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psychology year 3 > Consciousness and the Brain > Flashcards

Consciousness and the Brain Flashcards

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1
Q

preconscious

A

accessible but not accessed, it lay dormant amid the vast repository of unconscious states

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2
Q

attention James (1890)

A

‘the taking possession of the mind, in clear or vivid form, of one out of what seem severalal simultaneously possible objects or trains of thought

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3
Q

conscious access

A

‘taking possession by the mind’ it is the bringing of info to the forefront of our thinkings such that it becomes a conscious mental objects that we ‘keep in mind’

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4
Q

metacognition

A

the capacity to think about one’s own mind

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5
Q

binocular rivalry

A

two incompatible images like a face and a house fight for conscious perception

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6
Q

subliminal

A

below threshold

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7
Q

supraliminal

A

above threshold

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8
Q

subcortical circuits

A

groups of neurons that lie beneath the cortex like amygdala or colliculus that are there to perform dedicated functions such as detection of fearful stimuli enz

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9
Q

blindsight

A

patients with lesions of the primary visual cortex, main source of visual inputs into the cortex. they can locate where objects are but can not consciously see them

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10
Q

visual form agnosia

A

for shape recognition

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11
Q

spatial neglect

A

a lesion to the right hemisphere, (typically in inferior parietal lobe) prevents a patient from attending to the left side of space, as a result he or she often misses the entire left half of a scene or object

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12
Q

subliminal priming

A

briefly flashing a subliminal word or picture (prime) and immediately followed it with another visible item (the target)

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13
Q

fusiform gyrus

A

houses advanced mechanisms of shape recognition and implements the early stages of reading // area associated with high level processing of visual objects and visual ares V1 V2 V3 and V4

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14
Q

mcgurk effect

A

illusion : when seeing a visual person saying “ga” but auditory says “ba” your brain mashes it up to da because it is in conflict

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15
Q

routine bindings

A

those that are coded by dedicated neurons committed to specific combinations of sensory input

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16
Q

non routine bindings

A

are those that require the de novo creation of unforeseen combinations, and they may be mediated by a more conscious state of brain synchrony

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17
Q

attentional blink

A

when two targets T1 and T2 embedded in a rapid stream of events are presented in close temporal proximity the second target is often not seen

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18
Q

refractory period

A

before a second target enters consciousness, it must wait until the conscious mind is done with the first one

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19
Q

global ignition

A

whenever we become aware of an unexpected piece of info, the brain suddenly seems to burst into a large scale activity pattern

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20
Q

phase tranistion

A

a sudden nearly discontinuous change in the state of a physical system// like freezing, consciousness exhibits a threshold, you have to get over this threshold to be consciously seen

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21
Q

recurrent processing theory

A

the reinfection of information into the same circuit that originated it ‘we could even define consciousness as recurrent processing/// consists both excitatory long-range feedback connections as well as lateral inhibitory connections to integrate and select information// a conscious process corresponds to any neural code that is shaped by recurrent loops from higher order to lower order areas and back

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22
Q

global workspace

A

an internal system, detached from the outside world, that allows us to freely entertain our private mental images and to spread them across the mind’s vast array of specialised processors

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23
Q

thalamus

A

involved in attention, vigilance, and synchronization

role : awakening of the entire network, relates to changes in state (with from unconscious to conscious brain)

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24
Q

basal ganglia

A

crucial for decision making and action (can also be unconsciously activated)

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25
Q

hippocampus

A

essential for memorising the episodes of our lives and for recalling then

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26
Q

disconnected patterns

A

encapsulated in our brain stem, the firing patterns that control your breathing are disconnected from the global workspace system in prefrontal and parietal cortex

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27
Q

coma

A

typically occurs within minutes to hours following damage to the brain, defined clinically as a prolonged loss of the capacity to be roused. no amount of stimulation can awaken him and he shows no signs of awareness of himself or his environment.

many types of problems can cause coma (damage to reticular activating system in the brainstem, damage to cortex)

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28
Q

brain death

A

distinct state, characterised by a total absence o brain stem reflexes, together with a flat EEG and an inability to initiate breathing. in brain dead patients PET and other measures show that cortical metabolism and the perfusion fo blood to the brain are annihilated. brain death state is irreversible. Cortical and thalamic neurons quickly degenerate

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29
Q

vegetative state

A

a preserved sleep-wake cycle with no signs of consciousness, a condition that may persist for many years.

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30
Q

locked in syndrome

A

damage to the brain stem (the pons). condition In which the patient is fully conscious and awake but unable to move or communicate verbally due to complete paralysis of almost all muscles in the body except the eyes. /////

a lesion disconnects the cortex from its output pathways in the spinal cord. it leaves consciousness entirely intact, they cannot be considered as suffering from a disorder of consciousness

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31
Q

mismatch response MMN(mismatch negativity)

A

as early as 100 milliseconds after the onset of the sound, the auditory cortex is generating a large response to the deviant (it shows as a negative voltage on top of the head). it is an automatic response to the auditory novelty the occurs whether a person is attending, mind-wandering, reading a book watching a movie or even falling asleep or lying in a coma

// 
the detection of novel auditory stimulus includes 2 distinct neural events : MMN, and later neural response (P300/P3a and P3b)
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32
Q

weighted symbolic mutual information

A

a program to compute this mathematical quantity, designed to evaluate how much information was being shared between two brain sites

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33
Q

brains conversation was bidirectional

A

specialised areas of the back of the brain were talking to the generalist areas of the parietal and prefrontal lobes, which returned backward signals

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34
Q

easy problem

A

re about abilities and functions: we need only nechanisms to explain those. These are problems that we have not solved (perception, memory etc) but in principle we know how to solve even if we have not done yet)

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35
Q

hard problem

A

why and how do subjective experiences arise from objective brains (neural processes)? “explaining the function doesn’t explain the experience”

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36
Q

dualistic ideas about consciousness

A

the mind and body are not identical and consciousness cannot be reduced to pure brain activity (video David Chalmers)

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37
Q

materialism

A

all emergent phenomena, including consciousness, are the result of material properties and interactions in the brain

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38
Q

hemispatial neglect

A

while drawing neglecting the left side of the drawing

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39
Q

visual form agnosia

A

unable to identify the shape of objects

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40
Q

dorsal stream

A

where, acting (unconscious)

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41
Q

ventral stream

A

what, perceiving (conscious)

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42
Q

color agnosia

A

usually caused by damage to visual area V4, see the world in black and white

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43
Q

prosopagnosia

A

face blindness, damage to fusiform area

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44
Q

motion blindness

A

MT/V5, people cannot perceive smooth motion

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45
Q

neural correlates of consciousness NCC

A

the minimal set of neuronal events necessary and sufficient for conscious experience

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46
Q

set

A

lesast number of regions

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47
Q

a necessary condition

A

for consciousness is a condition that must be satisfied in order for consciousness to arise, for example properly working eyes

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48
Q

sufficient condition

A

condition that, if satisfied, guarantees consciousness to arise

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49
Q

vigilance

A

the state of wakefulness, which varies when we fall asleep, wake up, faint, enter a coma or anesthesia

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50
Q

attention

A

the focus on our mental resources onto a specific piece of information

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51
Q

conscious access

A

the fact that some of the attended information eventually enters our awareness and becomes reportable to others (in any way)

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52
Q

access of content

A

‘i was not conscious of the red traffic light’ subliminal, rreconscious, phenomenal, access etc

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53
Q

level of consciousness

A

(wakefulness or vigilance) the patient was still conscious (coma, vegetative state, sleep, wakefulness, etc)

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54
Q

binocular rivalry

A

when two distinct images are presented to your two eyes, the brain will spontaneously oscillate and let you see one picture, then the other but never both at the same time

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55
Q

breakthrough time (binocular rivalry )

A

an image can come up into consciousness suddenly, good for studying sponanteous switches of perception, not optimal for isolating the NCC, because there is no ‘unconscious condition’ to contrast it with

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56
Q

masking (or subliminal representation)

A

we can flash a word so briefly that study participants will fail to notice it

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57
Q

crowding

A

creating a carefully cluttered visual scene, wholly invisible to a participant because the other items always win out of the inner competition for conscious perception

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58
Q

attentional manipulations

A

we van also distract our attention (gorilla experiment)

59
Q

minimal contrast idea

A

a pair of experimental situation that are minimally different (physically) but only one of which leads to a conscious experience the other is not

60
Q

response bias

A

a behavioural tendency to respond yes which is independent of sensitivity, also reffered to as ‘criterion’

61
Q

neuroplasticity

A

the capacity of the nervous system to modify its organisation changes in the structure and function of tehbrain as a result of experience and learning

62
Q

dichotic listening paradigms

A

subject with headphones with two stories in each ear and had to attend and repeat what was said in the attended ear

63
Q

signature

A

what we measure with brain imaging tools, they reflect the underlying neural mechanism (such as feedback processing ) but are not the mechanisms itself

64
Q

4 signatures of consciousness (as by dahaene)

A
  1. a sudden ignition of parietal and prefrontal circuits 2. a slow wave called the P3 wave (mainly P3b) 3. a late and sudden burst of high-frequency oscillations (gamma >30) 4. a synchronisation of info exchanges across distant brain regions
65
Q

GNWS theory (global workspace)

A
  1. early feedforward processing is (almost) equal
  2. feedforward activation decays with depth
  3. crossing of consciousness threshold -> late global ignition by GNW neurons in parietal and frontal cortex “all-or-none process”
  4. feedback to earlier regions when conscious (thus also all-or-none late processes in earlier regions
66
Q

which regions are part of the global workspace?

A

Strong functional and structural long-distance connectivity between different ‘default mode’ areas in prefrontal, parietal, temporal and posterior cingulate cortex (part of global workspace)

more specifically : inferior parietal cortex (IPC), posterior cingulate cortex (PCC) and precuneus, Medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC), , medial temporal lobe (MTL) and anterior cingulate cortex (ACC)

67
Q

rich hubs phenomenon

A

when hubs of a network tend to be more densely connected among themselves than nodes of a lower degree

68
Q

‘identity relationship’

A

global availability of info (GWS activation) is what we subjectively experience as a conscious state

69
Q

GNWS

A

frontal cortexm parietal cortex, cingular cortex, precuneus, temporal cortex (very broad description of the regions involved)

70
Q

recurrent processing

A

consists of both excitatory long-range feedback connections (NMDA) as well as literal inhibitory connections (GABA) to integrate and select information.
consciousness requires integration of information via recurrent processing.

71
Q

agonist

A

drugs that occupy receptors and activate them // kind mimics the neurotransmitter//inhibition

72
Q

antagonist

A

drugs that occupy receptors but do not activate them // blocks the receptor from the neurotransmitter// is an excitatory neuron

73
Q

excitation

A

neurotransmitter = gluatamate, receptors : nmda & ampa

74
Q

inhibition

A

the capacity of an excited neuron to reduce the activity of its neighbours , neurotransmitter, receptor GABA // response inhibition on no go stimuli is associated with a (mostly right lateralised) frontoparietal ‘inhibition network; van gaal shows it is also the IFC and pre-SMA

75
Q

global workspace theory : limited conscious experience (Dehaene)

A

conscious access reflects a selection fo the sensory input (by attention), this suggests that conscious experience is very limited and not rich

76
Q

sperlings’ attentional cueing paradigm

A

suggests that you can cue with a tone and they can then report more than initially

77
Q

information integration theory , 5 axioms

A

existencem composition, information, integration, exclusion

78
Q

existence

A

conscious exists (intrinsically )

79
Q

composition

A

consciousness is structured (each experience is composed of many elements)

80
Q

information

A

consciousness is differentiated (each experience differentiated form other possible experiences)

81
Q

integration

A

consciousness is integrated/unified (each experience is irreducible to components)

82
Q

exclusion

A

consciousness is definite, (each experience excludes other experiences)

83
Q

phi value

A

integrated information, the quantification of the ‘richness of experience’ in a conscious system : maximal amount of integrated information

84
Q

anoxic brain injuries

A

caused by complete lack of oxygen proved to the brain, results in the death of brain cells afteer approximately four minutes of oxygen deprivation (heart attack, drowning)

85
Q

hypoxic brain injuries

A

brain injuries due to a restriction of the oxygen supplied to the brain. results in the gradual death and impairment of brain cells

86
Q

ARAS

A

ascending reticular activating system, a set of connected nuclei in the brain s that are responsible for regulating wakefulness and sleep-wake transition, damage to this area leads to coma or even death

87
Q

limited capacity theories of the attentional blink

A

AB due to over-allocation of limited processing resources to T1 within short term memory.
AB due to T1 occupying limited-capacity stage necessary for consolidation in working memory
//
slagter : the attentional blink is thought to result from suboptimal sharing of limited attentional resources : when many resources are devoted to t1 processing, T2 is more likely to be missed

88
Q

selection based theories of AB

A

dysfunctional gating of information into working memory, rather than capacity limitation of working memory per se

89
Q

EEG

A

a mixture of oscillations in different frequencies, theta beta and gamma. and you have frequency (how fast), phase (where) and power (how strong)

90
Q

delta

A

0-4 Hz

91
Q

theta

A

4-8 Hz

92
Q

alpha

A

8-13 Hz

93
Q

beta

A

13-25

94
Q

gamma

A

30 and higher

95
Q

power

A

the amplitude of the frequency

96
Q

we call it feedback when

A

when information is send from higher order regions are send back to lower order regions (for ex. from prefrontal cortex to visual cortex) // top down activity operates via feedback connections that largely depend on the NMDA pathway

97
Q

(when top-down attention is absent and bottom-up stimulus strength is weak or interrupted) subliminal (unattended)

A

very little activation
activation is already weak in early extra striate areas
little or no priming
no reportability

98
Q

(when top-down attention is present and bottom-up stimulus strength is weak or interrupted ) subliminal (attended)

A 
strong feed-forward activation
activation decreases with depth 
depth of processing depends on attention and task set
activation can reach semantic level
short-lived priming
no durable frontoparietal activity
no reportability

(for example, subliminal with and without attention)

99
Q

(when top down attention is absent and bottom-up stimulus strength is sufficiently strong) preconscious

A

intense activation, yet confided to sensorimotor processors
occipito-temporal loops and local synchrony
priming at multiple levels
no repeatability while attention is occupied alsewhere (for example in the attentional blink, or inattention blindness)

100
Q

(when top-down attention is present and the bottom up stimulus strength is sufficiently strong) conscious

A 
orientation of top-down attention
amplification of sensorimotor activity
intense activation spreading to parietofrontal network
long distance loops and global synchrony
durable activation, maintained at will
conscious reportability
101
Q

feedforward visual processing

A

the processing of visual information in the feedforward direction is thought to remain subliminal or at least inaccessible to further cognitive processing

102
Q

activated global neuronal workspace

A

once a signal triggers the frontal cortex, a network reverberation is thought to allow visual presentation to be both conscious and available to other cognitive systems /// a conscious process corresponds to information, initially included in one or more specialised processors that enter a large scale reverberant network and is globally accessed by the other specialised processors

103
Q

the receptive field

A

of a sensory neuron is a region of space in which the presence of a stimulus will alter the firing of that neuron

104
Q

GABA

A

main inhibitory neurotransmitter

105
Q

NMDA receptor

A

glutamate main excitatory neurotransmitter

106
Q

how to reduce consciousness with neurotransmitters

A

increasing inhibition (GABA agonist) or decreasing excitation (AMPA/NMDA-antagonist) to reduce neural activation

107
Q

MRS

A

is a quantitative method to measure the concentration of molecules in a specific region in the brain

108
Q

difference between consciousness views Dehaene and Lamme

A

Dehaene : attention gates conscious access (and is thus limited) Lamme : Attention selects from what is already conscious (and is thus rich)

109
Q

disorder of consciousness

A

or impaired consciousness, is a state where consciousness has been affected by damage to the brain. consciousness requires both wakefulness and awareness

110
Q

structural connectivity

A

strong structural (as well as functional) long-range connectivity between distinct default mode regions in prefrontal parietal temporal and posterior cingulate cortex. “local processing can be complex (houses faces etc) but does not reach our awareness if this happens disconnected from the appropriate higher-level cortical regions (global workspace)

111
Q

FDG-PET

A

glucose is labeled with radioactive tracer molecule (injected) this creates a map of glucose uptake in all regions of the brain (metabolic index: global glucose metabolic activity measueed with PET)

112
Q

phenomenal consciousness

A

what makes a state phenomenally conscious is that there is something “it is like” to be in that state (the raw experience)

113
Q

access consciousness

A

a representation is access conscious if it is broadcasted (global workspace activation) broadly and the information can be used for reasoning and control of action, including reporting

114
Q

monitoring consciousness

A

‘metacognitive’ knowledge of one’s own mental states

115
Q

integrated information theory

A

a conscious process corresponds to information that is both integrated and differentiated and that cannot be decomposed into causally independent parts

116
Q

higher order thought theory

A

neural states of first order networks are viewed as non conscious representations that are rendered conscious when re-presented by the higher order network involving areas of prefrontal cortex //a conscious process corresponds to any first order representation X that enters into a second order, metacognitive representation (“I currently see X”)

117
Q

subliminal repetition priming

A

flashing the same word uncosnsciously will minimise the time that the second word (consciously) is named (radio-RADIO), highly sensitive. (anger-ranger won’t work)

118
Q

repetition suppression/adaptation

A

neurons recognise when the same stimulus has been presented twice

119
Q

N400

A

(400 ms after a word appears) a negative voltage on top of the head, which evaluates hwo much a word fits into a given context. it responds even with words that we do not see (temporal lobe)

120
Q

bottom up attention

A

referring to attentional guidance purely by externally driven factors to stimuli that are salient because of their inherent properties relative to the background;

121
Q

top down attention

A

, referring to internal guidance of attention based on prior knowledge, willful plans, and current goals.

122
Q

N2pc

A

in the parietal lobe reveals an unconscious orientation towards the appropriate side

123
Q

the aperture problem

A

refers to the fact that the motion of a one-dimensional spatial structure, such as a bar or edge, cannot be determined unambiguously if it is viewed through a small aperture such that the ends of the stimulus are not visible.

124
Q

our brain compensates for its slowness by

A

anticipation, autopilot (like reflexes)

125
Q

brain web

A

conscious perception consists of long distance communications and massive exchange of reciprocal signals // the frequency consist of beta band (13-30) or beta band (3-8). slow carriers frequencies are the most convenient for bridging over the significant delays that are involved in transmitting information across distances of several centimeters

126
Q

difference global and default

A

not the same but overlap strongly. default : long range connections between distant networks

127
Q

slagter

A

ATTENTIONAL BLINK
conclusion : meditation affects the distribution of limited brain resources, smaller attentional blink and reduced brain resource allocation to the first target (smaller T1 elicited P3b). individuals that showed the largest decrease in brain-resource allocation to T1 generally showed the greatest reduction in attentional blink size.
instruments : scalp recorded EEG

128
Q

van gaal

A

INHIBITION
fMRI. conscious (weakly masked) and unconscious (strongly masked). unconscious no go signals triggers a substantial slowdown in the speed of responding, as if participants tried to cancel their response but just failed to inhibit it entirely. involved regions are : inferior frontal cortex IFC and pre-supplementary motor area pre-SMA. .

Important study because it shows that the (inhibition control functions in the) PFC can be triggered unconsciously and thereby extend traditional views that tightly link cognitive control to consciousness.

Unconscious inhibitory control can be considered as a relatively “bottom-up” form of cognitive control

129
Q

van loon

A

RECOGNITION
Results : ketamine affects top-down processes, in turn influencing activity patterns in early visual cortex (the feedback loop for V1) (the NMDA pathway, antagonist -> so it blocks from NMDA going in).

fMRI multivoxel pattern analysis of object representation in the visual cortex. Use of Mooney images for recognition.

The neural representations of the images are compared in the posterior fusiform pFs.
Ketamine interfered with the Mooney recognition in V1, neural classification performance dropped and the neural representations of the mooney images remained more similar even after having prior experience with the grayscale images. it did not affect pFs

130
Q

fleming

A

INTROSPECT
metacognition (anterior prefrontal cortex PFC, Aroc used as quantitative measure metacognitive accuracy) is used to evaluate introspective ability (prefrontal parietal network)
fMRI
Results : Aroc (metacognitive ability, so confidence in the decision) was significantly correlated with grey matter volume in the right anterior PFC and not in how good they were in the task d’, also with white matter in the corpus colosseum

131
Q

lamme

A

Clear distinction between attention and awareness.
Visual processing mediated by the feed forward sweep is not accompanied by awareness. recurrent interactions are necessary for visual awareness to arise.
Phenomenal awareness = recurrent processing in groups of neurons (iconic sensory memory)
Access awareness = recurrent interactions that include the prefrontal areas (working memory)
Whether phenomenal awareness goes to access awareness depends on attentional selection mechanisms, via influences on both the feedforwardsweep and recurrent interactions.

132
Q

monti

A

fMRI use of tennis (supplementary motor area) and walk around house task (parahippocampal gyrus).
5/54 could wilfully modulate brain activity and was sustained for 30 seconds, 4/5 was VS and all 5 had traumatic brain injury. 1/5 had the ability to apply the technique in order to answer simple yes or no questions accurately

133
Q

bekinschtein

A

SOUND ERP and fMRI, VS and MCS, local (within trial) and global (across trials).

Local violation activated the bilateral superior temporal gyro STG and primary auditory cortices.
Global violation : included bilateral doors lateral prefrontal, anterior cingulate, parietal, temporal and even occipital areas thus associated with conscious processing.
3/4 VS patients all local but no global
4/4 MCS patients all local and 3/4 global and recovered to fully conscious state
Out of healthy patients a global effect only was present when subjects were conscious of the global regularity violations.

134
Q

casali

A

EEG TMS
Brain response of people who had lost consciousness became either local (suggesting loss of integration) or global but stereotypical (suggesting loss of differentiation)

135
Q

Dehaene

A

unseen masked words activate extra striate, fusiform and precentral regions and cause a signifiant reduction in response time and in brain activity to subsequent conscious words, yet fail to elicit the correlated and distributed pattern of activation observed when the same words are consciously perceived.

when visible words were preceded by masked presentation the same words, behavioural responses were significantly accelerated. -> Brian activity was reduced in extra striate fusiform and precentral regions this shows that the repetition suppression phenomenon can be replicated with unseen masked primes.

136
Q

continuous flash suppression

A

one eye high contrast other eye face stimulus, you won’t become aware of the face stimulus for a long time. advantage: subliminal info can be presented for a very long time

137
Q

pattern masking

A

ccurs when the target and mask locations overlap, won’t see the letter through masking preceded and after

138
Q

sensitivity

A

ability of the test to identify those with consciousness, if sensitivity is good the test does not miss any conscious patients

139
Q

specificity

A

the ability of the test to identify those patients without consciousness. if specificity is good the test does not ‘miss’ any unconscious patients

140
Q

contextual modulation

A

refers to the change in a neuron’s responsivity caused by image structure placed outside of its classical receptive field and to the effect of surround image structure on the perceptual properties of target regions contained within.

141
Q

pci

A

perturbational complexity index. calculated by perturbing the cortex with TMS to engage distributed interactions in the brain (integration) and compressing the spatiotemporal pattern of those electrocortical responses to measure the algorithmic complexity (information)

142
Q

integration of info

A

recurrent loops via ampa en ndma

143
Q

bistable perception

A

things seem to move different ways, binocular rivalry

144
Q

mvpa

A

multivariate voxel pattern analysis, looking at pattern of activity

psychology year 3 (12 decks)

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