clinical exam 2 Flashcards
communion
need to belong
agency
need to be yourself
attachment theory
human beings are born with a psychobiological system (attachment behavioural system) that motivates them to seek proximity to significant others (attachment figures
attachment security
a sense that hte world is interesting and safe etc
hyperactivation
characterised by energetic, insistent attempts to induce a relationship partner, viewed as insufficiently available or responsive, to pay more attention and provide better care and supportq
deactivation
suppression or inhibition of proximity seeking inclinations and actions, discounting of threats that might activate the attachment system, and determination to handle undeniable stresses alone
attachment style
chronic pattern of relational expectations, emotions, and behaviours that result from a particular history of attachment experiences
avoidant attahment
indicates the extent to which he or she distrusts others’ good will and relies on edeactvaign strategies for coping with attachment insecurities
anxiety dimension
the degree to which he or she worries that relationship partners will be unavailable or unhelpful in times of need and relies on hyper activating strategies
cognitive motivational predispoosition
interpersonal goals, beliefs about self and others, and mental scripts
declarative knowledge about self and others
beliefs about one’s worth skills and efficacy; beliefs about a partner’s likely motives and actions
procedural knowledge about interpersonal exchanges
mental scripts representing the ways in which interpersonal exchanges typically unfold
persons goal structureq
the goals he or she frequently seeks during social interaction
secure base scritp
interactions with warm loving and supportive attachment figures are embodied in a relational if-then scripts. for example : if I encounter an obstacle and become distressed, I can approach a significant other for help
sentinel script
one that includes high sensitivity to clues of impending danger and a tnecendy to warn others with the danger while staying close to those others in the dangerous situation
fight flight script
one that includes rapid self protective responses to danger without consulting other people or seeking to receive help from them.
loneliness definition
corresponds to a discrepancy between an individuals preferred and actual social relations
intimate loneliness/emotional loneliness
the perceived absence of a significant someone that is a person one can rely on for emotional support during crises
social loneliness
perceived presence/absene of quality friendships or family connections, connections from the sympathy group within one’s relational space
collective loneliness
refers to a persons valued social identities or ‘active network’ wherein an individual can connect to similar others at a distance in the collective space
sullivan interpersonal theory
considered interpersonal relations and self-concept to be core emphases on understanding normal and abnormal personality// begins with the assumption that the most important expressions of persoanality occur in phenomena involving more than one person// indidivuals express integrated tendencies which bring them together in the mutual pursuits of satisfactions (generally a large class of biologically grounded needs), security (anxiety free functioning) and self-esteem // interpersonal situations occur between proximal interactants and within the minds of those interactants via the capacity for mental representation of self and others
personifications
over time the interpersonal situation underlies genesis, development, maintenance and mutability of personality and this gives rise to lasting conceptions of self and others
individual variation in learnning occurs due to
the interaction between the developing person’s level of cognitive maturation and the characteristics of the interpersonal situations encountered
interpersonal situation (summarised by pincus from Sullivan’s concept)
the experience of a pattern of relating self with other associated with varying levels of anxiety (or security) in which learning takes place that influences the development of self-concept and social behaviour
behavioural intensity
the metric increasing from the center of the circle
behavioural rigidity
The interpersonal mechanisms displayed by an individual in a social situation may be considered the outcome of an interplay between environmental forces impinging upon him and those enduring tendencies to action which he brings to the situation”/// the circumflex of interpersonal traits allows the model to describe enduring patterns of interpersonal behaviour and the metric increasing from this level of analysis represents a second perspective on abnornmal personality
modern trait theory
conceives of traits as descirptions of how a person behaves in certain situations, and of equal importance traits describe something about the intrapsychic functioning of the individual’s mind
agency
refers to the condition of being differentiated individual, and is manifested in strikings for power and mastery which can enhance and protect ones’ differentiation
communion
refers to the condition of being part of a larger social or spiritual entity
personality trait
an enduring dispositional attribute of the individual expressed in distinctive patterns of thought, behaviour and feeling
leary 1957
among the first interpresonalitst to articulate the view that normal and abnormal interpersonal behaviours lie on the same continuum, and that differences between adjustive and maladjustive personality are quantitative rather than qualitative in nature
rigidity by pincus
characteristic of a person, a summary of his or her limited repertoires across various interpersonal situations
flux
the variability (standard deviation) of the individual’s mean score on a particular interpersonal dimenison
spin
indicates the variability of the person’s angular position across time,
pulse
refers to the variability in vector length
IIP
inventory of interpersonal problems. assumption that interpersonal problems or difficulties often form the underlying basis of psychiatric complaints and symptoms
unmitigated agency
as focus on self to the exclusion of others
unmitigated communion
focus on others, to the exclusion of self
intradimensional mitigation
moderation in levels of either agency or communion
interpersonal field
a variety of transactional influences and reciprocal interpersonal patterns have been posited to influence the interactants as they resolve, negotiate or disintegrate the interpersonal situation
field concept in the theorem of reciprocal emotions (Sullivan)
integration in an interpersonal situation is a process in which (1) complementary needs are resolved (or aggravated); (2) reciprocal patterns of activity are developed (or disintegrated); and (3) foresight of satisfaction (or rebuff) of similar needs is facilitated.
principle of reciprocal interpersonal relations (leary)
interpersonal reflexes tend (with a probability greater than chance) to initiate or invite reciprocal interpersonal responses from the “other” person in the interaction that lead to a repetition of the original reflex.
interpersonal complementarity
occurs when there is a match between the field-regulatory goals of each person . That is, reciprocal patterns of activity evolve where the agentic and communal needs of both persons are met in the interpersonal situation, leading to stability and likely recurrence of the pattern
accomplementary pattern
when reciprocal interpersonal patterns meet one of the two rules of complementarity
anticomplementary pattern
when interactants exhibit neither reciprocity on dominance nor correspondence on nurturance, anticomplementary patterns are the most unstable and lead to avoidance, escape, and disintegration of the interpersonal situation (i.e., disrupted interpersonal relations)
sullivan : personification of the self
to be a dynamism that is built up from the positive reflected appraisals of significant others allowing for relatively anxiety-free functioning and high levels of felt security and self-esteem
dual factor model of fb use
the need to belong, the need for self-presentation
sociometer
monitor of one’s acceptability to the group
idealized-virtual identity hypothesis
as an online entity, fb leaves itself open to the possibility that its users display their idealised, rather than accurate, selves through their profiles
emotional processing theory
suggest that traumatic events are not processed emotionally at the time of the event. fear is represented in memory as a cognitive structure that includes representations of the feared stimuli, fear responses and the meaning associated with the stimuli and responses to the stimuli
cognitive processing therapy
assumes that following a traumatic event, survivors attempt to make sense of what happened often time leading to distorted cognitions regarding themselves, the world and others
cognitive restructuring
focuses on teaching patients to identify dysfunctional thoughts and thinking errors, elicit rational alternative thoughts, and reappraise beliefs about themselves, the trauma and the world
working memory theory EMDR
long term memory (stable), working memory (labile and limited capacity), room for modifying (softening) memory through distraction (eye movements), reconsolidation modified memory into long term memory
imaginal exposure
may promote the connection of previously unconnected traumatic memories into autobiographical memory, thereby reducing the probability that these memories are involuntarily activated
imagination inflation
when a suspect or witness has visualised a scenario several times, the level of vividness and credibility of the original memory change, meaning that imagination inflation affects the next recall
mental defeat
correlate of chronic ptsd and poor response to exposure treatment . refers to the perceived loss of all psychological autonomy, accompanied by the sense of not being human any longer
ptsd dsm 5 criteria
Criterion A: stressor
Criterion B: intrusion symptoms
Criterion C: avoidance
Criterion D: negative alterations in cognitions and mood
Criterion E: alterations in arousal and reactivity
Criterion F: duration (required)
Criterion G: functional significance (required)
Criterion H: exclusion (required
change in meaning process
individuals who witness horrific events as part of their profession. some of the stimuli that are particularly potent reminders of the traumatic event were not available until some time afterwards
exposure to potent reminders procdess
individuals who are hospitalised for severe injuries after motor vehicle accidents. more focussed on the aftermath than on the event that caused injuries
integrating tendencies
individuals express this which bring them together in the mutual pursuit of satisfactions (generally a large class of biological grounded needs), security(anxiety free functioning), and self esteem
personality abnormality
reflected in broad range of proximal interpersonal situations that elicit anxiety, threaten self-esteem, and disrupt interpersonal relations
extremity
reflects a person’s deviance from a normative position on a particular dimension, and is represented, geometrically, by a person’s (or, literally, the behavior’s) distance from the origin of the circle
rigidity
summary of his or her limited reportoires across various interpersonal situations
mental scripts
working models of self and others, the heart of attachment styles, also include procedural knowledge about how social interactions unfold and how one can best handle stress and distress
secure
worth loving .high self-esteem & trust others
dismissing
worth loving / high self-esteem & mistrust others
preoccupied
not worth loving / low self esteem & trust others
fearful
not worth loving/ low self-esteem & mistrust others
double mediation model
involves (a) cognitive-motivational pre- dispositions (interpersonal goals, beliefs about self and others, and mental scripts) that influence behavior during interpersonal encounters and (b) patterns of information processing during such encounters
peritraumatic
reactions during the trauma
data driven
If the individual lacks conceptual processing and engages mainly in data-driven processing (i.e. processing the sensory impressions), then the trauma memory will be relatively dicult to retrieve intentionally and at the same time there will be relatively strong perceptual priming for accompanying stimuli,
cognitive model of ptsd
It is suggested that PTSD becomes persistent when individuals process the trauma in a way that leads to a sense of serious, current threat. The sense of threat arises as a consequence of: (1) excessively negative appraisals of the trauma and/or its sequelae and (2) a disturbance of autobiographical memory characterised by poor elaboration and contextualisation, strong associative memory and strong perceptual priming
perceptual priming
vage physical similarity sufficient in perceiving stimuli similar to those occurring in the traumatic situation (poor stimulus discrimination)
conceptual processing
processing the meaning of the situation, processing it in an organized way and placing it into context
default true value
During a traumatic event, individuals may not have enough cognitive capacity to decide that some very threatening aspects of the trauma are not true.
