Competency 6 Flashcards
Describe the first political parties in America.
Torries & Whigs
Torries: did not want independence from England. Known as loyalists- loyal to the King
Whigs: Wanted independence, supported the war for freedom, also called patriosts
What happened to the torries after the American Revolution?
Most went to England or Canada
What political parties developed after GW became President?
Nationalists/ Federalists: favored strong, central government
Anti-federalists: later known as Republicans, who then became Democratic-Republicans and eventually became Democrats. Favored states having more power than central government
Anti-Masosnic Party: opposed free masons who were accused of being a secret society
Free soil party: opposed slavery in lands acquired from Mexican war
Liberty party: against slavery; abolitionists
New Republican party: combination of Whigs and Northern Democrats opposed to slavery
Democratic party: came from anti-federalists group. mostly in the South and pro-slavery
American party: against Irish Catholics coming into US
Constitution Union party: formed in 1860, wanted to do away with slavery
National Union party: in 1864, formed for Lincoln election, helped to relect Lincoln
Liberal Republican Party: opposed to Ulyssius S. Grant.
Anti-Monopoly Party: 1789
Greenback party: 1878, advocated using paper money instead of just coins
Populist party: farmers who opposed gold standard (everything based on value of gold)
Farmer-Labor Party: supported farmers and labor and social security and then merged with Democratic party
Progressive Party: 1912
American Labor Party: Socialist party existed in NY for a little while
American workers party: communist party
Progressive Party: 1948
Communist Party
Reform Party
Why had there been so many political parties in American history?
parties come and go because usually they are opposing something. Once the problem is gone, the party is not needed anymore.
What are the 3 major political parties in US today?
Republicans
Democrats
Libitarians
Libitarian party believes in very limited government
After the War of 1812, how did the US begin to grow?
- Red River Cession: got land that included North & South Dakota and Minnesota from Great Britain as part of the war
- 1819: FL, Alabama, Mississipi, and LA- US got from Spain
- 1848: After war with Mexico, US got CA, Utah, Nevada, TX
- 1846: US got the Oregon country including Idaho, Oregon, and Washington
- 1853 Gadsden purchase: bought New Mexico and Arizona from Mexico
Back in Jefferson’s presidency, US bought Lousiana Purchase form France- 1st acquisition of land
What was differnet about President Andrew Jackson from previous presidents?
A.J.’s presidency caused the government influence to spring from the wealthy aristocratic to the interests of the western farmers and pioneers because that is where President Jackson was from
Explain the economic issues during A.J.’s presidency.
- Jackson believed in equal political power for all
- American system was the name of the new ecnomic measures that came after the war of 1812. American system involved tarrifs (taxes) that protected farmers and manufacturers and stimulated industrial growth in employment in America (American became economically self-sufficient)
- Economy got stronger
4, Back in 1816- Congress passed a high tarrif and chartered a second bank in US
- 1832, Jackson fought to get rid of bank when he became Presidnet, because believed bank was a monopoly that favoered the rich
- During Jackson’s presidency, Congress voted to renew the banks charter, but Jackson vetoed it. He took out the governments money and the bank collapsed
- In 1828, Congress passed a law, putting high tariffs on imported goods.
- South Carolina felt the tarrif favored New England because they were the manufacturers
- John Callhoun, who was Jackson’s vice presidnet, led South Carolina into threatening to seceed (to detatch from union to become own country) from the nation. Jackson believed the states had rights, but believed keeping the union together was more important. So he worked with Congress to lower the tarrifs.
Why is the Jacksonian era important to study?
During his presidency the isues of the tarrifs between the North and the South causes South Carolina to threaten to seced from the nation. Jackson averts the crisis, but this eventually happens 30 years later.
What were the social issues of the 1815 up to 1900?
Slavery
Women’s Rights
Working conditons
Temperance (alcohol)
Prisions
Insane asylum
What was the most intense and controversial issue from 1815-1900?
Abolitionist efforts to end slavery
How did technology impact the Industrial Revolution?
better roads, erie canal, steamboats- helped to transport the goods
factories- helped to make the goods
railroads- helped to transport goods across the country
What is the purpose of technology?
To make life easier
Why did Western expansion occur?
- economic reason: cotton main crop of Southern states because of Industrial Revolution the demand was greater for cotton to be grown (Eli Whitney invented cotton gin which made it faster to clean the cotton) so southern farms expanded west and slavery expanded too. Trappers, miners, merchants, ranchers, and others were looking to get rich, went west. Gold Rush 1848 (CA) Fur companies hired men (mountain men) to go west for furs.
- Religious reasons: missionaries traveled west with traders to teach natives and settlers about Christ. They sent word back east for more settlers and a huge migration happened, Oregon Trail.
- Political reason: Manifest Destiny (US was destined to control land between two oceans- God given right) Government gave land cheap to people who would settle out West
Explain what happened in TX in the 1800’s.
TX was ruled by Spain until Mexico got their independence in 1821. Americans that lived in TX were allowed to stay. More and more Americans went to TX, Mexico worried that the US would try to make a state in Mexico after we won the war with Mexico.
What was the Clermont?
first steam boat invented by Robert Fulton.
Why was the invention of the steam boat important?
Faster transportation and carrying goods and could go against current. Led to invention of the railroad. Helped promote Western expansion.
How are social and political movements identified?
Scope (seeking change in value systems ex. slavery)
Type of change (wether you want to have new values or preserve same values)
target gropus (movement that would affect one specific group ex. civil rights, women’s rights)
method of action (peaceful or violent)
Time (old movements are before 20th cenutry, new movements from 1950’s up)
Range (wether its global or local)
What were the affects of the Western expansion?
US grew
US became the world’s leading agricultural nation. This meant we made the most food in the world and we still do.
People were exposed to new literature, art, drama, and political rallies.
Communication and travel improved
Discovery of Gold and other minerals caused many settlers to move
Pulblic schools established, children educated. country developed own unique culture and literacy
Factories required more labor
Women & Children worked long hours/days
Immigrants were hired and coming to Ellis Island
Social reform for working conditions, laws were not yet created, but there was the beginning of organized labor movements
Financial cycles caused opposition between the political parties setting up the civil war
Slavery continued to divide the country, election of Abraham Lincoln divided it even further
What was the first Great Awakening?
Religious movement in 1730’s and 40’s among puritans seeking to return to strict morales and values.Unified the colonists and supported Independence from England
What was the 2nd Great Awakening?
Great revival, began in 1820’s. Awakened religion where people centered on sin and weeding out sin with social reform. Results were Evangelizing west, social activism, ex. temperance movement, prision reform, help for handicapped and mentally ill, abolition.
What was the 3rd Great Awakening?
Missionary awakening, 1858-1908. Major growth in protestant denominations. Fought for labor rights for children and women. mandatory for elementary education for all children, establishing a set work day, protecting children from abuse, improving care for sick, temperance movement in full force.
Why are the Great Awakenings important to American History?
Religious movements within Protestant Churches went hand in hand with social issues of the times. The response of the Great Awakenings led to social reform. God is always at work.strong history of fighting for people’s rights- God’s people
Who was impacted by the Westward Expansion?
Native Americans
What were 2 of the most notable battles between Natives and Americans?
Battle of Bighorn: 1876, General Custard killed
Battle of Wounded Knee: 1890, total massacre of Native Americans by the soldiers
What was the result of the Battle of Bighorn?
US government ordered Native Americans to live on Reservations
What are Reservations?
land set aside by US Government for Native Americans to live on
What did reformers do to try to integrate Native Americans with white people?
Children were educated in Indian boarding schools, however, they were forced to give up all aspects of their culture and identity
What was the Indian Citizenship Act of 1924?
During WWI, Native Americans were drafted to serve during the war. People believed natives should be able to merge into mainstream society, therefore, this act was passed so that Native Americans could be granted US citizenship
Why did Native American population significantly decrease by the end of 19th century?
- wars
- loss of land and food sources
- Life on Reservations extremely difficult
- Introduction of disease
Who were the movers and shakers of the 19th century in the US?
Lucretia Mott & Elizabeth Cady Stanton: Women’s Rights
Dr. Elizabeth Blackwell: First woman Dr.
What were the contributions of the Hispanic Americans to American life and culture in the 1800s?
Mexicans taught Californians to pan for Gold
6 states name has a Spanish origin
What contributions did the Native Americans make to the life and culture of US in the 1800s?
Teachers
What contributions did the Asian Americans make to America in the 1800s?
Built Transcontinental Railroad
mining metals providing labor
Describe the impact of slavery in the new US.
- constitutional convention, 2 of the major comprises had to deal with slavery. 3/5 compromise & commerce compromise- high taxes on imports, southerners were afraid Congress would import slaves and so the compromise was slaves would be imorted for 20 more years, maximum $10 tax per person
- Cotton was increasingly more important crop in the south and farmers could not get people to work for them because they had opportunities to purchase land cheap in the West so resorted to Slavery
- 1819, 21 states, 11 free, 10 slave. clash about MO as a state. MO going to be a slave state and this created conflict so Congress admitted Maine as a free state at the same time.
- After the MO compromise, slavery was not allowed north of latitude 36 degress. MO discriminated against free blacks, uproar in Congress by anti-slavery supporters, who wanted to kick MO out of US. Henry Clay proposed 2nd MO compromise (Henry Clay was known as the Great Compromiser) 2nd Compromise was when Henry Clay made it so that MO could not be a state, unless they complied with the Constitution and not their own constitution.
- During this time, nation enjoyed the “era of good feelings”- people moving west, industry growing in north, agriculture growing, to support all these economic activities, groups were borrowing heavily from the banks. Problems with the banks and the fact that England could get cotton cheaper from India, caused an economic decline in America.
- High tariffs were passed and South Carolina threatened to secede from union. Tariffs were lowered, but divisions in the regions of the country were getting deeper, the abolition movement was growing rapidly
- At the same time, TX became a republic, wanted to become a state, TX allowed slavery. Congress said no because of the balance of free and slave sates. They were afraid of war with Mexico, which ended up happening 1845.
- After Mexican War over, it established the Southwestern boundary of the US as the pacific ocean.
- US continued to grow, adding new territiores that would later become states. Northerners wanted these states to not be allowed to have slavery and the Southern states wanted them to be slavery. A third facion (group of peope) wanted “popular sovereignty” which means the people lived in the territories could decide wether they wanted slavery or not. Result- Comprommise of 1850. This was California was a free state, no more slave trading in Washington D.C., New Mexico and Utah could decide for themselves and stricter measures for capturing runaway slaves were mandated.
- 1854, Congress passed Kansas-Nebraska act. People were to decide for themselves wether to permit slavery (Kansas was called Bleeding Kansas because of extreme violence, because of 2 governments exisited there. One pro-slavery, one anti-slavery).
- Slavery was helped by the Supreme Court in 1857, with the case of Dred Scott. Scott was a slave whose owner had taken him from MO (slave state) to IL (free state) to Minesota territory (free state), back to MO (slave state). Abolitionist said he was free becuase he lived in a free state & free territory. But Supreme Court said because he was not a US citizen and was ownded by a master, he had no rights. Abolitonists wee furious, but could not do anything about it. They could not get an ammendment in the constitution to prohibit slavery in the territories because there weren’t enough states that would support it. There wouldn’t be a 3/4 majority,
- 1858, Abraham Lincoln and Steven Douglas were running for senator against each other. Douglas (democrat) was favored to win. Lincoln (republican) believed slavery was wrong and should not be allowed in any territories. Douglas believed in popular sovereignty and got the Kansas-Nebraska act passed. Douglas won senate, but it cost him the nomination for president in 1860.
- 1859, abolitionist John Brown and others seized federal arsenal at Harpors Fairy in West Va. He planned to give the guns to slaves nearby, and lead a rebellion. but, he and his men were captured, and he was hanged. Northeners shocked, Southeners approved, and the division grew bigger.
- 1860, Lincoln became elected and because of his views on slavery, the southern states voted to secede from union.
What is sectionalism?
When US was divided into sections or regions
What were the 3 regions of US during 1800s?
Northern states, Southern states, Western territories
Who is Henry Clay?
Known as the Great Compromiser. Senator from KY. Lincoln admired him. Helped to create important compromises on slavery issues during the 1820’s,1830’s, 1840’s.
Who was John Calhoun?
Vice president of Andrew Jackson. from SC. Promoted interest of the South.
What was the “era of good feelings”?
after 1815 when western expansion was going on, industry & agriculture going on
what does nullify mean?
to void, get rid of
What is Popular Sovereignty?
People living in territory could decide for themselves if they would allow slavery or not.
What is a faction?
group of people, 3 factions in US during 1800s. Northerners, Southerners, pioneers of West
In order to add an ammendment to the Constitution, how many states need to ratify it?
3/4
Who was Stephen A. Douglas?
ran against Abraham Lincoln for senatate and won. But did not win presidency.
Who was John Brown?
Abolitionist that tried to set up revolt with slaves. Captured, and hung.
What state was the first state to secede from the union?
SC, first shots were fired at Fort Sumter
Which side in the civil war had the advantage?
North
What advantages did the north have in the civil war?
- larger population
- more money
- Better transportatin (trains)
- Industries for making weapons and supplies
- Most of the gold
- Almost all copper, coal, iron
- trade with other countries continued
How many Northern states were there during the Civil War?
24 including CA and Oregon and the border states Maryland, Deleware, KY, MO, West VA, northern states….
How many southern states were there in the civil war?
- SC, GA, FL, Alabama, Mississippi, Louisiana, TX, VA, NC, TN, AK
What were the Southern states called during the Civil War?
Confederacy or the confederate states of America
What advantages did the south have in the civil war?
it was in their territory, very large area (South figured north would get tired and give up).
Many officers had graduated from West Point (best millitary school in south) and had lots of experience
Southern men used to living outdoors, riding horses, using guns, more than men from the north
Southerners believed British and French would help them because of need for cotton
Why did the South fight in the civil war?
wanted independence from US and wanted to preserve slavery and wanted to self govern
Why did the north fight in the Civil War?
to preserve the union for economic security
What were the war strategies for the north and south?
South- defensive war, wear down the north, gain control of Washington DC. to send troops through Shenandoah valley in order to cut off Northeast from midwest.
north-blockade (ships) coastline aliong the south with their ships. Seize control of Mississippi River to split the South. Seize confederate capital of richmond, VA
What does emancipation mean?
freeing the slaves
What was the Emancipation Proclomation?
when Lincoln freed all the slaves in 1863. Year before civil war ended.
What was the impact of the Emancipation Proclmation on the Civil War?
moral support to war effort, kept Britain from supporting confederates because Britain was anti-slavery. Freed all slaves in the North. Became 13th ammendement in Constitution
Who were the generals of Lincoln’s army?
McDowell, McClellan, Sherman, Grant
Who was the gernal of the Southen army?
Robert E. Lee
The South were winning, what battle changed the course of the war?
Battle of Gettysburg in PA.
Why did Robert E. Lee lose at Gettysburg?
Union troops got their first and got best positions. Lee’s solders were a long way from food and supply lines. Lee thought army was invinceable. Lee depending on general stewart to give him information about location of union troops, but he was too late.
Why was the Battle at Gettysburg a turning point for the North?
Robert E. Lee did not have the troop strength to launch another battle.
Why is Gettysburg important?
one of the most horrific battles of war. Lincoln came to Gettysburg 4 months later and delivered famous Gettysburg address
Why was the Gettysburg address important?
short speech by Lincoln, but laid out vision of US for reuniting the south and north
What was the final stage of the Civil war like?
Day after Gettysburg, Mississippi surrendered to Grant. Confederacy won one more important battle. Union troops went into GA, splltting confederacy. General Sheridan of the north had a battle at yellow tavern, VA against southern general Stewart and Stewart was killed. General Sherman of the north burned down Atlanta. On April 9, 1965, Robert E. Lee surrendered to Grant at Appamattox Court House, Va.
What was the death toll of the Civil War?
more americans died in Civil War than any ofther war in history for america. South lost 1/3 of soliders.
What were some results of Civil War?
South was destroyed and entire Southern way of living was lost. Northern ideals of hard work, education, and economic freedom because the standard of the US. This resulted in making our country a strong, modern, industrial power. After healing, the country thought as one, united country as it went into the 20th century.
Why was the civil war called the first modern war?
Introduced weapons and tactics that were used in later wars. Also, soldiers fought in trenches, first to fight under unified command, first to use major cordone defense (strategy of advance on all fronts). Observation balloons and submarines uses for first time. Communication and transportation were used in the war (telegraph, railroad).
What war was called the first modern war?
Civil war
After civil war, slavery ended but what did not end?
Prejudice and racism
Why is the civil war considered American democracies greatest failure?
during the 4 years of war, passion rules over reason.
The victory of the north established what?
No state has the right to leave the union
What was the most postive result of the years after the civil war?
US became a major global power
How did Abraham Lincoln want to deal with the south after the war?
he did not want to punish the south, instead, he wanted to restore the south with a program that was flexible and practical with 2 major steps. First, all southeners had to take an oath to the union to get a full pardon (ultimate forgiveness), except for those who were in the federal government and high ranking officers of the confederate army. Second, each state that had at least 10% taking oath of legience could return to union fully eual to northern states. Called the Reconstruction Program.
Lincoln’s reconstruction program did not happen because he was assassinated. What happened instead?
Andrew Johnson became president and radical republicans in Congresss decided to punish the south.
What was the freedman’s bureau?
people that helped free slaves to become self-supporting and protect them from being taken advanage of after the civil war
What were “Black Codes”?
during reconstruction time, southern leaders adopted a set of laws called black codes, that made sure freed men were denied basic civil rights and kept subordinate.
Why is knowing about the Black Codes important?
Though Lincoln freed the slaves with emanicpation proclomation, the South held on to their racism and prejudice for the next 100 years until the Civil Rights Movement.
What 3 amendments were added during the Reconstruction period?
13th Amendment- 1865 outawed slavery
14th amendment- 1868 made blacks citizens
15th amendment- 1870 gave Black Americans the right to vote
How did radical southeners fight the 13,14,15th ammendments?
made a secret society called the Klu Klux Klan that terrorized blacks, keeping them from voting and having their basic rights
What was the success of the reconstruction period?
Limited. good news- public school systems set up and expanded legal rights of Black Americans. Bad news- white supremecy still ruled South.
Who was President after Andrew Johnson?
Johnson became President when Lincoln was assassinated, then Grant was elected in 1868. Grant was honeest, but very inexperienced in politics and his political friends used him.
When did Industrialization really it USA?
After Civil War machines invented railroads for transportation. New inventions, big money put into new businesses.
After the Civil War, how did the demographics of America change?
People moved to cities in massives, cities grew tremmendously. Big divide between rich and poor resulted in new reform movements to control power and size of big businesses and help the poor.
What is division of labor?
Industry when a person was assigned to perform a certain job in a multi-step production process.This resulted in a faster rate of production which meant greater supply, resulting in lower costs, which means sronger economy.
How was America able to grow as a rich and prosperous nation in the late 1800’s?
Industrialization was self-sufficient. Ex: Industrial machines powered by water in US, construction- able to get from our own trees, forests. Steel industry needed coal and irone ore that we could mine in our country. Steel was used for skyscrapers, bridges, railroad tracks, machines, and cars. Petroleum was able to be drilled to provide gasoline for cars.
What were some of the inventions of the late 1800’s?
Railroad, telepgraph, telephone, electricity, eventually the car.
How did the Spanish-American war of 1898 change the world’s view of US?
Before the war US was not strong militarily, was concentrated on growing on it’s borders inside the continenet, and had little influence on global, politicla affairs. After this war, US became a world power.
Explain how the Spanish-American War of 1898 came to be.
Mainfest Destiny
Spains control over Southwest
Mexican Revolution
Texas
War with Mexico
Spain controlled Puerto rico, Philipines, Cuba, etc. Cubans rebelled against Spanish rule and many Americans demanded the government help. US battleship blew up off the coast of Cuba, Americans blamed Spain, and that’s how the war started.
Spanish influence in Southwest of US
Manifest Destiny
How long was the Spanish-American War of 1898?
Very short. US won and from treaty, gained posession of Puerto Rico, Philipines, Guam, and Hawaii.
The defeat of which European Nation marked the US emergence as a world power?
Spain
Why were the post civil war years a time of low public morality?
war used up money and materials, rapid growth of industry and big business, and unscrupulous heads of large, inperosnal corporations
Why are Henry Clay, Daniew Welbster, John Calhoun, and Stephan Douglas important?
Henry Clay & Daniel Webster were prominent whigs in favor of the American System- tariff on imports so that the 3 sections would trade with each other and make the US economy strong. Henry Clay known as Great Compromiser (MO- Slave, Maine- free). John Calhoun- Vice pres. of Jackson, pro-slavery, from SC. Stephan Douglas- debated Lincoln for Senator, won senate, lost president, believed in popular sovereignty (people decide if they want slavery or not).
What did the Radical Republicans do during the Reconstruction that caused them to lose support from modern republicans?
Tried to Impeach the President
Battle of Gettsburg was turning point of Civil War for the north. What battle in the West reinforced Victory the day after Gettysburg?
Vicksburg, near Mississippi River. Union got full control of Mississippi River and Grant could restore commerce (Trade) along the river into the northwest.
Where did immigrants in the 19th century mostly settle?
In ethnic neighborhoods of large cities
What was the 1862 Homestead Act?
Government gave land grants for cheap or free to people in order to settle the west and grow the country.
Who went to homestead and farmed western lands?
More then half of the pioneers were European immigrants
How is immigration and industrialization related in America?
Immigration icreased industrialization because immigrants were willing workers. Chinese immigrants built the railroad from the West. Immigrants in the northeast worked in the factories.
