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Modern history > Constitutional, Administrative and Judicial 563 Developments > Flashcards

Constitutional, Administrative and Judicial 563 Developments Flashcards

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1
Q

brought about the British government’s involvement in Indian affairs in the effort to control and regulate the functioning of the East India Company.

A

The Regulating Act of 1773

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2
Q

introduced the element of centralised

administration.

A

The Regulating Act of 1773

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3
Q

Thus for the first time, the British cabinet was given the right to exercisecontrol over Indian affairs

A

The Regulating Act of 1773

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4
Q

Bengal, the administration was to be carried out

by governor-general

A

The Regulating Act of 1773

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5
Q

A Supreme Court of judicature was to be established

in Bengal

A

The Regulating Act of 1773

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6
Q

The jurisdiction of the Supreme Court was defined—within Calcutta, it was to administer the
personal law of the defendant

A

Amendments (1781 toThe Regulating Act of 1773

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7
Q

the Company became a subordinate department of the State

A

Pitt’s India Act of 1784

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8
Q

The Company’s territories in India were termed ‘British

possessions

A

Pitt’s India Act of 1784

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9
Q

A Board of Control consisting of the chancellor of exchequer, a secretary of state and four
members of the Privy Council

A

Pitt’s India Act of 1784

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10
Q

a dual system of control was set up.

A

Pitt’s India Act of 1784

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11
Q

the presidencies of Bombay and Madras were made subordinate to the governor-general.

A

Pitt’s India Act of 1784

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12
Q

A general prohibition was placed on aggressive wars

and treaties

A

Pitt’s India Act of 1784

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13
Q

the powers of both the governor-general and the commander-in-chief

A

The Act of 1786

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14
Q

allowed to override the council’s

decision if he owned the responsibili

A

Cornwallis through The Act of 1786

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15
Q

The royal approval was mandated for the appointment

of the governor-general, the governors, and the commanderin-chief.

A

The Charter Act of 1793

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16
Q

The licences, known as ‘privilege’ or ‘country trade’,

paved the way for shipments of opium to China.

A

The Charter Act of 1793

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17
Q

The revenue administration was separated from the

judiciary functions and this led to disappearing of the Maal Adalats

A

The Charter Act of 1793

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18
Q

The Home Government members were to be paid out

of Indian revenues

A

The Charter Act of 1793

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19
Q

The Company’s monopoly over trade in India ended,

but the Company retained the trade with China and the trade in tea.

A

The Charter Act of 1813

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20
Q

The Company’s shareholders were given a 10.5 per

cent dividend

A

The Charter Act of 1813

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21
Q

the constitutional position of the British territories in India was defined explicitly for the first time

A

The Charter Act of 1813

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22
Q

A sum of one lakh rupees was to be set aside for

the revival, promotion and encouragement of education

A

The Charter Act of 1813

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23
Q

The regulations made by the Councils of Madras,

Bombay and Calcutta were now required to be laid before the British Parliament

A

The Charter Act of 1813

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24
Q

Separate accounts were to be kept regarding

commercial transactions and territorial revenues

A

The Charter Act of 1813

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25
Q

Christian missionaries were also permitted to come

to India and preach their religion

A

The Charter Act of 1813

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26
Q

The Company’s monopoly over trade with China and

in tea also ended

A

The Charter Act of 1833

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27
Q

All restrictions on European immigration and the

acquisition of property in India were lifted

A

The Charter Act of 1833

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28
Q

Bengal, Madras, Bombay and all other territories

were placed under complete control of the governor-general

A

The Charter Act of 1833

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29
Q

The governor-general was given the power to superintend, control and direct all civil and military affairs of the Company

A

The Charter Act of 1833

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30
Q

A law member was added to the governor-general’s

council

A

The Charter Act of 1833

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31
Q

No Indian citizen was to be denied employment under

the Company on the basis of religion, colour, birth, descent

A

The Charter Act of 1833

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32
Q

take steps to ameliorate the conditions of slaves and to ultimately abolish slavery

A

The Charter Act of 1833

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33
Q

The strength of the Court of Directors was reduced

A

The Charter Act of 1853

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34
Q

the services were now thrown open to a competitive

examination

A

The Charter Act of 1853

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35
Q

The law member became the full member of the

governor-general’s executive council.

A

The Charter Act of 1853

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36
Q

Local representation was introduced in the Indian

legislature.

A

The Charter Act of 1853

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37
Q

For the first time, the legislative and executive functions of the Governor-General’s council were separated.

A

The Charter Act of 1853

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38
Q

India was to be governed by and in the name of the

Crown through a secretary of state and a council of 15.

A

The Act for Better Government of India,

1858

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39
Q

Thus, the dual system introduced by the Pitt’s India Act came to an end.)

A

The Act for Better Government of India,

1858

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40
Q

Governor-general became the viceroy

A

The Act for Better Government of India,

1858

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41
Q

marked an advance in that the principle
of representatives of non-officials in legislative bodies
became accepted

A

Indian Councils Act, 1861

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42
Q

Law-making was thus no longer seen as the exclusive business of the executive

A

Indian Councils Act, 1861

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43
Q

portfolio system introduced by Lord Canning laid

the foundations of cabinet government in India

A

Indian Councils Act, 1861

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44
Q

laid the foundations of legislative devolution

A

Indian Councils Act, 1861

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45
Q

Thus was introduced the principle of representation The universities, district boards, municipalities,
zamindars, trade bodies and chambers of commerce werem empowered to recommend members to the provincial councils

A

Indian Councils Act, 1892

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46
Q

element of indirect election

A

Indian Councils Act, 1892

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47
Q

first attempt to bring in a representative and

popular element in the governance of the country.

A

Indian Councils Act, 1909

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48
Q

Indian member was taken for the first time in the Executive Council of the Governor-General

A

Indian Councils Act, 1909

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49
Q

was the first Indian to join the Governor-General’s—or Viceroy’ Executive Council, as law member

A

(Satyendra Prasad Sinha

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50
Q

The introduction of separate electorates for Muslims

created new problems

A

Indian Councils Act, 1909

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51
Q

the Indian Legislative Council at the Centre was replaced by a bicameral system

A

Government of India Act, 1919

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52
Q

direct election was introduced, though the franchise was much restricted being based on qualifications of property, tax or education

A

Government of India Act, 1919

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53
Q

The Act introduced dyarchy in the provinces

A

Government of India Act, 1919

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54
Q

separate electorates for Sikhs, Christians and

Anglo-Indians,

A

Government of India Act, 1919

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55
Q

The Act separated for the first time the provincial

and central budgets

A

Government of India Act, 1919

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56
Q

High Commissioner for India was appointed

A

Government of India Act, 1919

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57
Q

The Secretary of State for India paid by the British

Exchequer, thus undoing an injustice in the Charter Act of 1793.

A

Government of India Act, 1919

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58
Q

had provided that a Royal Commission would

be appointed ten years after the Act to report on its working

A

Government of India Act, 1919

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59
Q

joint committee of the Houses of the British Parliament was set up for a federal set-up and provincial autonomy. under

A

Lord Linlithgow

60
Q

contemplated the establishment of an All-India Federation

A

Government of India Act, 1935

61
Q

Dyarchy, rejected by the Simon Commission, was

provided for in the Federal Executive

A

Government of India Act, 1935

62
Q

The Council of States (the Upper House) was to

be a permanent body

A

Government of India Act, 1935

63
Q

There were to be three subjectlists—

t

A

Government of India Act, 1935

64
Q

There was a provision for joint sitting in cases of

deadlock between the houses

A

Government of India Act, 1935

65
Q

Dyarchy in the provinces was abolished and provinces were given autonomy

A

Government of India Act, 1935

66
Q

Provincial governments could borrow

money on their own security

A

Government of India Act, 1935

67
Q

Bicameral legislatures were provided in the six provinces of Madras, Bombay, Bengal, United Provinces, Bihar and Assam

A

Government of India Act, 1935

68
Q

extended to depressed classes,

women and labou

A

Government of India Act, 1935

69
Q

The Act also provided for a Federal Court settle inter-state disputes

A

Government of India Act, 1935

70
Q

The India Council of the Secretary of State was

abolished.

A

Government of India Act, 1935

71
Q

Act was an endeavour to give India a written

constitution,

A

Government of India Act, 1935

72
Q

Provinces derived their power and authority directly

from the British Crown

A

Government of India Act, 1935

73
Q

set up the Fort William College for training of new recruits

A

In 1800, Wellesley

74
Q

was the first to bring into existence and organise the civil services

A

Cornwallis (governor-general, 1786-93)

75
Q

Every native of Hindustan is corrupt.” T

A

Cornwallis (governor-general, 1786-93)

76
Q

Act had reservedall posts worth 500 pounds per annum for the covenanted servants of the Company.

A

The Charter Act of 1793

77
Q

the examination was held in England in English

language, based on classical learning of Greek and Latin

A

Indian Civil Service Act, 1861

78
Q

introduced the Statutory Civil Service consisting of one-sixth of covenanted posts to be filled by Indians of high families through nominations by local governments subject to approval by the secretary of State and the viceroy

A

In 1878-79, Lytton

79
Q

The Aitchison Committee on Public Services (1886),

set up by

A

Dufferin

80
Q

dropping of the terms ‘covenanted’ and

‘uncovenanted’;

A

Aitchison Committee on Public Services

81
Q 
classification of the civil service into Imperial Indian
Civil Service (examination in England), Provincial
Civil Service (examination in India) and Subordinate
Civil Service (examination in India)
A

Aitchison Committee on Public Services

82
Q

raising the age limit to 23.

A

Aitchison Committee on Public Services

83
Q

“It is indispensable that an adequate number of members of civil service shall always be Europeans

A

Kimberley, the secretary of state

84
Q

recommended that one-third of recruitments be made

in India itself

A

Montford Reforms (1919)

85
Q

recommended holding of simultaneous examination

in India and England.

A

Montford Reforms (1919)

86
Q

the recruitments for the transferred fields like
education and civil medical service be made by
provincial governments

A

Lee Commission

87
Q

50:50 parity between the Europeans and the Indians be reached in 15 years;

A

Lee Commission

88
Q

Public Service Commission be immediately

established

A

Government of India Act, 1919)

89
Q

recommended the establishment of a Federal

Public Service Commission and Provincial Public Service Commission under their spheres

A

Government of India Act, 1935

90
Q

faujdars

A

who helped in maintaining law and order

91
Q

amils ,

A

who were basically revenue collectors but had to contend with rebels

92
Q

Kotwal

A

was responsible for maintenance of law

and order in the cities

93
Q

restored the institution of faujdars and asked the zamindars to assist them in suppression of dacoits,

A

Warren Hastings

94
Q

organised a regular police force to

maintain law and order

A

Cornwallis 1791

95
Q

a district under a daroga (an Indian) and a superintendent of police (SP) at the head of a distric

A

Cornwallis 1791

96
Q

He relieved the zamindars of their

police duties

A

Cornwallis 1791

97
Q

appointed an SP for each division helped

by a number of spies (goyendas

A

Mayo 1808

98
Q

the appointment of darogas and their subordinates was abolished in all possessions of the Company except in Bengal

A

By an order of the Court of Directors

99
Q

abolished the office of the SP. The collector/magistrate was now to head the police force in his jurisdiction and the commissioner in each division was to act as the S

A

Bentinck (governor-general, 1828-35

100
Q

were the first to have the duties of collector/magistrate separated

A

Presidency towns

101
Q

system of civil constabulary

A

Police Commission (1860)

102
Q

inspector-general as the head in a province recoomended by

A

Police Commission (1860)

103
Q

presented the guidelines for a police setup

in the province

A

The Police Act, 1861

104
Q

recommended the establishment of CID (Criminal Investigation Department) in the provinces and a Central Intelligence Bureau at the Centre

A

1902 The Police Commission

105
Q

the British should always remember the lessons which were learnt with such terrible experience 30 years ago.

A

Dufferin

106
Q

insisted on the principle of a one-third white army

A

The commissions of 1859 and 1879

107
Q

the proportion of Europeans to Indians was carefully fixed

A

one to two in the Bengal Army and two to five in the Madras and Bombay Armies

108
Q

was visualising a 50% Indianised officer cadre

for 1952!

A

As late as 1926, the Indian Sandhurst

Committee

109
Q

An ideology of ‘martial races’ and ‘non-martial races

A

under Lord Roberts

110
Q

I wish to have a different and rival spirit in different regiments, so that Sikh might fire into Hindu, Gorkha into either, without any scruple in case of need.

A

Charles Wood, the Secretary of State for India,

111
Q

the establishment of ‘Mayor’s Courts’ in Madras, Bombay and Calcutta in 1726 by

A

the East India Company.

112
Q

District Diwani Adalats were established in districts

to try civil disputes under

A

Warren Hastings (1772-1785)

113
Q

Sadar Diwani Adalat which functioned under

a president and two members of the Supreme Council

A

Warren Hastings (1772-1785)

114
Q

District Fauzdari Adalats were set up to try criminal

disputes and were placed under an Indian officer assisted by qazis and muftis

A

Warren Hastings (1772-1785)

115
Q

The approval for capital punishment and

for acquisition of property lay to the Sadar Nizamat Adalat at Murshidabad which was headed by

A

a deputy nizam (an Indian Muslim) assisted by chief qazi and chief mufti

Warren Hastings (1772-1785)

116
Q

Under the Regulating Act of 1773, a Supreme Court

was established at Calcutta which was competent to try

A

all British subjects within Calcutta and the subordinate factories, including Indians and Europeans

117
Q

The District Fauzdari Courts were abolished and,

instead, circuit courts were established at Calcutta, Dacca, Murshidabad and Patna. under

A

Cornwallis (1786-1793)

118
Q

The Sadar Nizamat Adalat was shiftedfrom Musrshidabad to Calcutta and was put under the governor-general

A

under Cornwallis (1786-1793)

119
Q

The District Diwani Adalat was now designated as the

District, City or the Zila Court and placed under a district judge freeing collector of his duty under

A

under Cornwallis (1786-1793)

120
Q

European subjects were also brought under

jurisdiction. under

A

under Cornwallis (1786-1793)

121
Q

Government officials were answerable to the civil

courts for actions done in their official capacity under

A

under Cornwallis (1786-1793)

122
Q

The principle of sovereignty of law was established under

A

under Cornwallis (1786-1793)

123
Q

The four Circuit Courts were abolished and their

functions transferred to collectors under

A

under William Bentinck (1828-1833)

124
Q

Sadar Diwani Adalat and a Sadar Nizamat Adalat were

set up at Allahabad under

A

under William Bentinck (1828-1833)

125
Q

Till now, Persian was the official language in courts.

Now, the suitor had the option to use Persian or a vernacular language, under

A

under William Bentinck (1828-1833)

126
Q

in the Supreme Court, English language

replaced Persian under

A

under William Bentinck (1828-1833)

127
Q

A Law Commission was set up under Macaulay

for codification of Indian laws. under

A

under William Bentinck (1828-1833)

128
Q

transferred the power to govern from the East India Company to the British Crown. under

A

The Act for Better Government of India, 1858

129
Q

a fifth member, who was to be a jurist, was added to viceroy’s executive council under

A

Indian Councils Act, 1861

130
Q

returned the legislative powers

to provinces of Madras and Bombay which had been taken away in 1833 under

A

Indian Councils Act, 1861

131
Q

The presidencies were administrated by a
governor and his executive council of three who were
appointed by the

A

Crown,

132
Q

other provinces were administered by lieutenant governors and chief commissioners appointed by

A

the governor-general

133
Q

The granting of fixed sums out of central revenues for

administration of certain services to provincial governments

A

lord Mayo 1870

134
Q

heads of expenditure like land revenue,

excise, general administration and law and justice were transferred to provinces in 1877 by

A

Lord Lytton

135
Q

provincial government was to receive a fixed share

of the income realised within that province from sources like stamps, excise and income tax under

A

Lord Lytton

136
Q

Financial decentralisation was a legislative devolution

inaugurated by the

A

Indian Councils Act of 1861

137
Q

the beginning of local finance under

A

Lord Mayo

138
Q

Local interest, supervision and care
are necessary for success in the management of the funds devoted to education, sanitation, medical relief and local public works.

A

Lord Mayo

139
Q

The Government of Ripon desired the provincial governmentsto apply in case of local bodies the same principle of financial decentralisation which Lord Mayo’s Government had begun towards them.

A

Lord Ripon

140
Q

father of local self-government in India

A

Lord Ripon

141
Q

village panchayats should be

entrusted with more powers like judicial jurisdiction

A

Royal Commission on Decentralisation 1908

142
Q

the stoppage of regular grants-in-aid from provincial governments except for undertaking large projects.

A

Royal Commission on Decentralisation 1908

143
Q

The resolution suggested that the local bodies be made as representative as possible of the people with real and not nominal authority vested in them

A

The Resolution of May 1918

144
Q

The commission suggested the retrograde step

of increasing provincial control over local bodies

A

The Simon Commission (May 1930

145
Q

the demarcation of taxation between provincial and

local finance which prevailed since the reforms of 1919 was scrapped.

A

The Government of India Act, 1935

146
Q

the liberal policy of granting wide powers
of taxation to local institutions as recommended by the
.

A

Decentralisation Commission (1908)

Modern history (38 decks)

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