Cognitive Behavioural Strategies Flashcards
What is Behaviour Modification?
Behaviour Modification is a therapeutic approach that uses principles of learning theory to change maladaptive behaviours. It involves the application of operant conditioning techniques to increase desirable behaviours and decrease undesirable ones.
Regarding Operant Conditioning, what is positive and negative Reinforcement?
Positive Reinforcement: Adding a stimulus to increase the likelihood of a behaviour (e.g., giving a child a treat for completing homework).
Negative Reinforcement: Removing a stimulus to increase the likelihood of a behaviour (e.g., turning off a loud alarm when a task is completed).
Regarding Operant Conditioning, what is positive and negative Punishment?
Positive Punishment: Adding a stimulus to decrease the likelihood of a behaviour (e.g., scolding a child for misbehaviour).
Negative Punishment: Removing a stimulus to decrease the likelihood of a behaviour (e.g., taking away a toy for breaking a rule).
In Operant Conditioning, what are the differences between Continuous and Partial Reinforcement?
Continuous Reinforcement: Reinforcement is provided every time the desired behaviour occurs. Leads to rapid acquisition of behaviour but also rapid extinction once reinforcement stops. Often used during the initial stages of learning to establish a new behaviour.
Partial Reinforcement: Reinforcement is provided only some of the time the desired behaviour occurs. This can include fixed or variable schedules of reinforcement. Leads to slower acquisition of behaviour but greater resistance to extinction. Commonly used to maintain established behaviours over time.
In Operant Conditioning, what is the difference between Fixed-Ratio Schedule and Variable-Ratio Schedule?
Fixed-Ratio Schedule: Reinforcement is given after a set number of responses (e.g., a salesperson receives a bonus after every 10 sales).
Variable-Ratio Schedule: Reinforcement is given after an unpredictable number of responses (e.g., gambling or lottery systems).
In Operant Conditioning, what is the difference between Fixed-Interval Schedule and Variable-Interval Schedule?
Fixed-Interval Schedule: Reinforcement is given after a fixed amount of time has passed (e.g., a weekly pay check).
Variable-Interval Schedule: Reinforcement is given after varying amounts of time (e.g., checking for emails).
In Behaviour Modification, what is Shaping?
Shaping involves gradually teaching a new behaviour through the reinforcement of successive approximations of the desired behaviour.
The technique involves reinforcing any behaviour that is similar to the desired behaviour, then gradually require behaviours that are closer to the desired behaviour before providing reinforcement.
In Behaviour Modification, what is Extinction?
Extinction is the process of reducing a behaviour by withholding reinforcement for that behaviour.
The technique involves identification and elimination of the reinforcement that maintains the unwanted behaviour. Over time, the behaviour will decrease and eventually stop.
In Behaviour Modification, what is Modelling?
Modelling involves learning new behaviours by observing and imitating others.
The technique involves demonstrating the desired behaviour and encouraging the individual to imitate it.
What is Exposure Therapy?
Exposure Therapy is a behavioural treatment technique used to help individuals confront and reduce their fear and anxiety responses to specific situations, objects, or thoughts. It is commonly used to treat various anxiety disorders, including phobias, social anxiety disorder, and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD).
In Exposure Therapy, what is Gradual Exposure?
Gradual Exposure is where clients are gradually exposed to the feared object or situation in a controlled and systematic manner. Exposure is typically conducted in a hierarchical manner, starting with less anxiety-provoking situations and gradually progressing to more challenging ones.
In Exposure Therapy, what is the difference between In Vivo Exposure and Imaginal Exposure?
In Vivo Exposure: Direct exposure to the feared object or situation in real life (e.g., a person afraid of dogs spends time with a friendly dog).
Imaginal Exposure: Exposure through imagination, where clients visualise the feared situation or object (e.g., imagining a traumatic event).
In Exposure Therapy, what is the Interoceptive Exposure?
Interoceptive Exposure involves exposure to physical sensations that are feared (e.g., intentionally inducing dizziness in a client with panic disorder).
In Exposure Therapy, what is Habituation?
Habituation is the process of reducing fear responses through repeated exposure to the feared stimulus, leading to a decrease in anxiety over time. The goal is to help clients realise that their anxiety decreases naturally after prolonged exposure, without any actual harm occurring.
In Exposure Therapy, what is Systematic Desensitisation?
Systematic Desensitisation is a specific type of exposure therapy that combines gradual exposure with relaxation techniques.
Clients learn relaxation strategies (e.g., deep breathing, progressive muscle relaxation) and apply them while being gradually exposed to the feared stimuli.
In Exposure Therapy, what is Flooding?
Flooding is a more intensive form of exposure where clients are exposed to the most feared object or situation for a prolonged period without gradual build up. This method can be effective but is often more distressing and less commonly used than gradual exposure.
How does Exposure Therapy assist in treating Phobias?
Phobias: Clients are gradually exposed to the feared object or situation (e.g., heights, spiders) to reduce their fear response.
How does Exposure Therapy assist in treating Social Anxiety Disorder?
Social Anxiety Disorder: Exposure to social situations that provoke anxiety (e.g., public speaking, social gatherings).
How does Exposure Therapy assist in treating PTSD?
PTSD: Imaginal exposure to traumatic memories to process and reduce the emotional impact of the trauma.
How does Exposure Therapy assist in treating Panic Disorder?
Panic Disorder: Interoceptive exposure to physical sensations associated with panic attacks (e.g., increased heart rate, shortness of breath).
What is Behavioural Activation?
Behavioural Activation (BA) is a therapeutic approach used primarily to treat depression. It focuses on helping individuals engage in activities that are aligned with their values and interests, thereby improving their mood and reducing depressive symptoms.
What is the premise of Behavioural Activation?
The premise of Behavioural Activation is that engagement in rewarding and meaningful activities can help counteract the patterns of avoidance, inactivity, and withdrawal that often accompany depression.
In Behavioural Activation, what is Activity Scheduling?
Activity Scheduling involves planning and scheduling activities that are likely to improve the client’s mood and provide a sense of accomplishment.
