Cognition Flashcards
What is the work of William Stern (1872-1938)
The idea of Intelligent Quotient (IQ)
Used the Binet-Simon test to calculate IQ
Mental age ÷ Actual age x 100
(Average at 100)
Why were Wechsler’s tests different to other tests
All people of all ages can take them
IQ was able to be determined by adults by using an individual’s actual score compared to the average scores for that age
What is the work of David Wechsler (1896-1981)
The Wechsler adult intelligence test (WAIS)
The Wechsler scale for children (WISC)
What is the work of Lewis Terman (1877-1956)
Used Binet-Simon test in California and it didn’t work (it was French)
Revised the test and added 40 new items
Used 1000 children (4-14) to increase sample
(Stanford-Binet test)
What is Crystallized intelligence (gc)
A reflection of one’s cumulative experiences
(More general)
High in old people
Why does Flynn believe has caused the Flynn effect
NOT BECAUSE PEOPLES INTELLIGENCE IS INCREASING
He believes that intelligence tests correlate with intelligence but don’t measure intelligence itself
He believes instead there is an increase in “abstract problem solving ability”
What is the Flynn effect
average intelligence scores have risen steadily over time
Briefly describe group testing and name one positive and negative
A simple test given to multiple people at once
+ can be administered to very large numbers simultaneously
- not readily detected if examinee is tired, anxious or unwell
Briefly describe individual testing and list one positive and negative
One person conducting a test at a time
+ can pay more attention to examinee
- time consuming
What is Fluid intelligence (gf)
Ability to solve unique abstract relational problems
(Flexible intelligence)
Low in old people
Raymond B. Cattell (1963) argued that “g” can be subdivided into _____ and _________ intelligence
- Fluid
2. Crystallized
What is a bell curve (normal distribution)
68% of scores lie within one standard deviation of the mean
95% of scores will fall within 2 standard deviations of the mean
What is the work of Charles Spearman (1863-1945)
Intelligence consists of a single general ability and specific mental abilities
(TWO-FACTOR THEORY)
How did Spearman discover general intelligence (g)
He used factor analysis to see that doing good in one test correlated with doing well in other tests
What is general intelligence “g”
Underlies all intellectual behaviour and reflects persons mental energy and inherited abilities
“g”: is required for performance of intelligence tests of all types
