Congenital heart diseases: Cyanotic HD, Acyanotic HD, Heart failure, VHD, CoA, IAA, ToF, PAVSD, PAIVS, TGA, TA, UH, TAPVC, Ebstein's Anomaly, HLHS ***

Question 1

VSD

Summarize:
Pathology
S/S
Ix findings
Management

Answer 1

Question 2

ASD

Summarize:
Pathology
S/S
Ix findings
Management

Answer 2

Question 3

AVSD

Summarize:
Pathology
S/S
Ix findings
Management

Answer 3

Question 4

PDA

Summarize:
Pathology
S/S
Ix findings
Management

Answer 4

Question 5

PS

Summarize:
Pathology
S/S
Ix findings
Management

Answer 5

Question 6

AS

Summarize:
Pathology
S/S
Ix findings
Management

Answer 6

Question 7

CoA

Summarize:
Pathology
S/S
Ix findings
Management

Answer 7

Question 8

Interrupted aortic arch

Summarize:
Pathology
S/S
Ix findings
Management

Answer 8

Question 9

TOF

Summarize:
Pathology
S/S
Ix findings
Management

Answer 9

Question 10

PAVSD

Summarize:
Pathology
S/S
Ix findings
Management

Answer 10

Question 11

PAIVS

Summarize:
Pathology
S/S
Ix findings
Management

Answer 11

Question 12

TGA

Summarize:
Pathology
S/S
Ix findings
Management

Answer 12

Question 13

Truncus arteriosus

Summarize:
Pathology
S/S
Ix findings
Management

Answer 13

Question 14

Univentricular heart

Summarize:
Pathology
S/S
Ix findings
Management

Answer 14

Question 15

Unobstructed TAPVD

Summarize:
Pathology
S/S
Ix findings
Management

Answer 15

Question 16

Obstructed TAPVD

Summarize:
Pathology
S/S
Ix findings
Management

Answer 16

Question 17

Ebstein anomaly
Summarize:
Pathology
S/S
Ix findings
Management

Answer 17

Question 18

HLHS
Summarize:
Pathology
S/S
Ix findings
Management

Answer 18

Question 19

Down syndrome

Dysmorphism
Cardiac defects

Answer 19

Question 20

Turner

Dysmorphism
Cardiac defects

Answer 20

Question 21

Williams

Dysmorphism
Cardiac defects

Answer 21

Question 22

Noonan

Dysmorphism
Cardiac defects

Answer 22

Question 23

Di George

Dysmorphism
Cardiac defects

Answer 23

Question 24

Paediatric cardiac exam

General inspection features

Answer 24

Question 25

Paediatric cardiac exam

Pulses

Answer 25

Question 26

Pulses

Ddx Large volume strong pulse
Small volume weak pulse
Weak LL pulse
Pulsus bisfiriens
Pulsus paradoxus

Answer 26

Question 27

Paediac cardiac exam

Precordium inspection features

Answer 27

Question 28

Paediatric cardiac exam

Palpation features

Answer 28

Question 29

Paediatric cardiac exam

Murmurs ddx

Answer 29

Question 30

Risk factors of CHD

Answer 30

Question 31

Fetal circulation and change at birth

Answer 31

Question 32

CHD

Acyanotic and cyanotic ddx

Answer 32

Question 33

RV & LV Pressure overload

Cause
Sign
Ix features

Answer 33

Question 34

LV & RV Volume overload

Cause
Sign
Ix features

Answer 34

Question 35

Pulmonary hypertension

Causes

Answer 35

Question 36

Pulomary hypertension

Clinical, radiological, ECG Features

Answer 36

Question 37

Eisenmenger syndrome

Mechanism
S/S

Answer 37

Question 38

Eisenmenger syndrome
Ix
Mx
Cx

Answer 38

Question 39

Differentiate duct dependent systemic vs pulmonary circulation vs intercircutory mixing

Answer 39

Question 40

Pathological cause of heart failure in neonates, infants, children

Answer 40

Question 41

Ddx cyanosis in paediatrics

Answer 41

Question 42

Ix to differentiate causes of cyanosis in paediatrics

Answer 42

Question 43

Ddx cyanotic CHD

Answer 43

Question 44

Differentiate acyanotic heart disease with normal vs abnormal peripheral pulses

Answer 44

Question 45

Ddx cyanotic CHD with/ withhout respiratory distressD

Answer 45

Question 46

Ddx respiratory distress in neonates

Answer 46

Question 47

Ddx failure to thrive

Answer 47

Question 48

Ddx neonatal HF

Answer 48

Question 49

Ddx infant HF

Answer 49

Question 50

Ddx children/ adolescent HF

Answer 50

Question 51

Heart failure

S/S in infants vs children/ adolescents

Answer 51

Question 52

Paediatric HF staging

Answer 52

Question 53

Heart failure in paediatrics

CXR features

Answer 53

Question 54

Physiological ECG changes in neonates

Answer 54

Question 55

Cause of chamber enlargements on ECG

Answer 55

Question 56

Paediatric heart failure

General management framework

Answer 56

Question 57

VSD

Size
Anatomy
Pathogenesis

Answer 57

Question 58

VSD

S/S

Answer 58

Question 59

VSD

Ix

Answer 59

Question 60

VSD

Mx

Answer 60

Question 61

PDA

Pathogenesis

Answer 61

Question 62

PDA

Clinical features

Answer 62

Question 63

PDA

Ix
Mx

Answer 63

Question 64

ASD

Pathogenesis

Answer 64

Question 65

ASD

Normal closure
Types
Result of ASD

Answer 65

Question 66

ASD

Clinical presentation

Answer 66

Question 67

ASD

Ix
Mx

Answer 67

Question 68

AVSD

Pathogenesis
Types

Answer 68

Question 69

AVSD

S/S
Ix
Mx

Answer 69

Question 70

Valvular PS

Pathogenesis

Answer 70

Question 71

Valvular PS

Clinical manifestations

Answer 71

Question 72

Valvular PS

Ix
Mx

Answer 72

Question 73

Non-valvular PS

Types
S/S
Mx

Answer 73

Question 74

AS

Types
Pathogenesis

Answer 74

Question 75

AS

S/S

Answer 75

Question 76

AS

Ix

Answer 76

Question 77

AS

Mx

Answer 77

Question 78

CoA

Pathogenesis

Answer 78

Question 79

CoA

Clinical presentation
Signs

Answer 79

Question 80

CoA

Ix

Answer 80

Question 81

CoA

Mx
Cx

Answer 81

Question 82

IAA

Types
Pathogenesis

Answer 82

Question 83

IAA

S/S

Answer 83

Question 84

CoA

Ix
Mx

Answer 84

Mx
- Urgent PGE1/2 infusion + Inotropes + Early surgical repair
- Surgical repair: resection with end-end anastomosis, bypass graft across coarctation
- Balloon angioplasty (>4m) for discrete coarctation or re-coarctation +/- stent placement

Question 85

(Cyanotic heart diseases)