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602 Exam 3 > Control of Motor Function > Flashcards

Control of Motor Function Flashcards

1
Q

Define cortical initiation of motion

A

regulation of complex movements; rhythmic movements & central pattern generators

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2
Q

What are the direct activation (voluntary) pathways?

A

Corticospinal tract for non-head & corticobulbar pathway for head

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3
Q

Describe the corticospinal tract. Where do the axons decussate?

A
  • for non-head
  • (UMN) motor cortex (medial) → (LMN) spinal cord ventral horn
  • decussate in the medulla at the pyramids
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4
Q

Define myotomse

A

areas of muscle are innervated by a particular spinal nerve root in a pattern analogous to sensory innervation in dermatomes. Thus, motor innervation maps to the motor homunculus in the cortex

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5
Q

Motor neurons innervate in ___ for head or ___ for non-head & go out through spinal nerves to appropriate myotomes

A

brainstem
spinal cord ventral motor neurons

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6
Q

Most of your motor control is in your

A

Hands

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7
Q

Describe the corticobulbar pathway

A
  • for head
  • Each side of the motor cortex innervates the motor nuclei on BOTH sides of the midline
  • (UMN) motor cortex (lateral) → (LMN) brain stem, cranial nerve, motor nuclei
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8
Q

Face above eyebrows is ___ innervated; eyebrows & below are only___ innervated

A

bilaterally
contralaterally

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9
Q

What is the indirect activation (involuntary) pathway?

A

Extrapyramidal tract (nonhead)

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10
Q

Describe the extrapyramidal tract

A
  • involved w/ posture & balance
  • Upper motor neurons are in brainstem
  • Axons travel down ipsilateral medial white matter on ventral side of spinal cord to innervate ventral lower motor neurons bilaterally
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11
Q

___ pathway can override the ___ pathway

A

direct activation
indirect

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12
Q

___ coordinates order of muscle contraction

A

Basal ganglia

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13
Q

5 Basal ganglia we need to remember

A

Caudate nucleus
Putamen
Globus pallidus
Amygdala
Substantia nigra

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14
Q

The subcortical nuclei of the basal ganglia are in

A

forebrain (deep cerebrum) & midbrain

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15
Q

___ controls timing of contractions as the motor act is executed to coordinate muscles across multiple joints: fine motor control in response to sensory input

A

Cerebellum

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16
Q

The cerebellum uses sensory input to modify movements according to ___

A

environment

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17
Q

The cerebellum acts in response to

A

Proprioceptive input

18
Q

Define central pattern generators

A

Neural connections in local CNS that control fictive (rhythmic) movements w/o conscious command
- also called “black box” of neurons

19
Q

___ can override reflex & say to stop chewing

A

Cortex

20
Q

For walking, ___ & ___ input from the ground modifies stepping direction, speed & force

A

proprioceptive & mechanoreceptive

21
Q

2 examples of central pattern generators. Where is there CPG located?

A
  • Chewing cycle - CPG in brainstem at the Obex
  • Walking - CPG in the spinal cord
22
Q

Trauma to ___ or their axons causes loss of function

A

motor neurons

23
Q

What happens if you have an upper motor neuron lesion?

A
  • Spastic paralysis
  • Moderate muscle atrophy
  • exaggerated reflexes
24
Q

What happens if you have a lower motor neuron lesion?

A
  • Flaccid paralysis
  • No movement (reflex or voluntary)
25
Q

Position of a lesion within a tract determines

A

which side of the body will be affected

26
Q

What is multiple sclerosis caused by? What happens? Can it be healed?

A
  • Caused by autoimmune destruction of CNS myelin
  • Starts w/ motor function loss, both corticospinal & extrapyramidal
  • Somatosensory & autonomic involvement w/ progression
  • Can’t be healed
27
Q

What is amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (Lou Gehrig’s Disease)? Death is caused by what? ___% of cases are hertiable?

A
  • Progressive upper & lower motor neuron degeneration in brain & spinal cord
  • Loss of voluntary control, progressing to loss of autonomic motor control
  • Death usually from respiratory failure
  • Mostly sporadic, but 5-10% of cases are heritable
28
Q

What causes parkinson’s disease? What does it result in?

A
  • Degeneration of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra
  • Loss of motor function, characterized by tremors at rest
29
Q

What does cerebellar ataxia result in? What are deficits caused by?

A
  • Loss of coordination in movements (Loss of balance, coordination of eye & arm movements)
  • “zombie walk”
  • Intention tremors
  • Deficits caused by a lesion are ipsilateral to site of lesion
30
Q

What is Huntington’s Chorea caused by? What does it result in?

A
  • Caused by mutations in HTT gene (autosomal dominant inheritance)
  • Characterized by uncoordinated, jerky movements & spasms, often involuntary & appearing as restlessness
31
Q

What is Tardive Dyskensia caused by? What does it result in?

A
  • Caused by certain antipsychotic medications
  • Characterized by repetitive, involuntary movements, especially the face (Ex: tongue movements, eye blinking)
32
Q

Function of frontal lobe

A

Execute functions, thinking, planning, organizing, & problem solving, emotions & behavioral control, personality

33
Q

Function of motor cortex

A

Movement
- Brodmann area 4

34
Q

Function of sensory cortex

A

Sensation

35
Q

Function of parietal lobe

A

Perception, making sense of the world, arithmetic, spelling

36
Q

Function of occipital lobe

A

Vision

37
Q

The primary motor cortex contains UMNs or LMNs for voluntary or involuntary movements

A

UMNs for voluntary movements

38
Q

The brainstem in the CNS contains UMN for involuntary movements & LMN for head or non head voluntary movements

A

Head

39
Q

The spinal cord contains UMNs or LMNs for head or non-head

A

LMNs for non-head

40
Q

Which cranial nerve is the only one that doesn’t decussate?

A

CN XI

41
Q

Function of the temporal lobe

A

Memory, understanding, & language

602 Exam 3 (11 decks)

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