Comm test 3: infectious disease Flashcards
breaking the chain of infection
- controlling agent
- eradication the non-human reservoir
- controlling the human reservoir
- controlling portals of exit and entry
- improve host resistance and immunity
- Mode of transmission
- Portal of entry
- Susceptible host
- Infectious Agent
- Reservoir
- Portal of exit
Chain of Infection
: whatever is the cause - eliminate it or make it difficult to survive (medications)
Controlling agent
Improve host resistance and immunity:
healthy lifestyle
Eradicating the Non-Human Reservoir:
spray vegetation or treat water where bugs live
Controlling the Human Reservoir:
no co-morbidities
Controlling portals of exit and entry:
coughing, wounds………
- person-to-person, by the host. Ex: std, aids
Direct transmission
-agents transferred by something other than host, contaminated objects Ex: Bed bugs =toys, bedding, or clothing / tb
Indirect transmission
- passing of the infection from parent to offspring via: sperm, placenta, milk, or contact in the vaginal canal. Ex: transplacental transmission of HIV and syphilis
Vertical Transmission
– non human organism, by biting or depositing infective material near the host Ex: ticks, mosquitos, snails
Vector Transmission
-occurs when the host is resistant to the agent, species determined Ex: opossums rarely contract rabies
Natural
immunity
-the resistance in the host develops after being infected by natural exposure with agent Ex: measles won’t have it again
Acquired immunity
-immunizations with live or killed organisms of the agent, antibodies are produced by the host Ex: childhood vaccines
Days to weeks to dev
Active/Artificial immunity
-transfer of immunization from an immunized host to a non-immunized individual Ex: mother to infant
Immediate protection, short lived
Passive immunity
immunity of a group, resistance of a group of ppl to invasion and spread of an infectious agent, higher immunization coverage will lead to greater Ex: small pox
Herd immunity
-the potential of transmission of infection from host to other hosts Ex: individual with measles are very infectious= airborne droplets
Infectiousness immunity
– consistent, expected level of a disease/event in the population or geographic area
-usually have some cases of the disease regardless of anything else, baseline number. Ex: pertussis in US, foodborne botulism in Alaska
endemic
- a higher level of an endemic event Ex: cholera incidence rate among Asians and Pacific islanders
hyperendemic
– unexpected occurrence of an infectious disease in a limited geographic area during a limited period of time. Ex: yellow fever in Philadelphia 1793
outbreak
– a clear, unexpected increase of an infectious disease in a geographic over a given period of time, excess of normal expectancy (Similar to outbreak. Use outbreak at beginning and then switch to epidemic when it goes on and on and grows.) Ex: polio just one case- is supposed to be eradicated
epidemic
– steady occurrence of a disease that is spread through countries and/or worldwide Ex: aids/hiv, H1N1
pandemic
- a highly prevalent problem that is commonly acquired early in life and decreases as age increases. Ex: malaria in sub-Saharan Africa 75% of deaths were children, trachoma in villages of Saudi Arabia
holoendemic
- irregular pattern with occasional cases found at irregular intervals. Ex: Cerebro-spinal meningitis
sporadic
- a group affected by being exposed to the agent Ex: Something in the water that the affected drank
All from the same place
common source outbreak
- all persons exposed become ill at the same time during one incubation period. Ex: chicken pox
Point source outbreak
- common source and secondary exposure related to person-person contact Ex: influenza
mixed outbreak
- exposed over a period of days/weeks. Ex: tainted green onions from Olive Garden - large area.
intermittent or continuous source
- no common source, spreads gradually from person to person over more than one incubation period. Ex: tb
propagated outbreak
- associated with the CDC, collects data from all 50 states, federal.
National Notifiable Disease Surveillance System (NNDSS)
- statewide system of monitoring infectious/communicable disease.
National Electronic Telecommunications System for Surveillance (NETSS
- part of the state system, reports of disease are sent to local health department - then state health department - then federal - then CDC - then WHO
Passive system
nurse reports directly and gathers all information
Active system-
- monitors trends of a disease or key health indicators
Sentinel system
- special system to gather specific type of information. Ex; Persons with H1N1 flu who think Lee Harvey Oswald acted alone.
Syndromic surveillance system
public health control of disease
control
elimination
eradication
= reduction of incidence or prevalence of a disease to an acceptable level as a result of health care intervention.
control
= control of an infectious disease within a specified geographic area (country or region) and incidence is reduced to near zero due to deliberate effort. Ex: after vaccination – little or no incidence of the disease is seen in the following year.
elimination
= reducing the worldwide incidence of a disease to zero, irreversible termination of all transmission of infection by extermination of infectious agent worldwide ex: small pox
eradication
-prevention programs and control measures to reduce the prevalence of disease.
Example-Immunizations have dramatically decreased mumps, measles, pertussis, polio, and rubella.
Infection Control
Goal
Vaccine preventable infections
Vaccine Preventable Diseases ( Identify a selection) Anthrax, Cervical cancer, HPV, Haemophilus influenza, Hepatitis A and B, Measles, Meningococcus, Mumps, Pertussus, Pneumococcus, Poliomyelitis, Rabies, Rotavirus, Rubella, Shingles, Smallpox, Tetanus, TB, Varicella
-Pursuing a Global Commitment to Develop 10 New Antibacterial Drugs by 2020
-Newest initiative of IDSA
-Development of drug resistant microorganisms
-antibiotics as miracle drugs
Don’t misuse antibiotics= importance of pt edu
- group of infections that cause most US hospital infections (2/3 of all healthcare associated infections) and escape antibacterial drugs
10X2020
Eskape
A. : Immunizations, Sanitization in community, Employment regulations, Programs and services
Primary Prevention eskape
B. Early detection of disease, screenings, Legal enforcement through regulation, Comfort measures, Exclusion from school
Secondary Prevention: eskape
C. Rehabilitation of lingering dysfunction from the disease process
Tertiary Prevention: Eskape
10/2020 eskap drug
Ex: 6 bacteria: E faecium, S. Aureas, K. pneumonia, A. Baumalloi, pseudomonas aerginosa, enterobacter species
