Ch. 7 - Cellular Respiration and Fermentation Flashcards

1
Q

when oxygen is used in cellular respiration

A

aerobic respiration

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2
Q

input of glycolysis

A

glucose

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3
Q

output of glycolysis

A

2 pyruvate, 2 ATP, 2 NADH

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4
Q

occurs when an enzyme directly transfers a phosphate from a phosphorylated organic molecule to ADP

A

substrate-level phosphorylation

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5
Q

inputs of breakdown of pyruvate

A

2 pyruvate

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6
Q

outputs of breakdown of pyruvate

A

2 acetyl groups, 2 CO2 molecules, 2 NADH

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7
Q

inputs of citric acid cycle

A

2 acetyl groups

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8
Q

outputs of citric acid cycle

A

4 CO2, 2 ATP, 6 NADH, 2 FADH2

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9
Q

inputs of oxidative phosphorylation

A

6 NADH, 2 FADH2

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10
Q

outputs of oxidative phosphorylation

A

about 30-34 ATP molecules

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11
Q

projections formed by the invaginations of the inner mitochondrial membrane

A

cristae

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12
Q

involves the breakdown of glucose, a simple sugar, into two molecules of a compound called pyruvate

A

glycolysis

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13
Q

phase that raises the free energy of glucose, thereby allowing later reactions to be exergonic

A

Energy Investment Phase

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14
Q

phase (steps 4–5) breaks the fructose-1,6-bisphosphate, a six-carbon molecule, into two molecules of glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate

A

Cleavage Phase

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15
Q

phase (steps 6–10) produces four ATP, two NADH, and two molecules of pyruvate. Because two molecules of ATP are used in the energy investment phase, the net yield is two molecules of ATP

A

Energy Liberation Phase

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16
Q

consists of a group of protein complexes and small organic molecules embedded in the inner mitochondrial membrane

A

Electron Transport Chain

17
Q

concentration of H+ is higher outside the mitochondrial matrix than inside and an excess of positive charge exists outside the matrix

A

H+ electrochemical gradient

18
Q

an environment that lacks oxygen

A

anaerobic

19
Q

one mechanism is to use a substance other than O2 as the final electron acceptor of the electron transport chain

A

anaerobic respiration

20
Q

the second approach is to produce ATP via substrate-level phosphorylation only, without any net oxidation of organic molecules

A

fermentation

21
Q

enzyme that adds a phosphate group from one molecule to another molecule

A

kinase

22
Q

enzyme that changes a molecule into its isomer (same atoms, different structures)

A

isomerase

23
Q

enzyme that removes hydrogen atom(s) from the substrate; results in the oxidation of the substrate

A

dehydrogenase

24
Q

enzyme that transfers a phosphate group from ATP to fructose; point of no return, cell committed to glycolysis; before this step the sugar products can be used efficiently in the cell in other reactions but after this step this is not true.

A

phosphofructokinase