful, communicable, minimally counterintuitive, emotional
how have cultures been changing?
globalisation (and glocalization), rise of individualism, increase in IQ, (Flynn effect)
how do cultures persist?
cultural innovations are constrained by preexisting structures -> early ecological factors appear to have disproportionate influence on cultural evolution, pluralistic ignorance
when do we acquire culture?
learning culture (hardwired to learn culture, sensitive periods), following instinct (hard wired skills)
physical and social settings
what affordances the physical space provides (nutrition, climate)
customs & practices of child rearing
inherited and adapted way of nurturing, entertaining, educating and protecting the child
caretakers psychology
parental athnotheories (beliefs and values about child development and parenting)
similarity bias
choosing whom to imitate and learn from based on the targets similarity to themselves
conformist transmission
a tendency to learn from people who are engaging in behaviours that are more common compared with others
mentalizing
interest in the mental states of others
scaffolding
instructed learning is common with children, by using models to simplify a task and direct a child’s attention to the relevant steps
ratchet effect
after an initial idea is learned from others, it can be then modified and improved upon by other individuals. cultural info grows in complexity and often in usefulness over time
cultural worlds
worlds the contain cultural ideas that have accumulated over time
encephalization quotient
the ratio fo the brain weight of an animal to the brain weight predicted for a comparable animal of the same body size roughly 4.6 -> our brain size is four to five times larger than that of other mammals of similar size
gene-culture coevolution
interaction of culture and genes is a key factor that distinguishes human evolution from the evolution of other species.
social brain hypothesis
perhaps it was the great cognitive demands inherent in social living that led to the evolution of large primate brains
neocortex ratio
the volume of the neocortex relative to the volume of the rest of the brain
proximate causes
those that have a direct and immediate relationship with their effects
distal causes
those initial differences that lead to effects over long time periods, often through indirect relationships
evoked culture
refers to the idea that all people regardless of where they are from, have a biologically based repertoire of behaviours that are accessible to them, and these behaviours are engaged for appropriate situations
transmitted culture
people come to certain cultural practice through social learning or by modelling the behaviour of others who live near them
natural selection
gradually happens when certain genes become more common in populations than they were in the past
dynamic social impact theory
inviduals influence ah other through interacting, ultimately leading to clusters of like-minded people who are sparated by geography/ cuultures,
contemporary legends
fictional stories that are told in modern societies as though they are true
minimally counterintuitive ideas
statements that are surprising and unusual in the sense that they violate our expectations but are not too outlandish
individualistic cultures
include a variety of practices and customs that encourage individuals to place their own personal goals ahead of those of the collective and to consider how they are distinct from others
collectivistic cultures
include many practices, institutions and customs that encourage individuals to place relatively more emphasis on collective goals, the goals of one’s in-group
pluralistic ignorance
the tendency for people to collectively misinterpret the thoughts that underlie the behaviour of others
sensitive period
a period of time during development when it is relatively easy to acquire a set of skills
female chastity anxiety
unmarried adolescent women are vulnerable to shameful sexual activity; they should always be chaperoned
sacred couple
married couples should have their own space for emotional intimacy and sexual privacy
autonomy deal
young children who are needy and vulnerable should sleep alone in order to learn self-reliance
authoritarion parenting
places high demands on children, with strict rules and little open dialogue between parent and child. low levels of warmth or responsiveness by the parents to the child
authoritative parenting
child-centered approach in which parents hold high expectation of the maturity of their children, try to understand their children’s feelings and teach them how to regulate their feelings and encourage their children to be independent while maintaining limits and controls in their behaviour
permissive parenting
characterised by parents being very involved with their children with much expressed parental warmth and responsiveness but placing few limits and controls in the children’s behaviour
neglectful parenting
marked by parents being cold, unresponsive and indifferent to their children
noun bias
the preponderance of nouns relative to verbs and other relational words
modernization hypothesis
as societies become wealthier, more educated and capitalistic they become more individualistic and analytical
pathogen prevalence theory
argues that a high prevalence of communicable diseases in some countries made it more dangerous to deal with strangers, making those cultures more insular and collectivistic
rice theory
some forms of subsistence (such as farming) require more functional interdependence than other forms (herding)
enculturation
describes the process of first culture learning
acculturation
the process of cultural change when you interact with people from another culture
migration
the movement of a person or a group of persons either across an international border or within a state
ethnocultural groups
voluntary and sedentary (mobility)
indigenous peoples
involuntary and sedentary
economic migrants
migrant voluntary
refugees/asylum seekers
involuntary migrant
acculturatie doucerain
acculturation is a multilevel, contextually dependent developmental change process resulting from a person moving into new cultural movement, with changes taking place at different rates across a number of domains
bidimensional models
relationship with heritage & mainstream culture are conceptually independent cultural orientations
sociocultural adaptation
doing well in a new culture “ability to fit in or negotiate interactive aspects of life in a culrual milieu
psychological adjustment
feeling well in a new culture, mental health, well being and satisfaction
acculturative stress
psychological impact on the process of cultural adaptation. defined as a reduction in mental health and well being of ethnic minorities that occurs during the process of adaptation to a new culture. // refers to undesirable side effects of acculturation and includes language issues, perceived cultural incompatibilites, and cultural self consciousness
BII individual level indicator of compatibility of cultures
how well do people manage their dual cultural identities
remote acculturation
people adjust gradually from a foreign culture afar by regurlaly watching its media or eating its food
cultural distance
difference between two cultures in their overall ways of life.
cultural fit
the degree to which an individuals personality is compatible with the dominant values of the host culture
integration
efforts to fit in and fully participate in the host culture, while at the same time striving to maintain the traditions of the heritage culture
marginalization strategy
strategy that involves little or no effort to participate in the host culture to maintain the traditions of the heritage culture
assimilation strategy
involves efforts to fit in and fully participate in the host culture, while making little or no effort to maintain the traditions of the heritage culture
separation strategy
involves efforts to maintain the traditions of the heritage culture, while making little or no effort to participate in the host culture
immigrant paradox
a common finding that children of immigrants have a variety of negative outcomes, such as lower educational achievement and poorer physical health and mental health than their parents
identity denial
in which people’s cultural identity is questioned because they are not recognised as matching the prototype of the cultural group to which they belong
stereotype threat
fear of behaving in a way that will inadvertently confirm a negative stereotype about one’s group.
blending
tendency for bicultural people to show psychological characteristics in between those of their two cultures
frame-switching
alternativo between different cultural selves
code switching
this kind of cultural frame switching is an essential skill for inner-city children to learn if they are to survive and succeed in these two diverse cultural contexts.
bicultural identity integration
the extent to which bicultural people see their own cultural identities as compatible or in opposition to each other
third culture kids
“global nomads” are people who travel with their expatriate parents and spend large parts of their formative years living in places outside their heritage culture
integrative complexity
a willingness and ability to acknowledge and consider different viewpoints on the same issue
moral relativism
the belief that what is right or wrong is not absolute; it depends on different cultural factors
dhat syndrome
disorder frequently observed in several south asian cultures, characterised by a belief among young men that they are leaking semen; this causes the to be morbidly anxious, because they consider semen to be a source of vitality
cultura bound syndrome
group of psychological symptoms that appear to be greatly influenced by cultural factors and therefore occur far less often , or are manifested in highly diverse ways, in other cultures
koro
manifests in men as a Morin anxiety and fear that their penis is shrinking into their body (south and east Asia)
ataques de nervios
involves broad array of symptoms, including convulsions, a partial loss of consciousness, heart palpitations, numbness, sudden outburst and a sense of heat rising to the head
amok
sudden outburst of uncontrolled behaviour or unrestrained violence, preceded by a period of brooding and ending with exhaustion and amnesia
frigophobia
morbid fear of catching a cold, which leads people to dress themselves in heavy coats and scarves even in summer
susto
people feel a frightening experience has caused their soul to get dislodged from their body, leading to a wide range of physical and psychological symptoms
voodoo death
condition in which people are convinced a curse has been put on them, or they have broken a taboo
latah
following some kind of startling event, the person falls into a transient dissociated state and exhibits unusual behaviours such as barking like a dog, shouting sexually charged statements or acting in culturally inapropriate ways
malgri
territorial anxiety observed in various Australian Aboriginal groups. when afflicted individuals enter the sea or a new territory without engaging in the appropriate ceremonial procedures, they believe they are invaded by a totemic spirit that makes them physically sick and drowsy
agonias
anxiety disorder identified among Portugese and Azorens in which people report a wide array of symptoms, including burning sensation a loss of breath hysterical blindness sleep problems and eating disorders
kufungisisa
‘thinking too much’ condition associated with anxiety and physical problems believed to stem from mental exhaustion
somatization
when the symptoms are primarily physical
kyoufushou (TKS)
phobia of confronting others. similar to social anxiety, tks is a fear specifically triggered in social situations. tks involves physical symptoms, many of which are psychosomatic
kyoufushou (TKS)
phobia of confronting others. similar to social anxiety, tks is a fear specifically triggered in social situations. tks involves physical symptoms, many of which are psychosomatic
cultural competence
3 aspects : therapist necessary to recognise their own cultural influences, should develop knowledge about the cultural background of their client and the kind of expectations clients have, therapist need to sharpen the appropriate skills for intervening during sessions in ways that are culturally sensitive and relevant
cosmopolitanism
is the idea that all human beings are, or could or should be, members of a single community.
cosi concerns
causation, operationalizstion, sampling, interpretation
minimal difference approach
match two cultural groups in all non-cultural variables (age, SES, gender, education) so that the only difference left is the cultural value of interest
moderace bias
answer in the middle
extremetiy bias
answer 1 or 7 uiterste
acquiescence bias
Chinese agree more strongly, agreeing to multiple items
high vs low power distance
the extent to which inequality between individuals is accepted in a society (By less powerful members)
uncertainty tolerance vs avoidance
the amount of tolerance for ambiguity and the need for formal rules
masculinity vs feminity
the extent to which social gender roles are distinct and emphasis is placed on feminine vs masculine values
long-term vs short-term orientation
the extend to which individuals direct their actions on future rewards vs. present (& past) rewards g
indulgence vs restraint orientation
the extend to which society allows free gratification of basic human drives related to enjoying life
BII Harmony (vs conflict)
feelings and attitudes towards cultures
BII blendedness (vs compertamentalization)
Organization and structure of cultural orientations
