Criminal Investigations 9th Ed - Ch 5 - Forensics / Physical Evidence Flashcards

1
Q

_______ is data on which a judgment or conclusion can be based.

A

Evidence

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2
Q

______ _______ is anything real – that is, which as substance – that helps to establish the facts of a case.

A

Physical Evidence

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3
Q

_____ ______ establishes the proof of a fact without any other evidence. An example of this would be video clearly depicting the suspect committing a crime.

A

Direct Evidence

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4
Q

_______ _______ merely tends to incriminate a person. For example, a suspect’s footprint found near a crime scene. This is also known as “circumstantial evidence.”

A

Indirect Evidence

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5
Q

Evidence established by law is called ______ _____ _________ . For example, if a suspect’s blood content is 0.08 BAC then by law that suspect is intoxicated

A

prima facie evidence

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6
Q

______ ______ ______ establishes that a crime has been committed.

A

Corpus delicti evidence

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6
Q

______ ______ ______ establishes that a crime has been committed.

A

Corpus delicti evidence

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7
Q

________ ________forms a substantive part of the case or has a legitimate and effective influence on the decision of the case.

A

Material evidence

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8
Q

A ______ crime lab could provide radio equipment, equipment for disaster scenes, stakeouts, and more.

A

mobile

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9
Q

Ultraviolet light is good for finding _____ __ _______.

A

traces of evidence.

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10
Q

Common errors in collecting evidence are:

A

o Not collecting enough of the sample
o Not obtaining standards of comparison
o Not maintaining the integrity of the evidence

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11
Q

A ______ __ __________ is an object, measure, or model with which evidence is compared to determine whether both came from the same source.

A

standard of comparison

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12
Q

The _____ _____ requires law enforcement to gather all evidence that helps establish guilt or innocence.

A

Brady Rule

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13
Q

• Notes should include:

A

o Time
o Date
o Location the item was found
o Case number
o Description of the item
o Name of individual who found the evidence
o Name of individual who took it into custody

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14
Q

______ __________ are transferred to a surface by dirt/soil on the ridges of the fingers or residue oil.

A

Latent Fingerprints

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15
Q

_______ may be developed using fingerprint powder, magana brush techniques, laser technology, gelatin lifters, and cyanoacrylate.

A

fingerprints

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16
Q

AFIS stands for:

A

“automated fingerprint identification system”

17
Q

• A “______ ________” positively identifies a person. Except for identical twins, no two individuals have the same DNA structure.

A

generic fingerprint

18
Q

_ _ _ profiling uses material from which chromosomes are made to identify individuals positively.

A

DNA

19
Q

DNA was discovered in

A

1868

20
Q

______ has the lowest clearance rate of any index crime.

A

Burglary

21
Q

Burglary can be a “______” crime that leads to more serious violent crimes in the future.

A

getaway

22
Q

• There are TWO types of DNA used in forensic analyses:

A

o Nuclear DNA (nDNA) which is more discriminating and is typically analyzed in evidence containing blood, semen, saliva, body tissues, and hairs that have tissue at their root ends.
o Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) is typically analyzed in evidence containing naturally shed hairs, hair fragments, bones, and teeth.

23
Q

o Examples: If a crime scene technician collected a sample of suspected semen stains from the bed sheet inside a rape/murder scene; ________ DNA (_DNA) analyses would probably be used.

A

Nuclear (nDNA)

24
Q

o Examples: If a crime scene technician collected a sample from a small bone found in a shallow grave in the woods, _________ DNA (__DNA) analyses would probably be used.

A

Mitochondrial (mtDNA)

25
Q

NDIS

A

National DNA Index System

26
Q

CODIS

A

Combined DNA Index System

27
Q

Blood evidence can be identified as _____ or _____. It can not determine age or race.

A

animal or human

28
Q

When collecting hair evidence, attempt to obtain ____ - _____ full hairs from appropriate parts of the suspect’s body.

A

20-50

29
Q

• A hair shaft consist of:

A

o Cuticle: the outside consisting of overlapping scales that always point toward the tip
o Cortex: consisting of elongated cells
o Medulla: the center of the hair

30
Q

Ballistics is the study of the dynamics of projectiles, from propulsion through flight to impact.

A

A shorter definition is “the study of the functioning of firearms.”

31
Q

The ____ is the inside portion of the weapon’s barrel

A

bore

32
Q

The raised ridges surrounding the bore are called _____ and recessed areas called ______.

A

lands

grooves

33
Q

The lands & grooves make up the

A

rifling

34
Q

________ ________ can determine the elements of pieces of glass.

A

Spectrographic analysis

35
Q

_____ evidence can determine the sequence of bullets fired through a piece of glass.

A

Glass

36
Q

_______ ______ are ridges which are rib-shaped marks with a wavelike pattern and are almost always concave in the direction from which the crack was propagating.

A

Wallner Lines

37
Q

• The __ Rule: “Ridges on radial cracks are at right angles to the rear”

A

4R

38
Q

When collecting soil evidence, collect _____ ______ of ______ soil into a container.

A

one pound of Comparison

39
Q

• Forensic Information System for Handwriting (FISH) is

A

maintained by the Secret Service and analyses documents.

40
Q

To simplify testimony in court, it is practical to have one officer collect the item of evidence and another _____ ____ .

A

Take notes