cultural exam 2 Flashcards
interdependent self
self fundamentally connected to others, key aspect of identity are grounded in relationships, self is fluid, situation-dependent, in-group-outgroup is distinction solid
independent self
self derives its identity from inner attributes// self is experienced as distinct from others, self-defining aspects are within the individual, self is bounded and stable, in-group boundaries are relatively permeable
independent self concept
self is stable
entity theory of self
aspects of the self are resistant to change across one’s life because they are innate
interdependent self concept
self is fluid
incremental theory of self
aspects of the self are malleable and can be improved because they depend on one’s efforts
shifting cultivation
the soil is dug up with a tool similar to a contemporary garden hoe. where shifting cultivation is practiced, women do most of the agricultural work, which involves planting, weeding with their children nearby.
plow cultivation
a large animal pulls a plow to turn over the soil. tend to do by men with their greater average muscle mass
cognitive dissonance
we have a powerful motivation to be consistent, and the cognitive dissonance is the distressing feeling we have when we observe ourselves behaviour inconsistently, or against our own sense of self-consistency
dissonance reduction
a strategy to reduce the dissonance is to change our attitudes so that we no longer appear to be so inconsistent
subjective self-awareness
we can consider ourself from the inside out, with the perspective of the subject - the ‘I’ that observes and interacts with the world
objective self-awareness
the self can be experienced as the ‘me’[ that is observed and interacted with by others
incremental theory of self
represents the belief that a person’s abilities and traits are malleable and can be improved
entity theory of self
aspects of the self are resistant to change
analytic thinking
characterised by a focus on objects and their attributes
holistic thinking
characterised by a focus on the context as a whole
field independence
the tendency to separate objects from their background fields
field dependence
the tendency to view objects as bound to their backgrounds
dispositional attributions
explaining behaviour in terms of a person’s underlying qualitites
situational attributions
explaining behaviour in terms of contextual factors
fundamental attribution error
tendency to ignore situational information (such as conditions under which the writer wrote) while focusing on dispositional information (the writers assumed attitude )
naive dialecticism
a perspective in which events and objects in the world are perceived as interconnected and fluid, leading to the acceptation of contradiction between two opposing beliefs
high context culture
people are deeply involved with one another, and they share information that guides their behaviour
low-context culture
less involvement among individuals, therefore less shared information to guide behaviour
whorfian hypothesis of linguistic relativity
(strong hypothesis) language determines how we think -> we are unable to do much thinking on a topic if we don’t have the relevant words available to us.
(weaker hypothesis) the language we speak influences how we think
culture cycle
as people engage with the many cultural products that comprise a given local context,, they implicitly acquire frameworks for behaviour in that context
self-enhancement
the motivation to view oneself positively
self-esteem
the positivity of your overall evaluation of yourself
self-serving bias
the tendency for people to exaggerate their positive characteristics
downward social comparison
comparing your performance with that of someone who is doing even worse, thereby making your grade seem not as bad
upward social comparison
comparing your performance with someone who is doing better than you are
compensatory self-enhancement
in which you acknowledge the poor grade you got but then think about your excellency clarinet playing skills
discounting
reducing the perceived importance of your poor performance
external attribution
interpreting the reason for your low grade as being caused by something outside yourself
internal attribution
interpreting the reason as being caused by factors within yourself
basking in the reflected glory
of a succesful group to which you belong. emphasising our connection to successful other people makes us feel better about ouorselves by sharing in their warm glow
endowment effevct
the tendency for people to value objects more once they own them, and have endowed them with their own positive qualities
predestination
the idea that before a person is born, it was predetermined whether he or she would be one of the fortunate ‘elect’ who would spend eternity in blessed heaven after death or one of the wretched many doomed to burn in hell forever.
face
the amount of social value others give you if you live up to the standards associated with your position
self improvement
used to minimie losing face by identifying potential weaknesses and working on correcting them
prevention orientation
cautious approach to protect oneself from negative outcomes
promotion orientation
a concern with advancing oneself and aspiring for gains
incremental theory of the world
holds that our environment is flexible and responsive to our efforts to change things
entity theory of the world
we see our environment as fixed, and making changes is beyond our control
primary control
people achieve a sense of primary control by striving to shape existing realities to fit their perceptions, goals, or wishes
secondary control
attempting to align themselves with existing realities, leaving the circumstances unchanged but exerting control over their psychological impact
learned helplessness
a person feels powerless and unable to control or avoid unpleasant events, leading to stress and even depression
james lange theory of emotions
maintains that our body responds to environmental stimuli by preparing us to react in order for survival, and our emotions are the bodily cues that signal how we should behave
two factor theory of emotions
the sympathetic and the parasympathetic were just turned on and turned off emotions are based on two factors : physiological responses and interpretation of these responses
display rules
the culturally specific rules that govern which facial expressions are appropriate in a given situation, and how intensely they should be exhibited
ritualized display
idiosyncratic facial expressions differ from ostensibly universal facial expressions
law of non-contradiction
no statement can be both true and false, and thus ‘a’ can not equal ‘not a’
dialecticism
“to shrink something you need to expand it first. to weaken it you need to strengthen it first “
low context culture
less involvement between speakers, less shared information, looser. focus on the verbal content of the message. explicit, direct communication
high context culture
deep involvement between speakers, more shared information, tighter. non-verbal (gestures, facial expressions, tone). implicit, indirect communication/
relativistic orientation
locations are indicated with words relative to the speaker (left right front) -> egocentric perception
absolute orientation
locations are indicated with words independent of the speaker -> geocentric perception
subjective well-being
the feeling of being satisfied with one’s life
ideal affect
the kinds of feelings people desire, or emotions they want to have, so they structure their lives in order to maximise the opportunities for experiencing them
propinquity effect
people are more likely to become friends iwht those with whom they frequently interact
mere exposure effect
the more we’re exposed to someone or something, the more we like it, because it becomes familiar
similarity attraction effect
people tend to be attracted to those who are most like themselves
communal sharing
the emphasis, by members of a group. is on their common identity rather than their idiosyncrasies
authority ranking
people are ordered along a hierarchical social dimension, and those with higher ranking have prestige and privileges that those with lower ranking do not
equality matching
which is based on idea of balance and reciprocity. people keep track of what is exchanged and are motivated to pay back in equivalent terms
market pricing
baed on piroportionlity and ratios. all the features of benefits that are exchanged can be reduced to a single dimension, usually money
high relational mobility
people have flexible ties, with plenty of opportunities for forming new connections, rather than being bound by existing ones
low relational mobility
people have few opportunities to form new relationships, and their commitments and obligations to existing ones continue to guide them
evolutionary approach emotion
emotions are physiological responses to stimuli in the world, emotions are invariant, in born biological reactions. assumes universality of emotional experience
social- contstructionist approach
emotions are the interpretations of physiological responses, highly variable, contextualised responses, focus on cultural variability in emotional experience
facial feedback hypothesis
facial expressions are one source of information we use when we infer our emotional experiences.
ingroup advantage
more accurate recognition within same culture/language group
problems with the recognition paradigm
no context, forced choices -> elimination, answers teach emotion concepts
universality thesis
certain configurations of facial movements are universally perceived as expressing particular emotions
minimal universality
affective properties such as pleasantness-unpleasantness (valence) and high-low activation (arousal) are consistently perceived in facial movements across industrialised societies and small scale societies
behavioural ecology view of faces
an account of facial movements as context-dependent tools for social influence
action identification
emphasise the functions of behaviours rather than unobservable mental causes of movements
(etic)
cross cultural studies examine and compare personality across cultures
emic
indigenous studies examine personality in specific cultural contexts
