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BIOL 2003 > Ch. 54 - An Introduction to Ecology and Biomes > Flashcards

Ch. 54 - An Introduction to Ecology and Biomes Flashcards

1
Q

the study of the ways in which individual organisms meet the challenges of their abiotic and biotic interactions within their environment

A

Organismal Ecology

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2
Q

investigates how organisms are physiologically adapted to their environment and how the environment impacts the distribution of species

A

Physiological Ecology

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3
Q

how the behavior of individual organisms contributes to their survival and reproductive success

A

Behavioral Ecology

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4
Q

focuses on groups of interbreeding individuals (populations); understanding factors that affect a population’s growth and determine its size and density

A

Population Ecology

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5
Q

study of how populations of species interact and form functional communities

A

Community Ecology

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6
Q

systems formed by the interactions between a community of organisms and its physical environment

A

Ecosystem

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7
Q

the flow of energy and the cycling of nutrients within an ecosystem, which, in turn, affects the production of biomass

A

Ecosystem Ecology

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8
Q

performing an experiment several times

A

Replication

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9
Q

a fairly narrow zone close to the ocean’s surface, where light is sufficient to allow photosynthesis to occur

A

Photic Zone

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10
Q

species that can tolerate higher salt concentrations in their cell sap than regular plants

A

Halophytes

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11
Q

precipitation with a pH of less than 5.6

A

Acid Rain

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12
Q

the prevailing weather pattern in a given region

A

Climate

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13
Q

areas of high pressure and are the sites of the world’s hot deserts, because the subsiding air is relatively dry, having released all of its moisture over the equator

A

Subsidence Zone

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14
Q

increasing elevation leads to a decrease in air pressure

A

Adiabatic Cooling

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15
Q

an area where precipitation is noticeably less

A

Rain Shadow

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16
Q

major types of habitat characterized by distinctive plant and animal life; subdivided into terrestrial and aquatic

A

Biomes

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17
Q

rainfall > 230cm/year; avg. temp = 25-29; equatorial regions

A

Tropical Rain Forest

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18
Q

uppermost layer of tree foliage

A

Canopy

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19
Q

rainfall ~ 130-280 cm/year; avg. temp = 25-39; equatorial regions where rainfall is more seasonal

A

Tropical Deciduous Forest

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20
Q

rainfall > 200 cm/year; winter temperatures seldom drop below freezing and summer temperatures rarely exceed 27 degrees celsius; coastal locales

A

Temperate Rain Forest

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21
Q

rainfall ~ 75-200 cm/year; temp falls below freezing each winter but not usually below -12; eastern US, western Europe, eastern Asia

A

Temperate Deciduous Forest

22
Q

rainfall ~ 30-100 cm/year (often snow); temps are very cold, often below freezing; lies north of temperate-zone forests and grasslands; Taiga

A

Temperate Coniferous Forest

23
Q

rainfall ~ 50-130 cm/year; temps range from 24-29; Africa, South America, northern Australia

A

Tropical Grassland

24
Q

overstocking of land for pasturage of domestic animals can greatly reduce grass coverage through overgrazing, turning the area desert-like

A

Desertification

25
Q

rainfall ~ 25-100 cm/year; temp sometimes falls below 10 degrees celsius or as high as 30 degrees celsius; ~30 degrees latitude; prairie

A

Temperate Grassland

26
Q

rainfall is less than 30 cm/year; temps vary, below freezing at night to as high as 50 degrees celsius in the day; latitudes of 20-30 degrees North or South

A

Hot Desert

27
Q

rainfall < 25 cm/year (often snow); summer can be 21 to 26 degrees celsius; winter can be -2 to 4 degrees celsius; dry regions at middle to high latitudes

A

Cold Desert

28
Q

rainfall < 25 cm/year (locked up as snow); summer can be 3 to 12 degrees celsius and winter avg. temp is -32 degrees celsius; mainly in northern hemisphere

A

Tundra

29
Q

temperature decreases with increasing elevation; precipitation and temperature change dramatically; many areas of the world

A

Mountain Ranges

30
Q

layer of permanently frozen soil

A

Permafrost

31
Q

in the spring, ice melts, water warms, and spring storms mix the water layers, creating uniform conditions of temperature and oxygen

A

Spring Overturn

32
Q

upper layer warmed by the sun and mixed well by the wind

A

Epilimnion

33
Q

transition zone where the temperature declines rapidly

A

Thermocline

34
Q

cool layer far below the surface to be much warmed and with low light levels where photosynthesis is absent and oxygen supply is low

A

Hypolimnion

35
Q

standing-water habitats

A

Lentic

36
Q

running-water habitats

A

Lotic

37
Q

the area where land meets the sea, is alternately submerged and exposed by the daily cycle of tide; sandy shore, mudflats, or rocky shore

A

Intertidal Zone

38
Q

need warm water of at least 20 degrees celsius but less than 30 degrees celsius; limited to photic zone; warm tropical waters

A

Coral Reef

39
Q

water depth averages 4000 m; covering 70% of Earth’s surface; Pelagic Zone

A

Open Ocean

40
Q

circulation of cold, mineral-rich nutrients from deeper water to the surface

A

Upwelling

41
Q

microscopic photosynthetic organisms

A

Phytoplankton

42
Q

drifting animals that graze on phytoplankton

A

Zooplankton

43
Q

swim against the current to locate food

A

Nekton

44
Q

young lakes often start off clear and with little plant life

A

Oligotrophic

45
Q

lakes become richer in dissolved nutrients from erosion and runoff from surrounding land

A

Eutrophic

46
Q

flowing water prevents water accumulation and phytoplankton blooms; well-aerated; all continents except Antartica

A

Lotic Habitats

47
Q

areas regularly saturated by surface water or groundwater; marshes to swamps to bogs; seasonally flooded; oxygen levels fairly low

A

Wetlands

48
Q

the study of the geographic distribution of extinct and living species

A

Biogeography

49
Q

major changes in the relative location of continents due to the slow movement of the Earth’s surface plates

A

Plate techtonics

50
Q

two or more closely related species that are widely separated geographically

A

Disjunct Distributions

BIOL 2003 (16 decks)

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