Crime - Topic 1 Other Research

Question 1

Lombrosso

Answer 1

Believed the idea that we can look criminal, through atavistic features of broad jawline, big ears, sunken eyes, low ridges.

Question 2

Sheldon

Answer 2

Somatotypes, where body types can link to someone looking criminal. Endomorph (fat and chubby = sociable and cheery) ectomorph (skinny = reserved and non sociable) mesomorph (muscular and fit = criminal as they are viewed to be aggressive and adventurous)

Question 3

Lyons

Answer 3

No difference found between MZ twins and DZ twins with levels of criminality. Highlighting that criminality is due to social factors.

Question 4

Christianson

Answer 4

Higher concordance rates with MZ twins than DZ twins with levels of criminality, thus supporting the nature element of crime.

Question 5

Jacob

Answer 5

XYY theory. Males with the extra Y chromosome are viewed to be more aggressive due to an abnormal amount of having more testosterone.

Question 6

Price

Answer 6

XYY only accounts for a low number of criminals

Question 7

Brunner

Answer 7

Warrior gene. A gene that causes an abnormality with creating a high abundance of MAOA, which increases levels of aggression. Tested on a Dutch family.

Question 8

Raine

Answer 8

Factors which can be important to criminality:

• low resting heart rate = seek in stimulation
• birth complications can lead to brain damage.
• acknowledgement of social factors of upbringing
• omega 3 is viewed to be brain food and calms down children alongside TMS.

Question 9

Yolcheson & Samenon

Answer 9

Research of 14 years with prisoners and non prisoners with how they think. Found 52 thinking patterns: lack of empathy, optimistic fantasising, need for power and control

Question 10

Kohlberg

Answer 10

Found that criminals are stuck in stage 2 of moral development (orientation towards self interest)

Question 11

Farrington

Answer 11

Longitudinal study. Criminality peaked at 17 and reasons were large families, poverty and criminal young parents with delinquent siblings.

Question 12

Wilkstrom

Answer 12

Cross sectional study which found that risk factors (long time in public places with peers, taunting at school and poor area) and protective factors (extended family and a good school). Individual disposition.

Question 13

Sutherland

Answer 13

Theory of differentiation association. More time an individual spends with a criminal the higher the chance they will turn criminal. (SLT)