Cow Infertility Flashcards
What are the 4 stages of reproductive failure?
Failure to ovulate
Failure of fertilization
Embryonic Death
Fetal Death
How would you approach a diagnostic work-up for infertility in cattle?
- Rule out the Male (BSE)
- History/Problem: Determine Herd vs Individual (Estrus detection, female not preg, heat after thought preg, prolonged calving season) (records/timing/sperm handling) - what vaccine, percent effected, signs, husbandry, time of year, stressors
3.
What are some common infectious causes of infertility?
Campylobacter, Tritrichomnais, Nephroum Cainis, Bovine Herpes Virus, Mycoplasma, Leptospirosis, Histophius somnus, BVD
What are some common non-infectious causes of infertility?
BCS, Nutrition, stress, heat, vitamin and mineral deficiency, congenital defect (free martin), age, parity, breed, BCS, Season, bull issue, freemartins, cysts, pseudohermaphrodites
Terminology:
Infertility:
Early Embryonic Death:
Late Embryonic Death:
Fetal Death/Abortion
Still Born:
Infertility: failure of fertilization (normal cycle)
Early Embryonic Death: <16 days (normal ccyle) (Just looks like infertility)
>16 d abnormal cycle
Late Embryonic Death: 30-42 (abnormal cycle)
Abortion: 40 days and up
Still Birth - never took its 1st breath
When is maternal recognition of pregnancy?
15-17 days
What is the “im pregnant” signal
Interferon tau
When do over 80% of embryonic deaths occur?
Early embryonic Loss (before day 17) - look like infertility
Why do we palpate around 30 days, then recheck at 60 and then let it be after? Why arent we worried they loose the baby?
<6% repro failures occur after 1st month of gestation
Why do high lactating dairy cows struggle to get pregnant again?
Low progesterone levels (loose most at day 1-7)
What does calving distribution look like when it is a female issue?
Low initial pregnancy, continues low and have high percent open at end
What are the goals for the following parameters?
Days open:
Calving interval
Days to 1st service
Conception 1st service
Heat detection:
Repro culls:
Abortion
Days open: 115
Calving interval 13 months
Days to 1st service 75
Conception 1st service 55%
Heat detection: 70%
Repro culls: <8%
Abortion <5%
What is a “repeat breeder”?
Any cow that has not conceived after 3 or more services
What secondary disease does trichomoniasis cause?
Post-coital pyometra
What causes the EED in campylobacteriosis?
Local Inflammation
With an infection of mycoplasma what is the cause of infertility?
Reluctance to breed, prevention from embryo implanting
If breeds can pass to the male
Is mycoplasma a treatable venereal disease?
Yes, antibiotics
What are some clinical signs of Bovine Herpes Virus? How is it treated?
Male: Infectious balanoposthitis
Female: pustular vulvovaginitis, endometritis and oophoritis
Spontaneous recovery 2 weeks
Which Leptospirosis serovar is associated with infertility? Do all vaccines cover it?
Hardjo (cow Maintenace host)
NO
How do you diagnose lepto?
Serology on dam, abortions, urine PCR
What’s the treatment for lepto?
Antibiotics, vax
How does Histophilus somnus cause infertility?
Attachment to zona pellucida of intact embryo
Describe Endometritis
Inflammation of endometrium
-After parturition, copulation, AI
Not usually systemic
Decreased 1st service preg
Diagnose: palpation, culture, cytology - >18% neutrophils (20-33d postpartum)
Treat: time and antibiotics
When a cow has infection of BVD at breeding what occurs?
Decrease conception rate and embryonic loss
Describe Pyometra
Voluminous intraluminal fluuid of medium echogenisity, persistent CL
30 day preg check
TX Prostaglandin and time
occur due to dystocia or AI trauma
Retained fetus
Mucometra or Hydrometra
Accumulation sterile anechoic fluid in uterine lumen
Not associated with pregnancy
-Complete hymen or tubal blockage in heifer, cervical trauma dystocia
-Diary goats
What type of cancer likes the uterus?
Lymphosarcoma (BLV)
What causes and ovarian cyst?
Persistent anovulatory follicular structure (lack LH surge when reach right size)
Treat with GNRH or CIDR
What is an environmental cause of infertiltiy?
Heat stress (Hard to detect estrus)
What are some toxins that contribute?
Phytoestrogens, endophyte- infected tall fescue
Which vitamins and mineral deficiencies contribute to infertility?
Cobalt, copper, iodine, manganese, phosphorus, selenium and molybdenum
What is a condition cause by heterosexual twins and what hormone is the female exposed to that causes her to develop her repro tract?
Free Martin
Antimullerian Hormone
What is white heifer disease?
Segmental aplasia of paramesonephric ducts (shorthorns)
