Competency 2 Flashcards
How was Rome organized before it became a republic?
3 tribes each divided into clans
What civilization influenced Rome?
Greek
In pre-republic Rome, describe the class system.
Nobles (patricians) Commoners
Did pre-republic Rome have an army?
No. Father of family was the protector of the republic. Was the priest of the home. Protected commoners in exchange for services.
In pre-republic Rome, what was the government?
Kings elected by nobles and advised by the senate- 30 senators, 10 from each tribe.
What was the religion of pre-republic Rome?
Animistic- everything was inhabited by a spirit and household gods called lares and Penates, believed to protect household
Who ruled pre-republic Rome?
Etruscans until 509 BCE
Why were the Etruscans overthrown by the roman republic?
1 people wanted to be free from Etruscans 2 wanted to be free from tyranny king 3 noble class wanted to establish aristocratic form of government. Get rid of king and let them run it instead
Why was Rome able to conquer Italy?
1 great location, center 2 superior army and military tactics 3 disunity of enemies 4 strong family structure 5 superior form of government- republic 6 imperialism
What is Imperialism?
Military veterans settle in conquered areas, over see area, but allow self-government.
Why did Roman Republic fall apart?
1 Expanded too fast, too big 2 Didn’t have enough communication in government to oversee conquered people 3 Government was corrupt 4 Barbarian attacks against Rome.
What are the 3 parts of Roman history?
1 Pre-republic Rome (kings) 2 Rome republic (imperialism), finished when Cesar was killed 3 Roman Empire (emperors)
What are the first and second triumvirate?
First- Caesar, Pompey, Crassus. Caesar took over roman republic but was assassinated Second- Octavian, Marc Antony, Lepidus. Octavian took over and became emperor and grew the empire
Who were the 5 good Roman emperors?
Nerva Trajan Hadrian Antonius pius Marcus Aurelius
What are some of the major contributions of the Roman Empire?
Roman law Unified empire- allowing self government to city states Pax Romana- peace and prosperity Introduction of separation of powers Formal Tax collection Roads, bridges, aqueducts Architecture, colosseum Education
So was the first roman emperor?
Octavian
What are the reasons for the decline of the Roman Empire?
Too big to rule Barbarians took over Religious changes, rise of Christianity
Who was the roman. Emperor that promoted Christianity?
Constantine
What dynasty in china was gong on at the same time as the Roman Empire?
Han dynasty. Considered the greatest period in Chinese history
Who was the first emperor of the Han dynasty?
Liu bang or emperor Gao
Who led the Han dynasty into prosperity?
Emperor Wu
Who made china a Confucian state?
emperor Wu
What is the silkroad?
It was a route that went from east to west through Asia to Europe. It was a trade route
Who was the emperor of china when esilkroad was created?
Emperor Wu
When did the roman Empire end?
476 when Augustus was forced to abdicate for the Germanic tribes
What were the two capitals of the Roman Empire?
Rome and Constantinople (Istanbul) made when Constantine was the emperor
What were some of the major accomplishments of the Han dynasty?
Westward expansion through the Silk Road Invention of paper Conversion to Confucian state First dictionary Solar year Glass (mirrors) Introduction of Buddhism
What caused the decline of the han dynasty?
Emperor Wu’s death Weak rulers followed Huns invaded
What are the 3 monotheistic religions?
Judaism Christianity Islam
What do Judiasm, Christianity, and Islam all have in common?
Monothestic
Abrahamic (descendents of Abrahama) Through Issac in Judaism and Christianity, Through Ishmael in Islam
What is the sacred writing of Judaism?
The Torrah (Hebrew scripture, 24 books)=law
What are the basic beliefs of Judaism?
- one and only one God
- God is the ultimate authority over the universe
- Life is holy
- The Torrah is the sacred writing
- Group worship and prayer are very important
What are the three branches of Judaism?
- Orthodox- worship in Hebrew, interpret law most strictyl and literally. Most conservative
- Reform- don’t have to follow dietary laws, not as stict. Most liberal.
- Conservative- combine docternal reform with Traditions
When did Islam being?
610 CE
What does “Islam” mean?
Peace
What are the beliefs of Islam?
- One God for all
- God has created angels
- God sent many prophets (Mohammed is the last one)
- All people will be judged on the Day of Judgement
- God has complete authority over Destiny
- Life after death
What are the 5 basic Principles of Muslum life?
- Allah (one God)
- Pray 5 times a day at prescribed Intervals, facing Mecca
- One should practice charity
- Fasting during Ramadan (cleanses the spirit), sunrise to sunset for a month
- A pilgrimage (journey) to Mecca made if possible
What is the holy book of Islam?
The Koran (Quaran)
What does Islam put special emphasis on?
Education
What is “Jihad”?
struggle
personal, social, or in the battle field for self-defense
What is henotheistic?
recognizing a single God that is manifested or expresses itself in other Gods or Goddesses
When did modern Hinduism evolve?
around 1500 BCE from ancient religion called Vedism
What is unique about Hinduism?
no founder
no one code of ethics
no central organization
What are the sacred writings of Hinduism?
Vedas- 4 central texts
What are the 4 central texts of Vedas?
Rig Veda (hymn of knowledge)
Yajur Veda (ceremonial knowledge)
Sama Veda (chant knowledge)
Atharva Veda (knowledge from teacher)
What are the central beliefs of Hinduism?
- Worship is individual or family matter
- Atman (soul) & Brahman (divine spirit)
- spiritual goal- understand you are ONE with the Universe
- Maya- belief that world has single spiritual nature and is not divided into things
- Karma- moral consequence to actions
- Samsara- cycle of birth and rebirth (reincarnation)
- Moksha- liberation or freedom, soul braking free of of cycle of reincarnation. Become one with God
How is HInduism and the caste system related?
Hindus believe in pursuring worldy goals of social duty, economic security, power and pleasure, and success within their place in society which is created by the caste system
What are the 4 major castes in the caste system?
defined by social standing and occupation:
- priestly class
- Aristrocratic (rich)
- Merchants & laborers (middle class)
- “Untouchables” (poor)
What is yoga?
active path to spiritual perfection in Hindu faith
What is the most honored animal in Hindu faith?
Cow
What is Buddhism?
founder was Siddhartha Gautama in Nepal 563 BCE
What does Budha mean?
“englightened one”
What is central written text of Buddhism?
Tipitaka- “three baskets” (collections of Buddhist thought)
What are the 3 baskets or collections of Buddhist thought found in the Tipitaka?
- Sutras- sermons
- Vinaya- rules for monastic life (monks/priests)
- Abhidharma- order the lessons of the sermons (sutras)
What do Buddhism and Hinduism have in common?
believe in reincarnation
difference- Buddhist call it Nervana, Hinduhs call it Moksha
Moksha- break free from reincarnation and become one with divine spirit which is Braham
Nervana- break free from reincarnation, but nothing is permanent, eventually you will decay and disappear
What are the 3 jewels of Buddhism?
- Buddha is who you should try to be like
- Following the Buddhist way of life (4 Noble Truths)
- Community of Buddhist nuns and monks
What are the 4 Noble Truths of Buddhism?
- All life involves suffering
- Suffering is caused by desire
- Desire can be overcome
- To overcome desire, you have to follow the 8-fold path
What is the 8-fold path in Buddhism?
be compassionate to achieve enlightenment (to become one with Buddha)
- right views
- right intentions
- right speech
- right conduct
- right work
- right effort
- right meditation
- right comtemplation
What are the 3 schools of Buddhism?
- Theravada- doctrine of elders. Goal is perfect enlightenment and end of all desire
- Mahayana- compassion for others rather than focusing on personal progress.
- Vajrayana- rituals
What is Confucianism?
Chinese religion based on teachings of Kung Fu-Tzu (Confucious)
What are the writings of Confucianism?
Analects
Confucianism was a philisophical and ethical system until ______________ was introducted
Buddhism
What is Taoism?
Chinese religion that worships more dieties (Gods) than any other religion. Founded by Lao Tzu around the time of Confucius.
What does the word Tao mean?
path or way
What is the central writing of Taoism?
Tao Te Ching
way and its power
81 chapters
What is the primary beliefs of Taoism?
- Tao (path or way) is cause of universe and force that flows through all life
- Goal is to develop harmony with Tao
- Many Gods which are manifestations (ways they appear) of the one Tao
- meditation important
- Time is cyclical
- 3 jewels to work on are: moderation (not too little, not too much), Humility, Compassion
- Be kind and compassionate
A basic symbol is Ying & Yang
What is Ying and Yang?
Taoist symbol that represents balance and unity of opposites in the universe
What is Shinto?
Japanese religion that worships nature
Influenced by Buddhism & Confuciunism. But no salvation or life after death.
What are the 4 affirmations of Shinto?
- Tradition and the family (family to preserve the traditions)
- Nature is sacred
- Physical cleanliness
- Matsuri- worship of ancestral spirits
How did the muslim empire expand during the 14th and 15th centuries?
Ghana was conquered by Muslim Berbers in 1076 and small states were formed. In the state of Kangaba, the kingdom of Mali was established.
Where was the Kingdom of Mali in the 14th and 15th centuries?
Atlantic coast to be on Gao on the Niger River
What happened with Islam in the Kingdom of Mali?
The Kingdom of Mali was a central trade route due to the Niger River and Islam was spread throughout Africa.
Songhai conquered Mali and the King Askai Mohammed created religious schools and built mosques
Discuss different trade centers in sub-saraharan Africa up to 1892.
- Kingdom of Mali conquered by Songahi
- Zimbabwe Kingdom- capital was Great Zimbabwe which was a trading center on the route to China, famous for 300 stone structures, made totally of stone
- dahomey (West Africa)- prosperous because of slave trade with Dutch and Proteguese in 15th century. coastal part of the Kingdom was known as the slave coast. Kingdom had weird female views (girls inspected at age 15 and sent to be wife of King or soldier for female army for 2 years or executed). Slave trade lasted 300 years until colonial countries declared slavery illegal. French took over in 1892.
What empires existed in Asia during the 14th and 15th centuries?
- Ottoman empire (Turkey)
- Mongul empire (Mongolia)
- Ming Dynasty (China)
- Moghul empire (India)
What is important about the Ottoman Empires success?
strong millitary
strict control of territories that were conquered
Islamic belief that all Muslims, Jews, and Chistrians realted because all people of the Book (Religious tolerance, not a lot of fights because everyone was allowed to live there)
Good road system
built modern sanitary facilities
*religious ethnic tolerance was its greatest success. Because of this, the unified empire was multicultural.
What is important about the Mongol empire’s success?
founded by Genghis Khan. Southeast Asia to central Europe.
cities that did not surrended to Genghis Khan’s military were destroyed
collective punishment to any resistence in the form of slaughter
religious tolerance, rules strictly enforced, tade routes & postal system created linking empire, united central Asian republics that later formed part of the USSR and expanded Europe’s knowledge of the world and expanded China’s borders
What is important about the Ming Dynasty’s success?
expansion of trade and exploration
highly talented artists and craftsmen
the Hong Wu Emperor came from Peasant background and so gave land to small farmers to help support their families
developed systems of irrigation for farms
legal code created was its greatest achivement because laws were written so people could understand them and not misinterpret them.
Laws offered protection of slaves
based on confucian ideas
began building of Great Wall of China
What is the importance of the Moghul Empire’s success?
reached its height during rein of Emporer Akbar
created a heavy but fair tax system
created a rank and pay structure for the soldiers
accepted and assimilated of Hindus to live along with the Muslims
supportive of women’s rights for the time
supported strong cultural and intellectual life
architecture was its greatest contribution. Ex: Taj Mahal (palace in India)
lanscape gardening
creating 2 languages Urdu and Hindi for people
When did Feudalism become the Dominant society?
Between 1,000 and 1,500 CE
What is Feudalism?
a system of loyalty and protection. Strong protected the weak, who gave back in farming, military service, and loyalty
What did Feudalism look like?
Vast estate called Manor ownded by noble man and family. Inside was village of few hundred people, mostly peasants. little travel outside of manor. Very few people owned land.
During Feudalism, who was one of the largest land owners of the time?
Roman Catholic Church
What are other important elements of Feudalism?
- Knighthood and Code of Shivlery
- Influence of Roman Catholic Church
- Church was only place people could be educated
- Bible and other books were hand copied by Monks
- Cathedrals were built and decorated with religious art
Why did Feudalism end?
Trade increased through Asia and Africa and Europe
Cities began to be established and grow along trade routes
craftworers began to be very skillful and created Guilds
Government within the cities consisted of wealthy businessmen
black Death
What happened after Feudal system ended?
- In Europe, nation states became powerful and people identifed themselves as part of a nation
- Japan turned into Imperial form of government with a divine emperor, which meant served for life
- In Japan, the capital Kyoto, became one of the largest, most powerful city in the World
- Landowners became very powerful in Japan. Called Daimyos (landownders)
- The warriors serving Daimyos were called Samurai and the Samurai code of honor believed “every man was a soldier and a gentleman”
- Daimyos became more powerful and richer than the emperor of Japan
What was the main economic difference between Imperial and Feudal Japan?
Feudal Japan- money from trade and robbery went to Dimyos instead of Emperor
Compare Feudalism between Japan and Europe.
Deveoped in Japan later than Europe and lasted longer in Japan. This caused Japan to be isolated from the West until 19th century
