Comm Final: Day one presentations Flashcards
-Job loss, mental illness, natural disasters, spouse passing and main breadwinner, drugs and alcohol, medical bills, Poverty
Homelessness and Poverty
Causes
having insufficient resources or funds to meet basic living expenses such as food, shelter, clothing, transportation and health care
General: homelessness and poverity
live in dangerous environments, be underemployed/work high risk jobs, eat less nutritious foods=whatever they can, have many stressors
-Can lead to homelessness
Poverty
More likely to:
Decreased earnings
Increased unemployment rates
Changes in retirement benefits/labor force
Increase in female-headed households
Inadequate education and job skills=3 jobs to support
Inadequate antipoverty programs/welfare benefits
Weak enforcement of child support statutes
Declining Social Security payments to children
Increased number of children born to single women
Poverty Factors that effect a growing number:
People become homeless for a number of reasons
Families are especially at risk for becoming homeless
-Typical sheltered family is made up of a single mother with 2-3 children
Many once had homes and survived on limited income
Includes every age, sex, ethnicity and family type
Homelessness
- Lives marked by hardship and struggle
Homelessness transient/episodic; brief stays in shelters or other temporary accommodations
Crisis poverty
- Typically chronically homeless
Many have mental or physical disabilities along with alcohol/drug abuse, severe mental illness, chronic health problems, or chronic family problems
Lack money, family support and need economic help, rehabilitation, ongoing support
Persistent poverty
Poor health can contribute to being and being can lead to poor health
Cycle hard to get out of
Limited health care makes worse
Try to provided support: what is provided isn’t always going to help them
Health promotion activities are a luxury for individuals
Poor health outcomes are often secondary to barriers that impede access to care: increased infant mortality rate, increased hospitalization,
Homeless & health
inconvenient clinical hours, attitudes of health care workers toward poor clients
homelessness and health
Barriers:
- -Alcohol abuse, high sodium foods
- -Intravenous drug use, risky sexual practices
- pneumonia and tuberculosis, wound and skin infections
- Crowded living conditions, poor hygiene, lack of first aid, no clean place to fix up wound
homeless and poverty Common diseases 1. hypertension 2. AIDs 3. viral and bacterial infections
- Higher rates of prematurity, low birth weight, and birth defects
- Increased incidence of traumatic death and injuries, nutritional deficits, iron deficiency anemia, elevated blood lead levels, infections
- Lead to more hospitalization and more stress
Effects of poverty and health of children
- Approximately 26% of all homeless have severe and many are not being treated
- Overall, about 6% of American adults have serious
- Many with severe live in poverty or are homeless because lack ability to earn/maintain suitable standard of living: cycle hard to break need health care but can’t afford it
- Serious mental illness disrupts ability to carry out essential aspects of daily life
- May prevent people from forming and maintaining stable relationships or cause them to misinterpret others’ guidance and react irrationally=Results in pushing away family, caregivers and friends
- These factors + stress of mental disorder make these people more at risk to become homeless
Mental Illness and Homelessness
-Moved many from state psychiatric hospitals to communities
Community-based services were not often in place when persons released into community or not affective
Families were not prepared for the treatment responsibilities
Staff in nursing homes and personal care settings often lacked adequate knowledge and skills
Some were released into rooming houses and single-room occupancy hotels=Little to no help or no supervision: taking meds
Others placed in prisons and jails: Estimated that 14% of males and 33% of females in jail suffer from mental illness
Deinstitutionalization
mental illness poverty and homeless
-Create trusting environment
Show respect, compassion, and concern
Do not make assumptions
Coordinate a network of services and providers, resources they can use
Advocate for accessible health care providers: can’t afford won’t go
Focus on prevention: keeping them from becoming in first place
Role of the Nurse
homeless and poverty
Concept of who is poor has changed
Income is usually a qualifying factor for programs
Federal Income Poverty Guidelines determine whether a person is financially eligible for assistance
Some families earn slightly more than the government-defined income levels and are not eligible for government assistance programs, but are unable to meet their living expenses
Who Can Help?
homeless and poverty
mission is to prevent homeless, protecting civil rights
The National Coalition for the Homeless (NCH):
help families with children under 19, help maintain jobs, medical assistance, transportation, food stamps
Temporary Assistance to Needy Families (TANF):
promote, health screening, counseling, promote breast feeding
Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants, and Children (WIC):
: largest funding
Medicaid
snack-alleviate hunger and easier to afford, now electric card given monthly
Food Stamps:
: huge organization, help with homeless, donate coats, safe places, addiction counseling, homeless find work
Salvation Army
: federal program, school readiness from birth to 5 years old, receive help regardless
Head Start
house families that have to stay for long time, can’t afford housing, 15$ a night
Ronald McDonald House:
: case managers to veteran to get back on feet, help find jobs
HUD- Veterans Affairs Supportive Housing Program (HUD-VASH)
- Help chronically sick and mentally ill homeless, guidance, how to change life and resources how to change
Case management programs
- Mentoring, Addiction control, Family and marriage counseling, Parenting classes, Anger management, GED Preparation courses, Bible study, Class on finding and maintaining jobs
Homeless shelters: provide shelter for evening
provide 24 hour access to stay in
Emergency Shelters:
- Difficult to know how many people are homeless
- Homeless are often hard to locate: with relatives, on streets
- Many refuse to be interviewed: don’t want attention or judgment
- Some go through episodes of homelessness
- Lack of compliance with treatments: no money, don’t follow up, no place to store
- Economic barriers: can’t pay for medication or care
- Difficult to generalize from one location to another
Complications with providing adequate services
- A pregnancy will make them turn their life around
- 68% of young females said they had been pregnancy between the ages of 15-18 years old and were also homeless.
- Most homeless young mothers do not have a steady place to sleep, do not have access to prenatal vitamins, malnourished diet, and no support system.
- Their babies will not have an easy road either: low birth weight, developmental problems, parental issues, lack of nutrients, and safety concerns.
Young homeless women
Shelters just for women address
Mental disorders, Provide a support system, On site “at home pregnancy tests”
-Once the young woman finds out she is pregnant, the shelter can set her up with welfare and subsidizing housing
-From there, the shelter helps the young woman find a job.
-The shelter also sets them up with a female mentor that has been through the same experience to help along the way as a support person.
Interventions: homeless women:
The shelters that are for people as a one/ two day stay offer the basics- Food, Water, Shelter, Clothing
Interventions: short stay shelters:
The basics: food, water, clothing, shelter
- Mental counseling, Medical services, Substance abuse treatment
- Training of independent living skills: try to get ppl to get job and find a home
Interventions: longer duration shelters:
- Trying to connect with the “difficult to reach” individuals
Once the staff builds trust with the person, they’ll get case management involved to really help the individual out
-Specialized services, Crisis counseling
Substance abuse support and treatment
Vocational services, Educational programs
Education on HIV/ AIDS/ STDs/ Pregnancy as well
Interventions: Drop-In shelters
- The Drop-In shelters offer education of HIV/ AIDS, STDs prevention, and pregnancy prevention
- The young women homeless shelter offers condoms as a state of prevention as well
Primary intervention homelessness and poverty
-For the women shelters that offer pregnancy tests, this is a type of screening process
Secondary intervention homelessness and poverty
-An individual with HIV, the staff would be teaching signs and symptoms of a flare up so they know when to seek medical attention
Tertiary intervention homelessness and poverty
nurse who provides care to individuals in these areas, geographical location or low population density, in a specified area. Individuals include those that do not have easy access to health care.
Defined by location, population density, distance from or to an urban center
Began with Red Cross Nursing Service in 1912
Growing number of migrant workers and their unique health needs
settings are based upon a continuum
Typically self-employed in seasonal or part-time careers
Rural/migrant nurse:
- Lack of technology, initiative, transportation, and financial ability
- Scared to miss a day of work: some only work part time or seasonal
- Increase in health issues
- Unpredicted weather or travel conditions
- Care and services are not culturally appropriate: come from other countries may not believe in the same things
- Inadequate provider attitudes and understanding about the population
Current Trends
rural migrant nursing
defined generally either in terms of the geographic location and population or distance from or the time needed to commute to an urban center, fewer than 99 persons per square mile and communities having fewer than 20,000 inhabitants/ Farm residency
Rural:
region surrounding a city, very developed (houses, commercial buildings, roads, bridges, and railways)/ Nonfarm residency
Urban:
Rather than being one or the other, residencies are placed on a continuum. This ranges from living on a remote farm to a village to a small town to a larger town or city to a metropolitan area with a core (inner city)
Rural-urban continuum:
-Not fully understood and residents have a poor perception of their overall health=don’t think preventative care is necessary and don’t want to miss work
Compared to urban Americans, have:
-Higher infant and maternal morbidity rates
-Higher rates of chronic illness (heart disease, COPD, suicide, HTN, DM, and CA)
-Unique health risks associated with their occupations (chemicals, pesticides=farm workers, heavy machinery)
-Stress-related health issues and mental illness, at risk for depression and suicide
Health status of rural residents
-The four high-risk industries are forestry, mining, fishing, and agriculture. Each day over 200 agricultural workers suffer lost work time injuries and almost 5% result in permanent impairment. Sometime OSHA (occupational safety and health administration) is not enforced because of the small enterprises. Workers’ Compensation is usually not available for agriculture industry.
Occupational and Environmental Health problems in Rural Areas
Most common unintentional injuries in farming is being run over from tractor falls and trailing equipment. Other injuries can rage from fractures or sprains from falls, prolonged stooping, heavy lifting.
Occupational and Environmental Health problems in Rural Areas
Unintentional injuries:
Harvesting crops 12-14 hours per day takes a toll on the musculoskeletal system. For example, stooping low all day to pick up strawberries. Neck and back pain are the most common chronic pain that can cause workers to leave or change jobs
Occupational and Environmental Health problems in Rural Areas
Physical demand:
Naturally occurring plant substances or applied can cause irritation to the skin.
Eye problems can result from them, dust and pollen. With the lack of eye care in their community can lead to chronic eye problems and even loss of vision.
Cancer can arise from the constant exposure . The highest prevalence is breast cancer, brain tumor, non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma, and leukemia.
Occupational and Environmental Health problems in Rural Areas
Chemicals:
common in the agricultural.
The largest that is treated in the North American food supply is organophosphate .
They are known for potential hazards.
Farm workers are exposed to the immediate and chronic effects
clothing of the farmer is the main source of cross-contamination for both the worker and their family.
The reason this may be is because they may not have had proper training or education. Even if there were handouts or books, they may not be able to read.
Occupational and Environmental Health problems in Rural Areas
Chemicals:
Pesticide Exposure:
vary in amount and time in contact with
Neuromuscular: headache, dizziness, confusion, irritability, twitching muscles, and muscle weakness.
Respiratory: SOB, dyspnea, nasal and pharyngeal irritation
Gastrointestinal: N/V, diarrhea, stomach cramps
Occupational and Environmental Health problems in Rural Areas
Chemicals:
Pesticide Exposure: Signs and symptoms
acute
Related to illnesses and conditions such as cancers, Parkinson’s-like symptoms, infertility or sterility, liver damage, and polyneuropathy and neurobehavioral problems
Occupational and Environmental Health problems in Rural Areas
Chemicals:
Pesticide Exposure: Signs and symptoms
chronic
Rural Health Care Delivery Issues and Barriers to care
4 A’s to effective Rural health care delivery
1. to everyone,
2. reimbursements, Medicare,
3. transportation
4. to standards and beliefs
availability
affordability
accessibility
acceptability
Demeaning attitudes, lack of knowledge about rural populations, insensitivity about rural lifestyle -> difficulties relating to clients
- Activities and programs must mesh with client beliefs
- Family and community need to be involved with the planning and care of patient
- Need accurate perspective of rural clients
- Mobile clinics: screenings like hypertension, cancer, diabetes
Rural Health Care Delivery Issues and Barriers to care
4 A’s to effective Rural health care delivery
Health of Minorities, Particularly Migrant Farmworkers
- 80 percent don’t receive, no insurance, lack of understanding
- more likely to die bc they live in crowded areas and poor working conditions, workers are from foreign countries, don’t go to doctor
- migrants 13 percent have, Hispanics are affected more represents 60 percent and 202 percent of new cases, Poverty, low in come, mobile life style, unprotected sex, tattooing
- Associated with the stress of the job, new culture, low self-esteem, and discrimination, Women are more at risk for developing anxiety because of their responsibility to their job as well as to their families (work all day, come home and take care of family)
- Most of the time domestic violence goes unreported due to lack of resources and access to help
- may go to 3-5 schools in school year, may only complete 7th grade, stay home to take care of younger siblings: Malnutrition, infectious diseases, dental caries, inadequate immunization status, pesticide exposure, injuries, exposure to lead, disruption in school
dental disease tb hiv aids depression and anxiety domestic violence heart disease hypertension children
- Providers must understand and appreciate their culture to provide the best care
- Language barriers may be present: translator use
- Many use folk medicine or traditional health practices are still used : common among Mexican
- The healthcare worker should be educated on what practices the patient is using so it doesn’t interfere with prescribed medical practices
- The family is a significant component to individuals of areas; the family should be incorporated into their care more likely to be affective with treatment
- Consider any religious beliefs that may interfere with potential care of the patients Ex: male health care providers can’t be in room with women unless husband is there
Cultural Considerations in Migrant Health Care
-environments are often different for each nurse.
-The residents often develop independent and creative ways to cope because of distance, isolation, and sparse resources.
-They may seek help from neighbors, coworkers, family or church members before going to health care provider
-According to the residents nurses are seen as experts on health and illnesses. For example the residents may ask health-related questions and recommendations to the nurse anywhere they meet (grocery store, church, etc.). The nurses know something about everything that can be a demanding expectation because of their large amount of patients.
-There are many challenges that occur for nurses that include:
-Professional isolation, limited opportunities for continuing education, lack of other kinds of health personnel or professionals, heavy workload, the ability to function well in several clinical areas, lack of anonymity, and for some a restricted social life.
-Most nurses will have close relationships with patients and often have a diverse environment. With the diverse environment the nurse often sees patients with different ages with a variety of health problems, several generations, opportunities for professional development, and greater autonomy.
-Nurses who work in areas can use many community health-nursing skills. The most important is prevention. This can be done with a case management and community health primary health care (COPHC). COPHC is two effective models to use to address some of those deficits and resolve rural health disparities.
There is always a need for nurses in the areas for broad-spectrum areas like for example: School nurses, prenatal care, family planning services, care for individuals with AIDS, emergency care services, services for older adults, children with special needs, and mental health services
Nursing Care: rural
- Often develop independent and creative ways to cope
- Seek help to neighbors, coworkers, family or church members before going to health care provider
- Nurses are seen as experts on health and illnesses
- Know something about everything
- Challenges that may occur for nurses
- Close relationships with patients
- Diverse environment
- Community health nursing skills: Prevention
- There is always a need for nurses in the areas for broad spectrum areas
Nursing Care in Rural Environments
- Education on HTN prevention (diet)
- Heart disease prevention (diet, exercise)
PRIMARY level of prevention rural nursing
Mental health – depression and anxiety
Screenings for HTN, diabetes, skin CA (sun all day)
Do all in same day for ease and convenience
SECONDARY level of prevention rural nursing
– FOLLOW UP, MANAGEMENT
Coping with illness – support groups
Regime to manage heart disease
Meal plan (low sodium), exercise plan
TERTIARY level of prevention rural nursing
Provides care for underserved populations: Migrants, Rural communities
- Agriculture: keep healthy and disease free, reduce spread of disease
Impact on Community
rural nursing
Free basic health care clinics, Increase in patients receiving preventative care how it would benefit them, Education
Policy Statement-
rural nursing
: Provide relief in times of need during emergencies such as natural disasters.
- Focused on multiple levels of care and prevention.
- Have a role at the local, state, and national levels.
- Concerned of needs of the whole community: Focusing on vulnerable populations
- Before, during, and after disasters
Emergency Preparedness and Disaster Nursing
PHN Role
educate people on the severity of tornados and always being prepared.
- Educate individual families as well as businesses, schools, hospitals, and other facilities.
- emergency kits and utilizing them in the event of a natural disaster
- having a safe shelter and plan of action to get people there, and continuing to keep people safe during the storm.
- PHNs are well versed and educated in the construction of emergency plans and how to run emergency drills.
Primary: prevention emergency preparedness and disaster nursing
early detection of threats and keeping injury from happening to those at risk.
sending this information out as early as possible (tornado watches and warnings)
Secondary level of prevention emergency preparedness and disaster nursing
restoration after the disaster as well as minimization of damage that might have occurred, PHN is most importantly a first responder
Tertiary: level of prevention emergency preparedness and disaster nursing
Damage: is based on the magnitude of disaster, Traumatic events can cause moderate to severe stress reactions: Physical, Emotional/Mental, Property
- Fatalities
- Stress Reaction in Communitites
Impact on Community
emergency preparedness and disaster nursing
A. : overwhelming need for ppl to do what they can go help others after disaster
B. survivors rejoicing that their lives and loved ones have been spared
C. : sense of despair and exhaustion starts
D. : rebuilding and reestablishing community (longest)
Impact on Community emergency preparedness and disaster nursing Stress Reaction in Communitites A. Heroic B. Honeymoon C. Disillusionment D. Reconstruction
- hurricanes, tornadoes, hailstorms, cyclones, blizzards, droughts, floods, avalanches, earthquakes, tsunamis
Natural disaster
warfare, bombings, fires, riots, terrorism, water supply contamination
Human made
spread of disease in community
Hybrid-
-Water, batteries, canned foods, blanket, 1st aid kit, flashlight, cash, mock birth certificates
Emergency Preparedness Kits
Supply of water
Supply of non-perishable packaged or canned foods and a can opener
A change of clothing, rain gear, and sturdy shoes
Blankets or sleeping bags
A first aid kit and any prescription medications
Battery powered radio, flashlight, and extra supply of batteries
Credit cards and cash
Extra set of car keys
A list of family physicians
A list of important family information (the style and serial number of devices like pacemakers
Special items for infants, elderly, or disabled persons
For any type of disaster the following items should be included:
- Tornadoes are possible in and near the area. Review and discuss your emergency plans, and check supplies and your safe room. Be ready to act quickly if issued or you suspect a tornado is approaching. Acting early helps to save lives!
Tornado Watch
- A tornado has been sighted or indicated by weather radar.
indicate imminent danger to life and property. Go immediately under ground to a basement, storm cellar or an interior room (closet, hallway or bathroom).
Tornado Warning
- The safest place to be is an underground shelter, basement or safe room.
- If no underground shelter or safe room is available, a small, windowless interior room or hallway on the lowest level of a sturdy building is the safest alternative.
- Mobile homes are not safe during tornadoes or other severe winds.
- Do not seek shelter in a hallway or bathroom of a mobile home.
- If you have access to a sturdy shelter or a vehicle, abandon your mobile home immediately.
- Go to the nearest sturdy building or shelter immediately, using your seat belt if driving.
- Do not wait until you see the tornado.
- If you are caught outdoors, seek shelter in a basement, shelter or sturdy building. If you cannot quickly walk to a shelter:
- Immediately get into a vehicle, buckle your seat belt and try to drive to the closest sturdy shelter.
- If flying debris occurs while you are driving, pull over and park. Now you have the following options as a last resort:
- Stay in the car with the seat belt on. Put your head down below the windows, covering with your hands and a blanket if possible.
- If you can safely get noticeably lower than the level of the roadway, exit your car and lie in that area, covering your head with your hands.
Know what to do during a Tornado
- Winter storm conditions are possible in the next 2 to 5 days.
Winter Storm Outlook
- Winter weather conditions are expected to cause significant inconveniences and may be hazardous. When caution is used, these situations should not be life threatening.
Winter Weather Advisory
-conditions are possible within the next 36 to 48 hours.
People in area should review their plans and stay informed about weather conditions.
Winter Storm Watch
- Life-threatening, severe winter conditions have begun or will begin within 24 hours.
People in area should take precautions immediately.
Winter Storm Warning
- Winterize your vehicle and keep the gas tank full. A full tank will keep the fuel line from freezing.
- Insulate your home by installing storm windows or covering windows with plastic from the inside to keep cold air out.
- Maintain heating equipment and chimneys by having them cleaned and inspected every year.
- If you will be going away during cold weather, leave the heat on in your home, set to a temperature no lower than 55° F.
Prepare for a winter storm:
Can kill you
- Never use a generator, grill, camp stove or other gasoline, propane, natural gas or charcoal-burning devices inside a home, garage, basement, crawlspace or any partially enclosed area.
- Locate unit away from doors, windows and vents that could allow to come indoors.
- primary hazards to avoid when using alternate sources for electricity, heating or cooking are carbon monoxide poisoning, electric shock and fire.
- Install alarms in central locations on every level of your home and outside sleeping areas to provide early warning of accumulating
- If the alarm sounds, move quickly to a fresh air location outdoors or by an open window or door.
- Call for help from the fresh air location and remain there until emergency personnel arrive to assist you.
Carbon Monoxide:
winter storm
Sand, rock salt or non-clumping kitty litter to make walkways and steps less slippery
- Warm coats, gloves or mittens, hats, boots and extra blankets and warm clothing for all household members
- Ample alternate heating methods such as fireplaces or wood- or coal-burning stoves
Additional Supplies to add to kit:
winter storm
—Flooding or flash flooding is possible in your area.
Flood/Flash Flood Watch
—Flooding or flash flooding is already occurring or will occur soon in your area
Flood/Flash Flood Warning
- considered severe if it produces hail at least 1 inch in diameter or has wind gusts of at least 58 miles per hour. Every thunderstorm produces lightning so be prepared
Severe Thunderstorm
are possible in and near the area.
Stay informed and be ready to act if is issued
Severe thunderstorm watch-
– severe weather has been reported by spotters or indicated by radar. Indicates imminent danger to life and property
Severe thunderstorm warning
- Conditions are favorable for an excessive heat event to meet or exceed local Excessive Heat Warning criteria in the next 24 to 72 hours.
Excessive Heat Watch
- Heat Index values are forecasting to meet or exceed locally defined criteria for at least 2 days (daytime highs=105-110° Fahrenheit).
Excessive Heat Warning
- Heat Index values are forecasting to meet locally defined criteria for 1 to 2 days (daytime highs=100-105° Fahrenheit).
Be aware of both the temperature and the heat index. The heat index is the temperature the body feels when the effects of heat and humidity are combined. Exposure to direct sunlight can increase the heat index by as much as 15° F.
Heat Advisory
= muscular pains and spasms that usually occur in the legs or abdomen caused by exposure to high heat and humidity and loss of fluids and electrolytes.
are often an early sign that the body is having trouble with the heat.
Heat cramps
= loss of body fluids through heavy sweating during strenuous exercise or physical labor in high heat and humidity.
Heat exhaustion
cool, moist, pale or flushed skin; heavy sweating; headache; nausea; dizziness; weakness; and exhaustion
Signs of heat exhaustion include
= is a life-threatening condition in which a person’s temperature control system stops working and the body is unable to cool itself.
Heat stroke
include hot, red skin which may be dry or moist; changes in consciousness; vomiting; and high body temperature
Signs of heat stroke
—A contagious respiratory illness caused by influenza (flu) viruses occurring every year. It affects an average of 5 percent to 20 percent of the U.S. population by causing mild to severe illness, and in some instances can lead to death.
Seasonal Flu
= Starts in fall and peaks in January and February
= Fever, cold sx, fatigue, head ache, body aches
= pneumonia and dehydration
= flu vaccinations
Flu season=
Symptoms
Complications=
Prevention=
-If your community experiences any disaster, register on the American Red Cross -Web site to let your family and friends know about your welfare
Safe and Well
- gangs formally noted as a serious concern: mob, myopia, Italian gangs, stay under ground
1920’s gangs
- studies on gangs and effects of gangs were more complete, more willing to discuss gang and life
1960’s gangs
- youth gangs were identified as an increasing societal concern: more common show up and cous, big city areas
1970’s to 1980’s gangs
- gang violence has steadily been on the rise across the US
1990’s to present
gangs
- substitute for family, not a good home, bad relationship
- Greater status not obtainable outside of gang, Ex: rich in gang not outside
- Support from attack and retaliation from rival gangs, so not a target for other violence
- Peer pressure used by gang to get members to join or friends
Reasons for joining a gang Fellowship and brotherhood Identity or recognition Protection Intimidation
Graffiti on public/ private property
Murder: initiation
Rapes and sexual assaults: initiation
Abuse: to other members inside gang, community, family
Drug selling and use: generally area with a lot of gang activity it will rise
Intimidation in the community: a lot of in area with gang, afraid to speak about it
Violence towards rival gangs: shootings, beating each other up, hospital visits
Armed robbery and theft: bigger issue for business, want to have money and that status
Vandalism
Violence caused by gangs
Incarceration, Sexually transmitted disease: from rapes, Mental illness, Teenage pregnancy, Substance abuse, Alcohol abuse, Targets for rival gang violence: keep their status, Non-productive society members: stay in prison
Consequences of gang membership:
-Increased gang activity, drug usage and selling, incidence of younger gang member, number of gangs, Moving from inner city to suburbs
Current Trends gangs
: LA 1970, most violent, 30,000
- Predominately African-American, but other races also/ violent gang
- Blue=everything warn Washington high school in LA started from gray, orange, purple
- 6 point Star of David
- C’s up=superior, B’s down=inferior
- Crip Walk
Cripz
LA 1970African- American some regions in Virginia and Maryland have whites too
- Rival gang of Cripz, broke off and started own group
- Red, black, brown, and pink clothing: High school come from another in LA
- Five point star
- B’s up=superior, C’s down=inferior
- Dog paw made of 3 dots, swahelie damwet tattoos
Bloodz:
Chicago 1940, Hispanic -Black/Gold -3 or 5 point crown -Eyebrows cut to form 5 points -Pittsburgh team apparel ladies are called Latin Queens
Latin Kings:
-Education to prevent and instruct youth to not ever join
primary level of prevention gangs
-Identify at risk youth and address implications of gang involvement, what are the consequences
secondary level of prevention gangs
-Consult with already gang involved youth and offer resources to give redirection
Tertiary level of prevetnion gangs
Graffiti clean up
Loss of customers, revenue, potential customers, potential investors, Cost of theft
. Businesses:
impact on the community gangs
Intimidation, Exposure to violence=mental health issues
Decreased property values, Selling and use of drug
Cost of incarceration=60,000 per inmate and rehabilitation= train ppl to be productive once get out
Incarceration fights are from problems outside of jail and rivalries
impact on the community gangs people
- Further evaluation of G.R.E.A.T program: IMP: received by youth, Decreased youth involved in gangs
- Promote gang awareness: Educate communities throughout reach programs to promote awareness, teachers and parents on at risk youth: char of gang members, who they are around
Recommendation gangs
