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BIOL 2003 > Community Ecology > Flashcards

Community Ecology Flashcards

1
Q

competition that occurs between individuals of the same species

A

Intraspecific

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2
Q

competition that occurs between individuals of different species

A

Interspecific

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3
Q

organisms compete indirectly through the consumption of a limited resource with each obtaining as much as it can

A

Exploitation Competition

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4
Q

individuals interact directly with one another by physical force or intimidation

A

Interference Competition

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5
Q

when knapwood secretes into the surrounding soil root chemicals (allelochemicals) that kill the roots of native grass species

A

Allelopathy

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6
Q

unique set of habitat resources a species requires as well as its effect on an ecological system

A

Niche

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7
Q

two species with exactly the same requirements cannot live together in the same place and use the same resources

A

Competitive Exclusion Principle

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8
Q

differentiation of niches, in both space and time, that enables similar species to coexist in a community

A

Resource Partitioning

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9
Q

occurring in the same geographic area

A

Sympatric

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10
Q

occurring in different geographic areas

A

Allopatric

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11
Q

tendency for two species to diverge in morphology and thus resource use because of competition

A

Character Displacement

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12
Q

typically nonlethal predation on plants

A

Herbivory

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13
Q

death of prey

A

Predation

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14
Q

typically nonlethal; adult parasites usually live on and produce for long periods in or on the living host

A

Parasitism

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15
Q

warning colorations

A

Aposematic Defense

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16
Q

the blending of an organism with the background of its habitat and is a common method of avoiding detection by predators

A

Camouflage

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17
Q

the resemblance of a species to another species

A

Mimicry

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18
Q

two or more toxic species converge to look the same, thus reinforcing the basic distasteful design

A

Mullerian Mimicry

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19
Q

mimicry of an unpalatable species by a palatable one

A

Batesian Mimicry

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20
Q

compounds that are not part of the primary metabolic pathway; chemicals that are bitter tasting or toxic

A

Secondary Metabolites

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21
Q

the ability of plants to prevent herbivory via either chemical or mechanical defenses

A

Host Plant Resistance

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22
Q

an organism that lives in, or, or with another organism, called the host, in order to obtain nutrients, grow, or multiply, often directly or indirectly harming the host

A

Parasite

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23
Q

lack chlorophyll and are totally dependent on host plants for their water and nutrients

A

Holoparasites

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24
Q

able to carry out photosynthesis, but depend on their hosts for water and mineral nutrients

A

Hemiparasites

25
Q

infect one species or just a few closely related species

A

Monophagous

26
Q

can infect many different host species

A

Polyphagous

27
Q

multiply within their hosts

A

Microparasites

28
Q

live in the host but release infective juvenile stages outside of the host’s body

A

Macroparasites

29
Q

live outside of the host’s body

A

Ectoparasites

30
Q

live inside of the host’s body

A

Endoparasites

31
Q

both species receive a benefit in the form of resource transfer of energy and nutrient

A

Resource-based Mutualisms

32
Q

one species receive food or shelter in return for defending another species

A

Defensive Mutualism

33
Q

interactions in which species receive food in return for transporting the pollen or seeds of its partner

A

Dispersive Mutualism

34
Q

when species cannot live without the other

A

Obligatory Mutualism

35
Q

interaction is beneficial but not essential to the survival and reproduction of either species

A

Facultative Mutualism

36
Q

interaction between species in which one benefits and the other is neither helped or harmed

A

Commensalism

37
Q

one organism uses a second organism for transportation

A

Phoresy

38
Q

factors that influence the number of different species in a community

A

Species Richness

39
Q

proposes that temperate regions have fewer species-rich communities than tropical ones because they are younger

A

Species-Time Hypothesis

40
Q

the observation that the number of species tends to increase with increasing area

A

Species-Area Effect

41
Q

proposes that greater production by plants results in greater overall species richness

A

Species-Productive Hypothesis

42
Q

the rate at which water moves into the atmosphere through the processes of evaporation from the soil and other surfaces and transpiration by plants, which are influenced by the amount of solar energy

A

Evapotranspiration rate

43
Q

frequency of occurrence

A

Relative Abundance

44
Q

a measure of the diversity of an ecological community that incorporates both the number of species and their relative abundance

A

Species Diversity

45
Q

converts values from species diversity indices into equivalent numbers of species.

A

Effective Number of Species

46
Q

outbreaks of pests are often found on cultivated land or land disturbed by humans, both of which are species-poor communities with few naturally occurring species

A

Diversity-Stability Hypothesis

47
Q

describes the gradual and continuous change in species composition of a community following a disturbance

A

Succession

48
Q

refers to succession on a newly exposed site that has no biological legacy in terms of plants, animals, or microbes, such as bare ground caused by a volcanic eruption or the sediment created by the retreat of glaciers

A

Primary Succession

49
Q

succession on a site that has previously supported life but has undergone a disturbance such as a fire, tornado, hurricane, or flood

A

Secondary Succession

50
Q

succession as proceeding through several stages to a distinct end point

A

Climax Community

51
Q

each colonizing species makes the local environment a little different, such as a little shadier or a little richer in soil nitrogen, so that it becomes more suitable for other species, which then invade and outcompete the earlier residents

A

Facilitation

52
Q

early colonists prevent colonization by other species

A

Inhibition

53
Q

any species can start the succession, but the eventual climax community is reached in a somewhat orderly fashion

A

Tolerance

54
Q

the number of species on an island tends toward an equilibrium number that is determined by the balance between two factors: immigration rates and extinction rates

A

Equilibrium Model of Island Biogeography

55
Q

suggests that species-rich communities are more stable than those with fewer species

A

Diversity-Stability Hypothesis

56
Q

ecosystem function increases rapidly at fairly low levels of species richness, but then levels off because most additional species are functionally redundant

A

Redundancy Hypothesis

57
Q

proposes that ecosystem function rises dramatically as species richness approaches its natural level

A

Keystone Hypothesis

58
Q

suggests that although ecosystem function can change as the number of species increases or decreases, the amount and direction of change are unpredictable

A

Idiosyncratic Hypothesis

BIOL 2003 (16 decks)

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