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psychology year 3 > cultural exam 2 > Flashcards

cultural exam 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

interdependent self

A

self fundamentally connected to others, key aspect of identity are grounded in relationships, self is fluid, situation-dependent, in-group-outgroup is distinction solid

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2
Q

independent self

A

self derives its identity from inner attributes// self is experienced as distinct from others, self-defining aspects are within the individual, self is bounded and stable, in-group boundaries are relatively permeable

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3
Q

independent self concept

A

self is stable

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4
Q

entity theory of self

A

aspects of the self are resistant to change across one’s life because they are innate

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5
Q

interdependent self concept

A

self is fluid

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6
Q

incremental theory of self

A

aspects of the self are malleable and can be improved because they depend on one’s efforts

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7
Q

shifting cultivation

A

the soil is dug up with a tool similar to a contemporary garden hoe. where shifting cultivation is practiced, women do most of the agricultural work, which involves planting, weeding with their children nearby.

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8
Q

plow cultivation

A

a large animal pulls a plow to turn over the soil. tend to do by men with their greater average muscle mass

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9
Q

cognitive dissonance

A

we have a powerful motivation to be consistent, and the cognitive dissonance is the distressing feeling we have when we observe ourselves behaviour inconsistently, or against our own sense of self-consistency

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10
Q

dissonance reduction

A

a strategy to reduce the dissonance is to change our attitudes so that we no longer appear to be so inconsistent

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11
Q

subjective self-awareness

A

we can consider ourself from the inside out, with the perspective of the subject - the ‘I’ that observes and interacts with the world

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12
Q

objective self-awareness

A

the self can be experienced as the ‘me’[ that is observed and interacted with by others

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13
Q

incremental theory of self

A

represents the belief that a person’s abilities and traits are malleable and can be improved

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14
Q

entity theory of self

A

aspects of the self are resistant to change

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15
Q

analytic thinking

A

characterised by a focus on objects and their attributes

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16
Q

holistic thinking

A

characterised by a focus on the context as a whole

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17
Q

field independence

A

the tendency to separate objects from their background fields

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18
Q

field dependence

A

the tendency to view objects as bound to their backgrounds

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19
Q

dispositional attributions

A

explaining behaviour in terms of a person’s underlying qualitites

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20
Q

situational attributions

A

explaining behaviour in terms of contextual factors

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21
Q

fundamental attribution error

A

tendency to ignore situational information (such as conditions under which the writer wrote) while focusing on dispositional information (the writers assumed attitude )

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22
Q

naive dialecticism

A

a perspective in which events and objects in the world are perceived as interconnected and fluid, leading to the acceptation of contradiction between two opposing beliefs

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23
Q

high context culture

A

people are deeply involved with one another, and they share information that guides their behaviour

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24
Q

low-context culture

A

less involvement among individuals, therefore less shared information to guide behaviour

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25
Q

whorfian hypothesis of linguistic relativity

A

(strong hypothesis) language determines how we think -> we are unable to do much thinking on a topic if we don’t have the relevant words available to us.
(weaker hypothesis) the language we speak influences how we think

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26
Q

culture cycle

A

as people engage with the many cultural products that comprise a given local context,, they implicitly acquire frameworks for behaviour in that context

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27
Q

self-enhancement

A

the motivation to view oneself positively

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28
Q

self-esteem

A

the positivity of your overall evaluation of yourself

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29
Q

self-serving bias

A

the tendency for people to exaggerate their positive characteristics

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30
Q

downward social comparison

A

comparing your performance with that of someone who is doing even worse, thereby making your grade seem not as bad

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31
Q

upward social comparison

A

comparing your performance with someone who is doing better than you are

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32
Q

compensatory self-enhancement

A

in which you acknowledge the poor grade you got but then think about your excellency clarinet playing skills

33
Q

discounting

A

reducing the perceived importance of your poor performance

34
Q

external attribution

A

interpreting the reason for your low grade as being caused by something outside yourself

35
Q

internal attribution

A

interpreting the reason as being caused by factors within yourself

36
Q

basking in the reflected glory

A

of a succesful group to which you belong. emphasising our connection to successful other people makes us feel better about ouorselves by sharing in their warm glow

37
Q

endowment effevct

A

the tendency for people to value objects more once they own them, and have endowed them with their own positive qualities

38
Q

predestination

A

the idea that before a person is born, it was predetermined whether he or she would be one of the fortunate ‘elect’ who would spend eternity in blessed heaven after death or one of the wretched many doomed to burn in hell forever.

39
Q

face

A

the amount of social value others give you if you live up to the standards associated with your position

40
Q

self improvement

A

used to minimie losing face by identifying potential weaknesses and working on correcting them

41
Q

prevention orientation

A

cautious approach to protect oneself from negative outcomes

42
Q

promotion orientation

A

a concern with advancing oneself and aspiring for gains

43
Q

incremental theory of the world

A

holds that our environment is flexible and responsive to our efforts to change things

44
Q

entity theory of the world

A

we see our environment as fixed, and making changes is beyond our control

45
Q

primary control

A

people achieve a sense of primary control by striving to shape existing realities to fit their perceptions, goals, or wishes

46
Q

secondary control

A

attempting to align themselves with existing realities, leaving the circumstances unchanged but exerting control over their psychological impact

47
Q

learned helplessness

A

a person feels powerless and unable to control or avoid unpleasant events, leading to stress and even depression

48
Q

james lange theory of emotions

A

maintains that our body responds to environmental stimuli by preparing us to react in order for survival, and our emotions are the bodily cues that signal how we should behave

49
Q

two factor theory of emotions

A

the sympathetic and the parasympathetic were just turned on and turned off emotions are based on two factors : physiological responses and interpretation of these responses

50
Q

display rules

A

the culturally specific rules that govern which facial expressions are appropriate in a given situation, and how intensely they should be exhibited

51
Q

ritualized display

A

idiosyncratic facial expressions differ from ostensibly universal facial expressions

52
Q

law of non-contradiction

A

no statement can be both true and false, and thus ‘a’ can not equal ‘not a’

53
Q

dialecticism

A

“to shrink something you need to expand it first. to weaken it you need to strengthen it first “

54
Q

low context culture

A

less involvement between speakers, less shared information, looser. focus on the verbal content of the message. explicit, direct communication

55
Q

high context culture

A

deep involvement between speakers, more shared information, tighter. non-verbal (gestures, facial expressions, tone). implicit, indirect communication/

56
Q

relativistic orientation

A

locations are indicated with words relative to the speaker (left right front) -> egocentric perception

57
Q

absolute orientation

A

locations are indicated with words independent of the speaker -> geocentric perception

58
Q

subjective well-being

A

the feeling of being satisfied with one’s life

59
Q

ideal affect

A

the kinds of feelings people desire, or emotions they want to have, so they structure their lives in order to maximise the opportunities for experiencing them

60
Q

propinquity effect

A

people are more likely to become friends iwht those with whom they frequently interact

61
Q

mere exposure effect

A

the more we’re exposed to someone or something, the more we like it, because it becomes familiar

62
Q

similarity attraction effect

A

people tend to be attracted to those who are most like themselves

63
Q

communal sharing

A

the emphasis, by members of a group. is on their common identity rather than their idiosyncrasies

64
Q

authority ranking

A

people are ordered along a hierarchical social dimension, and those with higher ranking have prestige and privileges that those with lower ranking do not

65
Q

equality matching

A

which is based on idea of balance and reciprocity. people keep track of what is exchanged and are motivated to pay back in equivalent terms

66
Q

market pricing

A

baed on piroportionlity and ratios. all the features of benefits that are exchanged can be reduced to a single dimension, usually money

67
Q

high relational mobility

A

people have flexible ties, with plenty of opportunities for forming new connections, rather than being bound by existing ones

68
Q

low relational mobility

A

people have few opportunities to form new relationships, and their commitments and obligations to existing ones continue to guide them

69
Q

evolutionary approach emotion

A

emotions are physiological responses to stimuli in the world, emotions are invariant, in born biological reactions. assumes universality of emotional experience

70
Q

social- contstructionist approach

A

emotions are the interpretations of physiological responses, highly variable, contextualised responses, focus on cultural variability in emotional experience

71
Q

facial feedback hypothesis

A

facial expressions are one source of information we use when we infer our emotional experiences.

72
Q

ingroup advantage

A

more accurate recognition within same culture/language group

73
Q

problems with the recognition paradigm

A

no context, forced choices -> elimination, answers teach emotion concepts

74
Q

universality thesis

A

certain configurations of facial movements are universally perceived as expressing particular emotions

75
Q

minimal universality

A

affective properties such as pleasantness-unpleasantness (valence) and high-low activation (arousal) are consistently perceived in facial movements across industrialised societies and small scale societies

76
Q

behavioural ecology view of faces

A

an account of facial movements as context-dependent tools for social influence

77
Q

action identification

A

emphasise the functions of behaviours rather than unobservable mental causes of movements

78
Q

(etic)

A

cross cultural studies examine and compare personality across cultures

79
Q

emic

A

indigenous studies examine personality in specific cultural contexts

psychology year 3 (12 decks)

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