Criminal Investigations 9th Ed - Ch 7 - Identifying and Arresting Suspects Flashcards
Field ______ or show-up _______ is the _________ of a suspect by a victim or witness of a crime at the crime scene. The show-up must be close in time to the incident.
identification
• Suspects can be identified using
o Field or show up identification
o Mug shots
o Photographic identification or lineups
The severity of the crime, whether the suspect posed an immediate threat to officers or others and whether the circumstances were tense, uncertain and rapidly evolving are all factors that the courts use to evaluate alleged cases of ______ ______.
excessive force
___________, undercover assignments and raids are used only when normal methods of continuing the investigation fail to produce results.
Surveillance
The objective of __________ is to obtain information about people, their associates, and their activities that may help to solve a criminal case or to protect a witness
surveillance
Undercover agents should write no notes that the subject can read and ensure that communication with headquarters is ______.
covert
• SWAT stands for “_____ _______ ___ _______”
Special Weapons and Tactics
Police officers may make arrests for any ______ committed in their presence
crime
_______ factors should be considered when deciding whether to investigate a crime.
Solvability
United States v. ________ (1973) established that a suspect does not have the right to have an attorney present at a field identification
Ash, Jr
The amount of time it takes to identify a ______ is directly correlated to the length of time it takes to solve a crime
suspect
________ is becoming more popular for drafting computer-generated composites
Visited
_______ _______ is defined as the use of discretionary authority by law enforcement officers in encounters with minority motorist, typically within the context of a traffic stop, that result in disparate treatment of minorities.
Racial Profiling
Officers should tell witnesses viewing photographic lineups that the_______ may NOT be in the photographs
Suspect
Investigators should avoid having the same person make both a _________ and a lineup identification
photographic
The objective of an _______ assignment may be to gain a person’s confidence or to infiltrate an organization or group by using an assumed identity and to thereby obtain information or evidence connecting the subject with criminal activity.
undercover
Suspects may refuse to participate in a ______, but such refusal can be used against them in court
lineup
Factors crucial to resolving criminal investigations are called _______ factors.
solvability
_________ profiling is attempting to identify an individual’s mental, emotional, and psychological characteristics
Psychological
________ profiling is most often used in crimes against people in which a motive is unknown.
Psychological
IBIS
• Integrated Biometric Identification System (IBIS)
______ v. United States (1996) dealt with pretext traffic stops
Whren
United States v. ______(1992) held that race, when coupled with other factors (trends, intelligence reports, etc) , can be a factor in the decision to approach someone.
Weaver
___________ is defined as the cover, discreet observation of people or places
Surveillance
The _________ is the plainclothes investigator who make the observation.
surveillant
The ________ is whom or what is observed. It can be a person, place, property, vehicle, group of people, organization or object.
subject
• There are two different types of surveillance
o Stationary Surveillance
o Moving Surveillance
_________ surveillance (fixed surveillance / plant / stakeout) is used when you know or suspect that a person is at or will come to a known location.
Stationary
_______ surveillance is the practice of avoiding surveillance or, at the very least, of making surveillance difficult.
Counter
In Florida v._____ (1989) the courts held that “there should be no reasonable expectation of privacy from the skies above” referring to aerial surveillance
Riley
____ analysis is the new DNA for law enforcement. It is the next generation of investigation
Video
Electronic surveillance and wiretapping are considered forms of search and are therefore permitted only with probable cause and a court order (______ v. United States – 1967)
Katz
__________ has been defined as “the conception and planning of an offense by an officer, and his procurement of its commission by one who would not have perpetrated it except for the trickery, persuasion or fraud of the officer.” (Sorrells v United States – 1932)
Entrapment
o “The fact that government agents merely afford opportunities or facilities for the commission of the offense does not constitute ________”
entrapment
____ was born on August 1, 1966 in Austin, Texas during the UT Tower shooting
SWAT
The _______ provision states that an arrest may only be made in the daytime if it’s by warrant, unless a magistrate has endorsed the warrant with a written statement that the arrest may be made at night.
nightcap
A __ ______ arrest is the functional equivalent of an arrest
de facto
_______ is any non-negotiable use of police authority to influence citizen behavior
Force
_______ _________ is the amount of force a prudent person would use in a similar circumstances
Reasonable Force
___________ force means more than ordinary force
excessive
The landmark case on use of force is Graham v Connor (1989)
The reasonableness of a particular use of force must be judges from the perspective of a reasonable officer on the scene, rather than with the 20/20 vision of hindsight – Graham v. Connor
Less lethal weapons does not imply NEVER lethal, their intent, however, is to avoid the use of _______ ______
deadly force
______ __ ______ is a phenomenon in which someone intentionally acts so threatening towards officers as to force them to fire, accomplishing the goal of dying, albeit not by his own hand
Suicide by police (suicide by cop)
