Communication

Question 1

What are examples of how humans communicate non-verbally?

Answer 1

Facial expressions

Gesture

Question 2

“Personal space” - identify and describe are the four zones

Answer 2

1. The intimate zone - people in close relationships
2. The personal zone - friends
3. The social distance zone - e.g., shop assistant-customer
4. The public distance zone - public spaces

Question 3

Identify and describe the 3 language components

Answer 3

Content - what to say
Form - how to say it
Use - when and how to use language

Question 4

It is important to consider the _____ and the ______ of the communication

Answer 4

1. sender

2. receiver

Question 5

From a linguistic perspective, what is a referential communication task?

Answer 5

Concerned with semantics and pragmatics

Question 6

From a psychological perspective, what is a referential communication task?

Answer 6

Concerned with the nature of mental and social concerns that arise from “face-to-face” interaction

Question 7

What is an example of a referential communication task?

Answer 7

Young children - must choose correct card based on speaker’s description e.g., “the card with two dogs”

Question 8

What is assertive communication?

Answer 8

Expressing one’s feelings and opinions without infringing on the rights of others

Question 9

What are the 3 steps to assertive communication?

Answer 9

1. I understand your position
2. I state what is bothering me
3. I state what I want to change

Question 10

What does effective listening consist of?

Answer 10

AKA active listening. Attend to the speaker, understand the speaker and ask relevant questions

Question 11

What are barriers to effective listening?

Answer 11

1. Half listening
2. Topping the speaker
3. Being judgemental

Question 12

Robinson: Shaking hands! - what are the basics?

Answer 12

• Non-verbal social communication
• May be accompanied by polite facial gestures
• “Limp” handshake = rude/disrespectful

Question 13

Robinson: what are the three conventions of shaking hands?

Answer 13

1. The way the hand is extended
2. The way the pressure is applied
3. The time the handshake takes place

Question 14

What 3 things do handshakes suggest?

Answer 14

1. Goodwill
2. Friendship
3. (Historically) - no weapons

Question 15

Erving Goffman 1967 - what did he argue? (starts with f!)

Answer 15

Goffman argued that it is universal that humans have “face” and they want it to be acknowledged by others.

Question 16

What is the notion of “face”?

Answer 16

Emotional and social sense of self one has and expects everyone else to recognise

Question 17

What is the concept of “face saving”?

Answer 17

Individuals are expected to make efforts to save their own “face” and other members faces in interpersonal interaction

Question 18

What is facework?

Answer 18

The process of “face” being threatened or saved in individual social interaction

Question 19

Brown and Levison (1978) - how did they view communication?

Answer 19

Saw communication as potentially dangerous and antagonistic. The basic notion of their model is “face” - taken from Goffman

Question 20

What is “positive face”?

Answer 20

The desire to be valued, appreciated and included by relevant or significant others

Question 21

What is “negative face”?

Answer 21

The desire to be free from imposition and restraint and to have control over property, time, space and resources

Question 22

To be polite we… ?

Answer 22

Take rational actions to preserve both kind of face, for us and the people we interact with

Question 23

What is positive politeness with one example?

Answer 23

Recognises that the hearer has a face to be respected e.g., “is it OK for me to have a drink?”

Question 24

What is negative politeness with one example?

Answer 24

Recognises the hearers voice and admits we are imposing on them, e.g., “I don’t want to bother you but, would it be possible for me to have a drink?”

Question 25

What is a face threatening act?

Answer 25

Speaker says something that represents a threat to another individual’s expectations regarding self-image

Question 26

What is a face saving act?

Answer 26

Speaker says something to lessen a possible threat

Question 27

Language is highly ________ and ________ dependent

Answer 27

1) Context

2) Culture

Question 28

What is persuasive communication?

Answer 28

Trying to change the beliefs, feelings and behaviour of another person(s)

Question 29

What tactics do advertisements use?

Answer 29

-Appealing to;
Emotions 
Fears
Desire to seem intelligent
Desire to look good
Pride in one's country
Need to protect one's family
Desire to be healthy
-Evidence;
Statistics
Appealing to authority
-Generalisation 
-Attacks (e.g., other political parties)
-Formal language 
-Rhetorical questions
-Jargon

Question 30

What must “fear” campaigns consider?

Answer 30

Must arouse sufficient amount of anxiety- not too much! Too much fear can lead us to ignoring the message. Also, when we’re too scared we’re unable to process the information properly

Question 31

In any campaigns, those using “persuasion” must take what factors into consideration?

Answer 31

1. Age
2. Gender
3. Income
4. Level of education
5. Cultural differences
   etc.

Question 32

What are influences contributing to compliance-gaining?

Answer 32

• Culture (think about individualistic/collectivist values)

- Gender, due to socialisation and enculturation

Question 33

Hovland-Yale model- what is it?

Answer 33

Several factors jointly determine the extent to which a persuasive communication changes people’s attitudes

Question 34

What are factors needed to change people’s attitudes?

Answer 34

1. Communicator/source characteristics
2. Features of the message (appeals, order, etc.)
3. Audience characteristics (intelligence, personality, etc)

Question 35

Persuasive communication produces various changes with the recipient - what are they?

Answer 35

Opinion
Behaviour 
Knowledge 
Perception 
Emotion

Question 36

What is an example of an experiment supporting the Hovland-Yale model?

Answer 36

PPs given info about drug taking and led to believe the source was a prestigious medical journal. Their attitude change was greater than when the source was thought to have been an ‘ordinary’ medical journal

Question 37

What is an argument again the Hovland-Yale model?

Answer 37

Argued that high-self esteem people are more resistant to persuasion (however, there is research arguing against this)