Crime, Tension&Stress in Society Flashcards
Judge
A person appointed to make legal decisions in a court of law
Defendant
A person who is accused of doing sth illegal
Offender
A person who commits an offense against the law
defence/prosecution lawyer
The family hired a prominent defense lawyer.
~ Trial lawyer ~a civil lawyer ~corporate Lawyer ~government lawyer ~bankruptcy lawyer ~divorce lawyer ~tax lawyer
He is a trial lawyer specializing in industrial injuries cases
consult/hire/appoint a lawyer
I will consult a lawyer for my immigration case
a lawyer defends/represents/sues sb/sth
A lawyer representing the firms said they would ask the court to disqualify the government’s witness.
Barrister
Argue a case in both higher and lower courts
Why the barrister should have betrayed his client is not clear.
Solicitor
Represent people in lower courts.
a firm of solicitors
You should lodge a copy of the letter with your solicitor.
Her will was drawn up by a solicitor and witnessed by two colleagues.
Lodge
To formally make a complaint to an official:
~To lodge a complaint/protest
~My lawyers advised me to lodge a formal complaint.
Law-abiding
S.O who obeys the law
Committed a serious crime
He was formally charged with the crime
To appear in court
The trial
To plead
To make an urgent request
To acquit
He was innocent and asked the court to acquit him
Parole
Probationعفو مشروط
~A life sentence without parole
~He was paroled after serving ten years.
To sentence s.o
The judge sentenced him to two years in prison
Overwhelming
very great or strong
~The evidence against him was so overwhelming
~An overwhelming majority voted in favor of the proposal.
Verdict/ حکم
- A decision by a jury as to whether someone is guilty after having heard the facts given at a trial:
~The jury reached/returned a verdict of not guilty after six hours of deliberation.
~ The jury returned a guilty verdict. - A verdict is also any judgment or opinion given after considering the facts of a situation:
~City planners think it’s a good idea to ban traffic from downtown streets, but the public’s verdict is that it’s a stupid idea.
Rehabilitate
Reform
The aim is to rehabilitate the prisoners so that they can lead productive lives when they are released.
That builder rehabilitates older housing which he then sells for a profit.
Misdeed
Misbehaviour, crime
After his release, he continued with his misdeed
Retribution
Punishment
~Severe retribution
~Cosiety’s retribution
custodial sentence
حکم زندانI
Instead of passing a custodial sentence, he fined him a lot of money and ordered him to do community service.
Lenient
not as severe or strong in punishment or judgment as would be expected:
Some felt that five years in prison was lenient, considering the suffering he had caused.
leniency
The defense lawyer asked for leniency for her young client.
leniently
He said senior officials caught in ethical lapses were treated more leniently than junior employees.
Reinstatement
the act of bringing back something that was previously removed or stopped:
The reinstatement of trading restrictions was condemned in the financial press.
Corporal punishment
Physical punishment
Corporal punishment of any kind is rare.
Corporal punishment, except for the gravest offences, is abolished.
Heinous crimes
Mutilation
جنایات فجیع
قطع عضو
Fines, corporal punishment, and in the case of heinous crimes, mutilation and death are their penalties.
Capital punishment
Capital punishment has been abolished in some countries, likewise torture, confiscation, corporal punishment.
Confiscation
مصادره
To officially take private property away from someone, usually by legal authority:
Customs agents confiscated her bags.
Our investigation resulted in the confiscation of $227,000 in pirated material.
Abolish
To put an end to something, such as an organization, rule, or custom:
Massachusetts voters abolished rent control.
The government is planning to abolish subsidies to farmers.
Deterrent
Something that deters people from doing something:
a nuclear deterrent
~Tougher prison sentences may act/serve as a deterrent to other would-be offenders.
~I should think the smell of her breath must act as a deterrent to any man.
Law-abiding citizens
Innocent citizens
Spell in prison
A period of time in prison
The threat of another spell in prison can be a suitable deterrent
To be released
Let loose on the street
To establish a more severe system of punishment
sakhtar
Repellent
زننده
The idea of beating or executing s.o is repellent
Deprived areas
Governmnts should spend taxpayer’s money into supporting deprived areas which are the breeding grounds for crime.
To be called out
The policeofficer has been called out to deal with an incident
Restrain
- To prevent
I could hardly restrain my laughter. - To limit the growth or force of something
Politicians are reluctant to restrain spending.
De-escalate
become less intense
incidence of crime
بروز جرم و جنایت
an increased incidence of cancer near nuclear power stations
There’s been an increased incidence of cancer in the area.
Reluctant
not willing to do something and therefore slow to do it:
I was having such a good time I was reluctant to leave.
Social misfit
A person who is not able to live or work happily with others
Violent thugs
اراذل و اوباش خشونت آمیز
Meagre
very small or not enough, negligible
a meagre salary
The prisoners existed on a meagre diet.
Wicked society
Corrupt society
Memoirs
a written record of a person’s knowledge of events or of a person’s own experiences:
She wrote a memoir about her years as a war correspondent.
He’s writing his memoirs (= the story of his life).
Hardened criminal
having developed a way of dealing with bad experiences so that they no longer upset you :
The judge called him a hardened criminal (= one who will not stop his criminal activity).
Cosseted
to give a lot of attention to making someone comfortable and to protecting them from anything unpleasant:
Children sometimes need to be cosseted.
Cold-blooded
Cold-blooded prisoner
Ponder (about)
to consider something carefully for a long time:
[ T ] She ponders the reaction she’ll receive.
[ I ] The back porch is a quiet place where I can ponder.
To mowed down
to kill in large numbers
Villian
Adame sharoor
The wave of genocide/ ethnic-cleansing
Extremists have been held responsible for a wave of genocide in Poland
Dissidents
Refugees
Dissidents who have escaped Yemen asked for asylum in the us
Discrimination/ prejudice/ intimidation
Members of opposition have accused the government of racial discrimination.
Pestered
to behave in an annoying manner towards someone by doing or asking for something repeatedly:
~At the frontier, there were people pestering tourists for cigarettes, food, or alcohol.
~John has been pestering her to go out with him all month.
Demonstration
- an event in which a group of people march or stand together to show that they disagree with or support something or someone:
Students staged a protest demonstration in the school gym. - a way of expressing a feeling or quality:
a demonstration of friendship - the act of showing someone how to do something or how something works:
[ C ] Let me give you a demonstration of how the camera works.
Abolition
He fought for the abolition of the death penalty in Britain.
the abolition of slavery
the official ending of matches activity or custom
US history Abolition also means the official end to slavery in the US, which took place in 1863.
Abolition of capital punishment
it is contrary to basic human principles outlined in the UN
Squatter
a person who lives in an empty building or area of land without the permission of the owner
Police evicted squatters
Diminish racial prejudice
In Some countries racial prejudice is acute(shadid)
Brute force
Very cruel
They had to use brute force to knock down the door.
Looting
the activity of stealing from shops during a violent event:
There were reports of widespread looting
Pillage/ غارت
To steal something from a place or a person by using violence, esp. during war:
[ T ] Rioters pillaged and set fire to downtown buildings.
Despair
Disappointment
Don’t despair – things will improve.
He began to despair of ever finding a job.
Sheer
1. Complete/ Extreme The sheer size of the engine makes it difficult to transport. Sheer horror 2. Steep a sheer mountain side a sheer drop of 100 metres 3. Thin sheer nylon tights She wore a dress of the sheerest silk.
Tedious
boring and tiring, esp. because long or often repeated:
tedious work/tasks
Learning a new computer program can be a tedious process.
Despise
to feel a strong dislike for someone or something that you think is bad or worthless:
He adored his daughter, but despised his son.
Slum
a very poor and crowded area of a city:
She works with children in a rough New Jersey slum.
Well-directed effort
In a well-directed effort, it would not be impossible to fulfill the ideals of a stable program.
Genuine
Real
Contemplate
To look thoughtfully at
Before we can beging to contemplate peaceful co-existence between races, we must appreciate each other’s problems.
Painstakingly
Carefully
Knowledge is the necessary prerequisite to wisdom
NIIIIce
Sap
To gradually weaken someone’s strength:
Depression can sap the energy and self-esteem from an individual.
Taking its toll
Causing suffering, harm or damage
Redundancies
Jobs which will stop existing
The world of work is rarely stress-free
There is fresh evidence of the impact that the tough economic climate is having on employees
Stress-related absence
A rise in employee absence caused by stress
Poor economic situation affecting the workplace
Job-for-life
Stress-related issues at work
The economic problems are mainly to blame
One cause of long-term workplace absence
Are concerns over job security
