Consciousness Flashcards
Defined as increased awareness
Alertness
Important brain structure associated with alertness
Reticular formation and reticular activating system located in brainstem
True or False: Humans are always conscious
False- when we fall asleep we are unconcscious, and there are differing levels of consciousness
State in which a person has lost consciousness, does not make any voluntary motions/movements, does not react to stimuli,
Coma
These waves are high frequency, low amplitude waves and not particuarly rythmic
Beta waves
Waves associated with being awake
Beta
Waves associated with closing your eyes but not being alseep
Alpha waves
Part of sleep where you experience atonia
RM
REM Rebound
Catching up on lost REM sleep, “SLeep Bank”
Which stage of sleep is associated with the aspects displayed in the graph:
Stage 2
Stage of sleep characterized by theta waves and slow eye movement
stage 1
stage of rem associated with no eye motion, slowing of breathing and HR, and K complexes and sleep spindles
Stage 2
Stage of sleep associated with delta waves and memory consolidation
stage 3
Average time for a single sleep cycle in ADULTS
90 minutes
WHich hormones are associated with regulating circadian rythm?
Melatonin from the pineal gland and cortisol from the adrenal cortex
Sleep disorder categorized by cataplexy, abnormal REM, and hypnagogic hallucinations
Narcolepsy
List the dysomnias
Insomnia, Narcolepsy, sleep apnea
List the parasomnias
somnabulism (sleep walking), night terrors (fight or flight response)
You have a dream that you have an exam tomorrow. In your dream, you realize that you havent even started studying for it and are not prepared. What is the manifest content and the latent content of this dream?
Manifest: the fact that you have an exam the next day in your dream
Latent: anxiety about school work, grades, maybe upcoming exams
There are three models to explin dreams. What are they?
Activation synthesis, problem solving theory, cognitive theory
WHich dream model: neurons activate during sleep and synthesize experience
Activation synthesis model
Which Dream Model: dreams are a way of solving problems
problem solving theory
Which dream model: Dreams visualize our cognitive processes
cognitive theory
Inducing a hypersuggestible state, subject may respond normally to most stimuli with effects that may persist afterwards
Hypnosis
True or false: Meditation has been shown to promote beta and theta waves in experienced practitioners.
This statement is false. Meditation has been shown to promote alpha and theta waves in experienced practitioners. Beta waves are associated with alertness and are not promoted during meditation.
Repeatedly engage in activating reward pathways despite adverse outcomes
Addiction
What makes addiction and dependence different?
Dependence you can have withdrawal, addiction there is the added component of negative outcomes
A smoker continues to smoke even after being diagnosed with COPD. This is an example of…
Addiction!
Drug Class: Nicotine
Stimulant
Drug Class: Caffeine
Stimulant
Drug Class: MDMA
Stimulant (molly/ectasy)
Drug Class: Cocaine
Strong stimulant
Drug Class: Amphetamine
Stimulant
Drug type that activates sympathetic NS and increases alertness
Stimulant
Drug type that decreases CNS activity, has physchological and physiological effects, lowers heart rate and BP
Depressant
Drug Class: Ethanol
Depressant
THis drug enhances the action of gaba receptors
Alcohol
What does enhancing the action of gaba receptor do?
Blocking adenosine receptors is a characteristic of what kind of drug?
Stimulants. Adenosine makes you drowsy. Blocking it makes you not. THis is true with caffeine.
THis condition can be marked by anterograde and retrograde amnesia, it is associated with chronic alcoholism, depleted B12, and confabulation (invented memories).
Korsakoff syndrome
What neurotransmitter is associated with benzodiazepenes and barbituarites?
GABA! Inhibitory neurotransmitter gets increased
Was actually developed by researcher but is closley related to morphine
Heroin
Drug class: codeine, fentenyl, oxycontin, hydrocodone
Opiods
Endorphin receptor agonists
Opioids
Distort perception, enhance sensation, promote introspection
Hallinogenics
Drug class: LSD, ketamine, peyote, psilocybin, PCP
hallucinogens
Binds to cannabinoid receptors in the brain
MARYJANEEEE
What is the mesolymbic pathway
THe mesolymbic pathway is the reward pathway. It includes dopminergic neurons nucleus accumbens, ventral tagemntal area, olfactory tubule, medial forebrain bundle. It is. associated with motivation and reinforcement learning
The effects of hallucinogens are said to mimic ______ nervous system activity.
While the mechanisms of hallucinogens are beyond the scope of the MCAT, their effects typically mimic sympathetic nervous system arousal.
