Competency 3 Flashcards
What were the 2 phases of the reformation period?
- Protestant Reformation: broke from Catholic Church
- Catholic-Counter Reformation: catholic churchs’ steps to cleaning up their act and slowing down the protestant reformation
What caused the Protestant Reformation?
Political- increase in power of rulers or monarchs, growth of nationalism
Economic- Greed of kings to own lands and wealth of Church, rise of the middle class and Capitalism, anger against papal taxation (pope)
Religious- abuses by Catholic Church, immorality within, sale of indulgences, Theology
What are Indulgences?
Offering money to pay for a sin (confessions) in the Catholic Church
What is nationalism?
Patriotic pride in a country
Wnere did the Protestant Reformation begin?
Germany with revolt of Martin Luther (priest), got angry with church abuses. Founded Lutheran Church. Spread to Switzerland. Began in England when Henry VIII wanted to divorce his wife (against the Catholic Church, decided to have his own church)
What were some of the results of the Protestant Reformation?
- End of abuses in Catholic Church
- Religious freedom and tolerance
- Increase in Education
- Increase in religious wars
- Increase in fanaticism and persecution
How did the Renaissance begin?
Protestant Reformation led to more Education and openess to different ideas and trade to Asia Ex: Valdo brothers/Marco Polo brought information about new lands, people, customs, foods, spices, silks
What was the Renaissance?
REBIRTH- time of renewed interest in classical Greek and Roman civilizations
Where did the Renaissance begin?
Italy (Florence)
Results were in: education, reading, writing, math, law, and study of Greek and Roman writers
Who are some famous people from the Renaissance period?
Art: Leonardo Davinci, Michaelangelo, Rafael, Rambrant (Painting and Sculpture- more realistically portrayed Ex: Mona Llisa)
Literature: Shakespeare, Dante, Sir Thomas More (shifted focus to life on Earth) Invention of Printing Press
Music: Not JUST for CHURCH. Musicians worked for themselves, not for Curches
Science: Galileo, Copernicus, Kepler. Earth was ROUND and not Center of Universe
Medicine: Anatomy
What is absolutism?
King has absolute authority
Who was Louis XIV?
King of France when 5 yrs old
called the Son King
France had a superior military
Ruled with absolute power- “I am the State”
Prime Minister: Mazarin
Distrusted the nobles and weakened their power, tried to control the church, duiring his reign 2 Frondes broke out (civil wars), did not handle protestants (Huguenots) well, and they were a wealthy and industrious people
Who was Catherine the Great?
Enlightened Despot
In russia- came to power when helped dethrone her husband Peter III
revised Russian law to make it more humane, built hospitals, orphanages, established schools, but did not free peasants, increased their serfdom
Who is Tokugawa Leyasu?
Came to power in 1600
Military Dictator
persecuted Christians and isolated Japan from rest of world
Established social class hierarchy of Samuri being the highest, farmers, artisans, traders the midle, and Peasants the lowest
his successors continued until the Boshin war
What is colonization?
Expansion of a nation’s borders by controlling land far away
What were the results of European expansion and colonialism in other parts of the world?
- Europeans invaded the far east and the Americas and took over
- Christianity was introduced all over the world
- Capitalism spread
- Trade increased
- European nations became very wealthy
- New ideas were traded
- Constant search for Gold
How was European expansion funded?
money from Kings, but then companies were establised to invest in trade
What countries were most active in colonial expansion?
Spain, Portugal, Netherlands in 1500s
French & English in 1600s
Who were the first Europeans in the New World?
Norsemen (Vikings): Leaf Erickson
Who was Prince Henry the Navigator?
Prince of Portugal who encouraged sailors to learn and explore
Famous Explorers and their Sponsers
Christopher Columbus- spain (Discovered America)
Magellan- Spain (first to go around the whole world- sailed)
Champlain, Verrazano, Cartier, LaSalle, Father Marquette, Joliet- France
Henry Hudson (Dutch and Netherlands) Hudson River
John Cabot- England (North America)
Why were the European countries rivalries during Colonial Expansion about America?
Competition for land, goods, trade, slave trade, Atlantic fishing
This is when England and France began to be bitter enemies (Ange-French Conflict)
What part of North America did the English and French control during Colonialism?
England was the 13 colonies- land along Atlantic Ocean, well populated, and many items for trade including fish, tobacco, and furs
France controlled Louisiana terrirtory, less populated, but very large
Competition intense for goods
Also in competition for India
What led to the French and Indian Wars?
The issue of control of the land west of the Appalacia Mountains between French and English
What was the Scientific Revolution?
end of 16th century, Galileo expermented with motion and came up with laws of motion
Issac Newton
birth of physics
What was the Agricultural Revolution?
Engand, experimenting with technology to increase production of crops. Technology was in connection with the invention of the steam engine for tractors and the Industrial Revolution
What was the Industrial Revolution?
England, development of power driven machinery fueled by coal and steam, large factories replaced home workshops, changed society in a huge way. Industrialized Nations needed to get goods so they could use them in their factories
What period was characterized in Western countries by the opposing political ideas of Democracy and Nationalism?
1700’s - 1800’s
What was the Enlightenment?
period of intense self study that foused on ethics and logic
influenced political leaders of the time including Founding Fathers in America
What famous saying was from the Enlightenment era?
“I think, therefore, I am” said by Rene Descartes, a French Philosopher
Who were important tihnkers of the Enlightenment?
France: Rene Discartes
Rousseau, created idea of social contract. Government exists because people want it. People will submit to Government as long as they protect people
England: David Hume, (believer of empiricism- seeing is believing and skeptism- suspicious of what other people say, so you search out the truth youself)
John Locke, believed in social contract. One of the most influenctial political writers and wrote that if Governments violate the rights of people, the people should rebel influenced the Patriots in America during the Revolution
Germany: Kant. Philosopher and Scientist, took Scientist view of world
America: Thomas Jefferson, believed in Social Contract
What 3 Revolutions occured as a result of the Enlightenment?
- American Revolution
- French Revolution
- Russian Revolution
Compare the American, French, and Russian Revolutions.
American Revolution: freedom of colonists from Great Britain, with help from France
French Revolution: revolt of the middle and lower classes against nobles, rulers, and the church because of unacceptable living conditions
Russian Revolution: 1917 Tsar Nicholas II abdicated and established democracy. Bolshevicks took over and set up world’s Marxist (Communist) state
What was going on in Latin America during the 1800’s?
- Napolean took over Spain and Portugal in Latin America, people formed Juntas (committees) to show loyalty to King Ferdenand of Spain. Juntas declared Independence
- Miguel Hidalgo, priest fought for racial fairness with Indians and Whites in Mexico
- Simon Bolivar- fought for the freedom of Venezela, including against King Ferinand after he resumed power of Spain. Worked with San Martin helped to win Peru’s independence, and eventually rid South America of Spanish control.
- In Brazil, Queen Maria of Portegul escaped from Napolean and went to Brazil. Her son Joao became King of Brazil. His son Padro, eventually decalred independce from Portegul and became Emperor of Brazil.
