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IGCSE Biology > Coordinataion CH13 > Flashcards

Coordinataion CH13 Flashcards

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1
Q

Define stimuli

A

Changes in an organisms environment are called stimuli

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2
Q

What are stimuli sensed by?

A

Receptors

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3
Q

How does the organism respond?

A

With Effectors

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4
Q

Define Coordination

A

Coordination is the way in which receptors pick up stimuli and then passes informatoin on to effectors

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5
Q

Describe the Nervous System

A

Fastest way of sending information from receptors to effectors. Nerves make up the nervous system

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6
Q

Describe the Endocrine Sysyem

A

Slower method. Uses chemicals such as hormones to send info from receptors and effectors

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7
Q

What are two types of effectors?

A

Muscles and glands

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8
Q

What is an Axon?

A

An axon is the longest fibre in the neurone

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9
Q

What are dendrites?

A

Dendrites are the shorter fibres in the neurone. These fibres receive signals from other neurones. These signals are called nerve impulses

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10
Q

What is Myelin?

A

myelin is an insulator that is made of fat and protein. It insulates the axon

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11
Q

What are Shwann cells?

A

Shwann cells make up the Myelin Sheath

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12
Q

What are the 2 nervous systems of the nervous system?

A
  1. The central nervous system

2. The peripheral nervous system

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13
Q

Describe the Central Nervous System

A

The CNS is made up of the brain, spinal chord and neurones. When a receptor senses a stimuli it sends an electrical impulse to the brain or spinal chord. The brain or spinal chord send and impulse to the appropriate effector

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14
Q

Describe the Peripheral nervous system

A

The PNS is made up of receptors and nerves

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15
Q

Describe a reflex arc

A

The pathway along which the nerve impulse passes - The sensory neuron - rely neuron - motor neuron.

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16
Q

What is a synaps?

A

A junction between two nerve cells, consisting of a minute gap across which impulses pass by diffusion of a neurotransmitter

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17
Q

How do nerve impulses travel from one neuron to the other?

A

In the vesicles of the axon of the sensory neuron are chemicals called neurotransmitters. When an impulse along the axon of the sensory neuron arrives, it causes the vesicles to move to the membrane and empty their contents ( neurotransmitters). The neurotransmitters diffuse across the synaps and attaches to the receptor molecule of the next neuron

18
Q

What is the purpose of a synaps?

A

Synapses ensure that nerve impulses only travel in one direction

19
Q

What is the part of the eye that contains receptor cells?

A

The Retina

20
Q

How do we see images?

A

When light falls on the retina it sends an electrical impulse along the optic nerve to the brain which is interpreted as an image

21
Q

What is the Fovea?

A

The part of the retina where the receptor cells are packed most closely together. This is the part of the retina where light is focused when you look straight at an object

22
Q

What is the Blind Spot?

A

Where there are no receptors at the front of the optic nerve. If light falls here no image will be scene. No impulses will be sent to the brain via the optic nerve.

23
Q

What are the 2 kinds of receptor cells?

A

Rods and cones. Rods helps to see shades og gray and white. Cones helps to see colour.

24
Q

What 3 colours can cones sense?

A

Red
Green
Blue

25
Q

Describe the iris reflex

A

In bright light, the circular muscles in the iris contract, making the pupil smaller
in dim light, the radial muscles in the iris contract, making the pupil bigger

26
Q

What part of the eye is responsible for refracting light?

A

The cornea

27
Q

Describe how much bending the light need in :

  1. Objects in distance
  2. Objects nearby
A

For objects in the distance, light will not need much bending.
For objects nearby, the light is bend inwards quite strongly

28
Q

What is Accomidation?

A

Accomidation is the adjustment in the shape of the lens, to focus light coming from different distances

29
Q

Describe the accomidation for distant objects

A
  1. The cillary muscles relax
  2. The suspensory ligaments are pulled tight
  3. The lens is pulled thin
30
Q

Describe the accomidation for nearby objects

A
  1. The cillary muscles contract
  2. The suspensory ligaments are slackened
  3. The lens is allowed to bulge
31
Q

Where are the adrenal glands and what hormone to they secrete?

A

The adrenal glands are at the top of the kidneys and they secrete the hormone Adrenaline

32
Q

What is a hormone?

A

A hormone is a chemical substance produced by a gland, carried by the blood, which alters the activity of one or more specific target organs

33
Q

What does Adrenaline do?

A

Adrenaline prepares the body for a vigourous action. It causes the liver to release glucose into the blood

34
Q

What is a tropism?

A

A tropism is a growth response by a plant, in which the direction of the growth is affected by the direction of the stimulis

35
Q

What is a gravitropism or a geotropism?

A

A response in which a plant grows towards or away from gravity

36
Q

What is a phototropism?

A

A response in which the plant grows away or towards the direction of light

37
Q

Where are the receptors and effectors in a plant?

A

The sensitive region of a plant is the tip of the shoot. This is where the receptor is. The effector is just below the tip

38
Q

How does the hormone Auxin affect the growth rate of a plant?

A

The more auxin there is the faster the plant will grow

39
Q

Describe how a plant grows in even light

A

In even light, the auxin made in the tip diffuses evenly down the shoot. The shoot grows up straight

40
Q

Describe how a plant grown in uneven light

A

In uneven light, Auxin concentrates on the shady side of the plant. This causes the shady side to grow faster than the light side so the shoot bends towards the ligh

41
Q

Describe how a plant becomes etiolated and the features of an etiolated plant

A

Seedling that grow in the dark are very pale. tall and thin. Chloroplasts do not develop properly in the darkness. Plants without light grow very tall (as auxin is distributed evenly) and thin and have small leaves. Plants like this are said to be etiolated

IGCSE Biology (13 decks)

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