Communication Flashcards
What are examples of how humans communicate non-verbally?
Facial expressions
Gesture
“Personal space” - identify and describe are the four zones
- The intimate zone - people in close relationships
- The personal zone - friends
- The social distance zone - e.g., shop assistant-customer
- The public distance zone - public spaces
Identify and describe the 3 language components
Content - what to say
Form - how to say it
Use - when and how to use language
It is important to consider the _____ and the ______ of the communication
- sender
2. receiver
From a linguistic perspective, what is a referential communication task?
Concerned with semantics and pragmatics
From a psychological perspective, what is a referential communication task?
Concerned with the nature of mental and social concerns that arise from “face-to-face” interaction
What is an example of a referential communication task?
Young children - must choose correct card based on speaker’s description e.g., “the card with two dogs”
What is assertive communication?
Expressing one’s feelings and opinions without infringing on the rights of others
What are the 3 steps to assertive communication?
- I understand your position
- I state what is bothering me
- I state what I want to change
What does effective listening consist of?
AKA active listening. Attend to the speaker, understand the speaker and ask relevant questions
What are barriers to effective listening?
- Half listening
- Topping the speaker
- Being judgemental
Robinson: Shaking hands! - what are the basics?
- Non-verbal social communication
- May be accompanied by polite facial gestures
- “Limp” handshake = rude/disrespectful
Robinson: what are the three conventions of shaking hands?
- The way the hand is extended
- The way the pressure is applied
- The time the handshake takes place
What 3 things do handshakes suggest?
- Goodwill
- Friendship
- (Historically) - no weapons
Erving Goffman 1967 - what did he argue? (starts with f!)
Goffman argued that it is universal that humans have “face” and they want it to be acknowledged by others.
What is the notion of “face”?
Emotional and social sense of self one has and expects everyone else to recognise
What is the concept of “face saving”?
Individuals are expected to make efforts to save their own “face” and other members faces in interpersonal interaction
What is facework?
The process of “face” being threatened or saved in individual social interaction
Brown and Levison (1978) - how did they view communication?
Saw communication as potentially dangerous and antagonistic. The basic notion of their model is “face” - taken from Goffman
What is “positive face”?
The desire to be valued, appreciated and included by relevant or significant others
What is “negative face”?
The desire to be free from imposition and restraint and to have control over property, time, space and resources
To be polite we… ?
Take rational actions to preserve both kind of face, for us and the people we interact with
What is positive politeness with one example?
Recognises that the hearer has a face to be respected e.g., “is it OK for me to have a drink?”
What is negative politeness with one example?
Recognises the hearers voice and admits we are imposing on them, e.g., “I don’t want to bother you but, would it be possible for me to have a drink?”
What is a face threatening act?
Speaker says something that represents a threat to another individual’s expectations regarding self-image
What is a face saving act?
Speaker says something to lessen a possible threat
Language is highly ________ and ________ dependent
1) Context
2) Culture
What is persuasive communication?
Trying to change the beliefs, feelings and behaviour of another person(s)
What tactics do advertisements use?
-Appealing to; Emotions Fears Desire to seem intelligent Desire to look good Pride in one's country Need to protect one's family Desire to be healthy -Evidence; Statistics Appealing to authority -Generalisation -Attacks (e.g., other political parties) -Formal language -Rhetorical questions -Jargon
What must “fear” campaigns consider?
Must arouse sufficient amount of anxiety- not too much! Too much fear can lead us to ignoring the message. Also, when we’re too scared we’re unable to process the information properly
In any campaigns, those using “persuasion” must take what factors into consideration?
- Age
- Gender
- Income
- Level of education
- Cultural differences
etc.
What are influences contributing to compliance-gaining?
- Culture (think about individualistic/collectivist values)
- Gender, due to socialisation and enculturation
Hovland-Yale model- what is it?
Several factors jointly determine the extent to which a persuasive communication changes people’s attitudes
What are factors needed to change people’s attitudes?
- Communicator/source characteristics
- Features of the message (appeals, order, etc.)
- Audience characteristics (intelligence, personality, etc)
Persuasive communication produces various changes with the recipient - what are they?
Opinion Behaviour Knowledge Perception Emotion
What is an example of an experiment supporting the Hovland-Yale model?
PPs given info about drug taking and led to believe the source was a prestigious medical journal. Their attitude change was greater than when the source was thought to have been an ‘ordinary’ medical journal
What is an argument again the Hovland-Yale model?
Argued that high-self esteem people are more resistant to persuasion (however, there is research arguing against this)
