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IELTS > Crime, Tension&Stress in Society > Flashcards

Crime, Tension&Stress in Society Flashcards

1
Q

Judge

A

A person appointed to make legal decisions in a court of law

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2
Q

Defendant

A

A person who is accused of doing sth illegal

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3
Q

Offender

A

A person who commits an offense against the law

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4
Q

defence/prosecution lawyer

A

The family hired a prominent defense lawyer.

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5
Q 
~ Trial lawyer 
~a civil lawyer
~corporate Lawyer
~government lawyer 
~bankruptcy lawyer
~divorce lawyer
~tax lawyer
A

He is a trial lawyer specializing in industrial injuries cases

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6
Q

consult/hire/appoint a lawyer

A

I will consult a lawyer for my immigration case

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7
Q

a lawyer defends/represents/sues sb/sth

A

A lawyer representing the firms said they would ask the court to disqualify the government’s witness.

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8
Q

Barrister

A

Argue a case in both higher and lower courts

Why the barrister should have betrayed his client is not clear.

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9
Q

Solicitor

A

Represent people in lower courts.

a firm of solicitors
You should lodge a copy of the letter with your solicitor.
Her will was drawn up by a solicitor and witnessed by two colleagues.

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10
Q

Lodge

A

To formally make a complaint to an official:
~To lodge a complaint/protest
~My lawyers advised me to lodge a formal complaint.

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11
Q

Law-abiding

A

S.O who obeys the law

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12
Q

Committed a serious crime

A

He was formally charged with the crime

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13
Q

To appear in court

A

The trial

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14
Q

To plead

A

To make an urgent request

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15
Q

To acquit

A

He was innocent and asked the court to acquit him

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16
Q

Parole

A

Probationعفو مشروط
~A life sentence without parole
~He was paroled after serving ten years.

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17
Q

To sentence s.o

A

The judge sentenced him to two years in prison

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18
Q

Overwhelming

A

very great or strong
~The evidence against him was so overwhelming
~An overwhelming majority voted in favor of the proposal.

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19
Q

Verdict/ حکم

A
  1. A decision by a jury as to whether someone is guilty after having heard the facts given at a trial:
    ~The jury reached/returned a verdict of not guilty after six hours of deliberation.
    ​~ The jury returned a guilty verdict.
  2. A verdict is also any judgment or opinion given after considering the facts of a situation:
    ~City planners think it’s a good idea to ban traffic from downtown streets, but the public’s verdict is that it’s a stupid idea.
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20
Q

Rehabilitate

A

Reform
The aim is to rehabilitate the prisoners so that they can lead productive lives when they are released.
That builder rehabilitates older housing which he then sells for a profit.

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21
Q

Misdeed

A

Misbehaviour, crime

After his release, he continued with his misdeed

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22
Q

Retribution

A

Punishment
~Severe retribution
~Cosiety’s retribution

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23
Q

custodial sentence

A

حکم زندانI

Instead of passing a custodial sentence, he fined him a lot of money and ordered him to do community service.

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24
Q

Lenient

A

not as severe or strong in punishment or judgment as would be expected:
Some felt that five years in prison was lenient, considering the suffering he had caused.

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25
Q

leniency

A

The defense lawyer asked for leniency for her young client.

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26
Q

leniently

A

He said senior officials caught in ethical lapses were treated more leniently than junior employees.

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27
Q

Reinstatement

A

the act of bringing back something that was previously removed or stopped:
The reinstatement of trading restrictions was condemned in the financial press.

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28
Q

Corporal punishment

A

Physical punishment
Corporal punishment of any kind is rare.
Corporal punishment, except for the gravest offences, is abolished.

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29
Q

Heinous crimes

Mutilation

A

جنایات فجیع
قطع عضو
Fines, corporal punishment, and in the case of heinous crimes, mutilation and death are their penalties.

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30
Q

Capital punishment

A

Capital punishment has been abolished in some countries, likewise torture, confiscation, corporal punishment.

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31
Q

Confiscation

A

مصادره
To officially take private property away from someone, usually by legal authority:
Customs agents confiscated her bags.
Our investigation resulted in the confiscation of $227,000 in pirated material.

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32
Q

Abolish

A

To put an end to something, such as an organization, rule, or custom:
Massachusetts voters abolished rent control.
The government is planning to abolish subsidies to farmers.

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33
Q

Deterrent

A

Something that deters people from doing something:
a nuclear deterrent
~Tougher prison sentences may act/serve as a deterrent to other would-be offenders.
~I should think the smell of her breath must act as a deterrent to any man.

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34
Q

Law-abiding citizens

A

Innocent citizens

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35
Q

Spell in prison

A

A period of time in prison

The threat of another spell in prison can be a suitable deterrent

36
Q

To be released

A

Let loose on the street

37
Q

To establish a more severe system of punishment

A

sakhtar

38
Q

Repellent

A

زننده

The idea of beating or executing s.o is repellent

39
Q

Deprived areas

A

Governmnts should spend taxpayer’s money into supporting deprived areas which are the breeding grounds for crime.

40
Q

To be called out

A

The policeofficer has been called out to deal with an incident

41
Q

Restrain

A
  1. To prevent
    I could hardly restrain my laughter.
  2. To limit the growth or force of something
    Politicians are reluctant to restrain spending.
42
Q

De-escalate

A

become less intense

43
Q

incidence of crime

A

بروز جرم و جنایت
an increased incidence of cancer near nuclear power stations
There’s been an increased incidence of cancer in the area.

44
Q

Reluctant

A

not willing to do something and therefore slow to do it:

I was having such a good time I was reluctant to leave.

45
Q

Social misfit

A

A person who is not able to live or work happily with others

46
Q

Violent thugs

A

اراذل و اوباش خشونت آمیز

47
Q

Meagre

A

very small or not enough, negligible
a meagre salary
The prisoners existed on a meagre diet.

48
Q

Wicked society

A

Corrupt society

49
Q

Memoirs

A

a written record of a person’s knowledge of events or of a person’s own experiences:
She wrote a memoir about her years as a war correspondent.
He’s writing his memoirs (= the story of his life).

50
Q

Hardened criminal

A

having developed a way of dealing with bad experiences so that they no longer upset you :
The judge called him a hardened criminal (= one who will not stop his criminal activity).

51
Q

Cosseted

A

to give a lot of attention to making someone comfortable and to protecting them from anything unpleasant:
Children sometimes need to be cosseted.

52
Q

Cold-blooded

A

Cold-blooded prisoner

53
Q

Ponder (about)

A

to consider something carefully for a long time:
[ T ] She ponders the reaction she’ll receive.
[ I ] The back porch is a quiet place where I can ponder.

54
Q

To mowed down

A

to kill in large numbers

55
Q

Villian

A

Adame sharoor

56
Q

The wave of genocide/ ethnic-cleansing

A

Extremists have been held responsible for a wave of genocide in Poland

57
Q

Dissidents

A

Refugees

Dissidents who have escaped Yemen asked for asylum in the us

58
Q

Discrimination/ prejudice/ intimidation

A

Members of opposition have accused the government of racial discrimination.

59
Q

Pestered

A

to behave in an annoying manner towards someone by doing or asking for something repeatedly:
~At the frontier, there were people pestering tourists for cigarettes, food, or alcohol.
~John has been pestering her to go out with him all month.

60
Q

Demonstration

A
  1. an event in which a group of people march or stand together to show that they disagree with or support something or someone:
    Students staged a protest demonstration in the school gym.
  2. a way of expressing a feeling or quality:
    a demonstration of friendship
  3. the act of showing someone how to do something or how something works:
    [ C ] Let me give you a demonstration of how the camera works.
61
Q

Abolition

He fought for the abolition of the death penalty in Britain.
the abolition of slavery

A

the official ending of matches activity or custom
​
US history Abolition also means the official end to slavery in the US, which took place in 1863.

62
Q

Abolition of capital punishment

A

it is contrary to basic human principles outlined in the UN

63
Q

Squatter

A

a person who lives in an empty building or area of land without the permission of the owner

Police evicted squatters

64
Q

Diminish racial prejudice

A

In Some countries racial prejudice is acute(shadid)

65
Q

Brute force

A

Very cruel

They had to use brute force to knock down the door.

66
Q

Looting

A

the activity of stealing from shops during a violent event:

There were reports of widespread looting

67
Q

Pillage/ غارت

A

To steal something from a place or a person by using violence, esp. during war:
[ T ] Rioters pillaged and set fire to downtown buildings.

68
Q

Despair

A

Disappointment
Don’t despair – things will improve.
He began to despair of ever finding a job.

69
Q

Sheer

A 
1. Complete/ Extreme
The sheer size of the engine makes it difficult to transport.
Sheer horror
2. Steep
a sheer mountain side
a sheer drop of 100 metres
3. Thin
sheer nylon tights
She wore a dress of the sheerest silk.
70
Q

Tedious

A

boring and tiring, esp. because long or often repeated:
tedious work/tasks
Learning a new computer program can be a tedious process.

71
Q

Despise

A

to feel a strong dislike for someone or something that you think is bad or worthless:
He adored his daughter, but despised his son.

72
Q

Slum

A

a very poor and crowded area of a city:

She works with children in a rough New Jersey slum.

73
Q

Well-directed effort

A

In a well-directed effort, it would not be impossible to fulfill the ideals of a stable program.

74
Q

Genuine

A

Real

75
Q

Contemplate

A

To look thoughtfully at

Before we can beging to contemplate peaceful co-existence between races, we must appreciate each other’s problems.

76
Q

Painstakingly

A

Carefully

77
Q

Knowledge is the necessary prerequisite to wisdom

A

NIIIIce

78
Q

Sap

A

To gradually weaken someone’s strength:

Depression can sap the energy and self-esteem from an individual.

79
Q

Taking its toll

A

Causing suffering, harm or damage

80
Q

Redundancies

A

Jobs which will stop existing

81
Q

The world of work is rarely stress-free

A

There is fresh evidence of the impact that the tough economic climate is having on employees

82
Q

Stress-related absence

A

A rise in employee absence caused by stress

83
Q

Poor economic situation affecting the workplace

A

Job-for-life

84
Q

Stress-related issues at work

A

The economic problems are mainly to blame

85
Q

One cause of long-term workplace absence

A

Are concerns over job security

IELTS (18 decks)

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