component 2 Flashcards
what is an aim
a goal a psychologist wants to achieve in a study
what is the independent variable
the thing we change or manipulate in a study
what is the dependent variable
the thing we are measuring in the experiment
what is operationalisation
how variables are measured e.g seconds, grams, hours etc
what is a hypothesis
a prediction the psychologist makes before doing an experiment about what will happen
what is a null hypothesisu
a hypothesis that is made after there is no previous valid research. there is NO significant DIFFERENCE\EFFECT or RELATIONSHIP between the variables. it suggests that any difference occurs by CHANCE and not because of the manipulation
what is an independent measures design?
an experiment where the two groups of participants do 1 condition each
what is a repeated measures design?
an experiment where participants do both conditions: control and experimental
what is a matched pairs design?
a form of independent groups design but the people in both groups are deliberately similar to each other
what are order effects
effects of participant repeating the same condition e.g boredom or being better due to practice
what is counter balancing
where there are 2 groups: half does condition 1 first then condition 2, the other half does condition 2 first then condition 1 - this prevents order effects
what is a participant variable?
a characteristic or aspect of a person that effects the study even though it is not the focus of the experiment
what is a sampling frame
a list that includes every individual from your entire pop. of interest and should exclude others not part of the target pop.
what is opportunity sampling
a researcher selects anyone who wants to take part in the study at their convenience
what is systematic sampling
a technique that uses a predetermined system to select participants from a target group
what is stratified sampling
researcher divides subjects into subgroups based of characteristics e.g race, gender
what is quota sampling
a specified number of people with certain background characteristics (age,race,gender) are selected for inclusion
what is self selected sampling
recruiting people who volunteer to participate in the study, often for payment
what is snowball sampling
non probability sampling method - new units are recruited by other units to form part of a sample ( ppl recruit other ppl)
what is event and time sampling in observational studies
concentrates on a particular short period of behaviour- the event you are interested in - that occurs in intervals
what is privacy
being able to keep personal + cultural values like inner thoughts, feelings, cultural beliefs and religious practices
what is confidentiality
a persons’ name, images etc. not being shared with anyone
what is deception
when a rea searcher gives false information to subjects or intentionally misleads them about some key aspect of the research
what is right to withdraw
a participant’s right and ability to leave the experiment at any time
what is informed consent
the clients right to choose whether to receive psychological services
what is protection from harm
ensuring a persons safety, emotional well-being, privacy rights and diginity preservation during the research
what is internal reliability
the consistency of the measuring tool (eg, questionnaire, wording of an interview)
what is external reliability
the consistency of the results and finding over time
what is internal validity
does the DV really effect the IV or is it a confounding or extrenuaous variable
what is external validity
whether the finding of the study can be generalised. 2 types: ecological and population
what is population validity
types of external validity. how well the sample represents the general population
what is ecological validity
type of external validity. refers to how well the experimental situation reflects real life
what is mundane realism
if the things that the participants are asked to do in the study aren’t things they would do in real life then it LACKS mundane realism
what are co variables
2 variables you are studying the relationship between: brain size and intelligence, height and shoe size
what is a positive correlation
when one variable increases, the other increases
what is a negative correlation
when one variable increases, the other decreases
what is no correlation
when the plots on a graph have no relationship
what is correlation coefficient
a measurement from -1 to 1 to measure the strength of a relationship between variables (1 is strong positive, -1 is strong negative)
what is the acronym for ethical issues
PCDRIP
Protection from harm
Confidentiality
Deceit
Right to withdraw
Informed consent
Privacy
what is a natuaralistic observation
a method that involves observing participants in the natural environment - high ECOLOGICAL validity
what is a controlled observation
a research method where researcher watch participants in a controlled lab environment - control over extraneous variables- low ecological validity
what is a participant observation
a research method where the researcher takes on the roll of the participants whilst observing the others behaviour . the researcher becomes part of the group and does not reveal who they are
what is a non participant observation
the researcher watched and records participant behaviour without interfering in any way. p’s are often unaware they are being watched. pre prepared categories are decided, behaviour recorded under these categories
overt observation
where the participants are aware they are being observed. the researcher will be visible
covert observation
participants are unaware they are being watched. researcher is not visible to participants
structured observation
researcher uses a system to organise their observation. can include behavioural categories which allow for OPERATIONALISATION, making the behaviours being observed as precise and measurable as possible
coding system
a coding system is the system used in a structured observation. this may be a table or tally chart with categories to record when or how often a behaviour happens dependent on if you are doing event or time sampling
event sampling
when a behaviour is recorded when it happens
time sampling
any behaviour is recorded that the participant is doing at the specific time. e.g recording the behaviour at 5mins, 10mins, 15 mins ect.
what is a self report
an interview is a type of self report method as the participants report their own responses about a topic
what is a structured interview
an interview with a pre determined set of questions that are asked in a fixed order. they can contain a mixture of open/closed questions
what is a semi structured interview
behind with a general aim and some predetermined questions but subsequent questions are based on the answers given by participant. mix of open/ closed q’s that collect qualitative or quantitative data
what is self report in a questionaire
any method that involved asking the participant about their personal feelings, attitude, beliefs etc
what is an open question
a question where the participant can answer openly, there is no set answers
what is a closed question
a question with set answers e.g yes/no - tick one
what is a likert scale
a scale of increasing intensity of how much. the participant likes\feels e.g rate from 1-5
what is a semantic differential
a scale with numbers where the participant can decide if the ting in question is good or bad etc. different to likert scale as likert scale you are given a statement to agree\disagree with. SD allows for more freedom of answer
what is qualitative data
data that is high in quality, length and detail
what is quantitative data
data that is high in amount, numbers and quantity
