Clinical Psychology: Guidelines for Members of Specific Groups Flashcards
The African American worldview emphasizes the _____________ of all things and, as a result, African Americans tend to emphasize ________ welfare over ________ needs.
- Interconnectedness
- Group
- Individual
In African American culture, family is often an extended kinship network that includes nuclear and ___________ members, individuals __________ the biological family, and the ________.
- Extended
- Outside
- Church
In African American families, roles are often __________ and relationships between men and women tend to be _____________.
- Flexible
- Egalitarian
Boyd-Franklin’s (1989) ________________ model for African American families is an example of an ______________ or ecological system approach, with a focus on addressing multiple systems, intervening at multiple levels, and empowering the family by utilizing its strengths.
- Multisystems
- Ecostructural
Some experts (e.g., Aponte, 1994; Paniagua, 1994) recommend using a ___________, directive, __________, problem-solving approach when working with African American clients and fostering empowerment by promoting _____________ in the therapeutic relationship.
- Time-limited
- Goal-oriented
- Egalitarianism
When a therapist is not African American, is is often useful to discuss the client’s reaction to having a ___________ of a ________________ during the initial session.
- Therapist
- Different ethnic/racial background
American Indian and Alaskan Native individuals are likely to exhibit a ___________ and holistic orientation to life that emphasizes harmony with nature and regards illness as a result of ___________.
- Spiritual
- Disharmony
American Indians/Alaskan Natives place greater emphasis on the __________ and ______ than on the individual.
- Extended family
- Tribe
American Indians/Alaskan Natives perceive time in terms of personal and seasonal ________, and are more ________ than future-oriented.
- Rhythms
- Present
American Indians/Alaskan Natives exhibit a strong sense of _________ and _________, and consider ___________ more important than ___________.
- Cooperation
- Generosity
- Listening
- Talking
American Indian clients may prefer a therapist who helps them _________ the values of their own culture, and be distrustful of a therapist’s attempts to provide therapy in a ___________ environment.
- Reaffirm
- Value-free
Therapy guidelines for work with Alaskan Natives/American Indians include focusing on building ________ and _________ during initial sessions by demonstrating familiarity with and respect for the client’s ________ and admitting any lack of knowledge.
- Trust
- Credibility
- Culture
A collaborative, ___________, client-centered approach that avoids highly ___________ or __________ techniques while incorporating elders, ___________, and other traditional healers is recommended with American Indians/Alaskan Natives.
- Problem-solving
- Directive
- Confrontational
- Medicine people
________________ incorporates family and community members into the treatment process and situates an individual’s psychological problems within the context of his/her family, workplace, community, and other social systems.
Network therapy.
Asian Americans tend to place greater emphasis on the ________ than on the _________, and adhere to a ___________ family structure and _________ gender roles.
- Group (family, community)
- Individual
- Hierarchical
- Traditional
Asian Americans tend to emphasize __________, interdependence, and mutual __________/__________ in interpersonal relationships, and value restraint of ___________ that might otherwise disrupt peace and harmony and/or bring shame to the family.
- Harmony
- Loyalty
- Obligation
- Strong emotions
In therapy with Asian Americans, a directive, _________, goal-oriented, ___________ approach that focuses on alleviating _________ is often preferred.
- Structured
- Problem-solving
- Specific symptoms
Therapy guidelines with Asian Americans include emphasizing ___________ in therapy (e.g., by addressing family members in a way that reflects their status and respecting conversational distances).
Formalism.
When conducting therapy with Asian Americans, it is important to be aware that the functions of shame and obligation in Asian cultures is to reinforce ___________ to _________ roles and responsibilities.
- Adherence
- Prescribed
When working with Asian American clients, one must remember that modesty and self-deprecation are not necessarily signs of ______________.
Low self-esteem.
When working with Asian American clients, one may want to establish __________ and __________ early in therapy by, for example, disclosing information about one’s educational background and experience.
- Credibility
- Competence
When working with Asian American clients, premature termination can be prevented by providing the client with _________ and meaningful ________.
- Immediate
- Feedback
Asian clients may express their mental health problems as ____________, and focus more on ____________ than ___________.
- Somatic complaints
- Behaviors
- Emotions
Hispanic and Latino individuals tend to emphasize __________ welfare and allegiance, view ____________ as healthy and necessary, consider discussing intimate personal details with strangers as __________.
- Family
- Interdependence
- Unacceptable
Hispanic and Latino individuals tend to adopt a __________, tangible approach to life and often attribute the control of life events to ______, supernatural forces, acts of _______, or other external factors.
- Concrete
- Luck
- God
When working with a Hispanic or Latino client, a therapist should be _______ and ________, and adopt a __________ approach that focuses on the client’s behavior, affect, cognitions, interpersonal relationships, and biological functioning.
- Active
- Directive
- Multimodal
Paniagua (1994) recommends ______________ with Hispanic/Latino clients because it reinforces _____________ and the extended _________.
- Family therapy
- Familismo
- Family
Guidelines for work with Hispanic/Latino clients include using _____________ (except during the initial contacts), being aware that Hispanic/Latino families are ___________, sex roles tend to be ___________, the ____________ bond tends to be stronger than other family relationships, differences in degree of __________ are often a source of individual and family problems, ___________ factors may have an impact, and mental health problems may be expressed as ____________.
- Personalismo
- Patriarchal
- Inflexible
- Parent-child
- Acculturation
- Religious/spiritual
- Somatic complaints
Youth who identify as non-heterosexual are more likely than their heterosexual peers to experience ___________, anxiety, and _________, and have a higher risk for ___________.
- Depression
- Substance abuse
- Suicidality
Martin and Hetrick (1988) found that social and emotional _____________ was the primary presenting problem for a sample of gay and lesbian adolescents seeking assistance at a social and educational agency for sexual minority youth.
Isolation.
“________________” occurs when LGBT individuals accept heterosexual society’s negative evaluations of them and incorporate these into their self-concepts. Consequences can include low self-esteem, __________ or self-hatred, a sense of _____________, denial of one’s sexual orientation, and ______________ behavior.
- Internalized homophobia
- Self-doubt
- Powerlessness
- Self-destructive
The impact of internalized homophobia and other sexual prejudices can be addressed in therapy by identifying and correcting ____________, providing training in __________ and ________ skills, and activating social support systems.
- Cognitive distortions
- Assertiveness
- Coping
Jordan and Deluty (1998) found that the more widely lesbians disclosed their sexual orientation to others, the more likely they were to report higher levels of _________ and positive affectivity, lower levels of _________, and reduced likelihood of engaging in anonymous __________.
- Self-esteem
- Anxiety
- Socializing
Savin-Williams and Diamond (2000) identify four milestones in male/female sexual minority youth: first same-sex _______, self-labeling, first same-sex _________, and first disclosure.
- Attraction
- Contact
Savin-Williams and Diamond (2000) found that adolescent males had an earlier onset of all milestones except _____________, with the age not differing significantly between males and females.
First disclosure.
Grove, Bimbi, Nanin, and Parsons (2006) found that women and men ages ____ to ____ reported coming out to others at a significantly younger age than did older men and women.
- 18
- 24
Cultural Competence is described as involving 3 components: ___________, Knowledge, and __________.
- Awareness
- Skills
Sue and Zane (1987) propose two processes critical when working with culturally diverse clients: ____________ and ____________ (i.e., the client’s perception that he/she has received something from therapy).
- Credibility
- Giving
Examples of giving in the context of therapy include __________ reduction, ___________ of the client’s problems, _________ acquisition, and _________ setting.
- Anxiety
- Normalization
- Skill
- Goal
Indigenous healing practices rely on community and ____________ to care for the disturbed individual, integrate _____________ practices, and employ a ____________ or other respected member of the community in the healing process.
- Family networks
- Religious/spiritual
- Traditional healer
_________________ is a holistic system of healing practiced by some Latin American/Hispanic communities, based on the assumption that illness can arise from natural or supernatural forces. Healing sessions are typically led by a male or female healer (_________ or _________) and combine religious/spiritual rituals with herbal medicine, massage, and traditional methods of healing.
- Cuanderismo
- Curandero
- Curandera
Ho’oponopono, or “________________” is a traditional ____________ spiritual healing ritual for restoring harmony among family members; it is conducted by a senior family member, includes problem identification, _____________, restitution, and ____________. Termination often includes ________________.
- * “Setting it right”
- Hawaiian
- Confession
- Forgiveness
- Sharing a meal
During a _________________, Native Americans traditionally sit in a domed structure, in which water is poured on heated stones to create steam. It is based on the assumption that sweating combined with prayers, chanting, storytelling, and other rituals cleanses the mind, body, and spirit of impurities.
Sweat lodge ceremony.
_____________ refers to the degree to which a member of a culturally diverse group accepts and adheres to the values, attitudes, behaviors, etc., of his/her own group and dominant/majority group.
Acculturation.
Berry and colleagues (1987) describe acculturation status in terms of __ stages.
4.
In the _____________ stage of acculturation, the person maintains his/her own (minority) culture but also incorporates many aspects of the dominant culture.
Integration.
In the _____________ stage of acculturation, the person accepts the majority culture while relinquishing his/her own culture.
Assimilation.
In the _____________ stage of acculturation, the person withdraws from the dominant culture and accepts his/her own culture.
Separation.
In the _____________ stage of acculturation, the person does not identify with his/her own culture or with the dominant culture.
Marginalization.
In a model proposed by Phinney and Devich-Navarro (1997), 6 categories of acculturation were identified. A person might be termed assimilated, _________, blended bicultural, ______________, separated, and _____________.
- Fused
- Alternating bicultural
- Marginal
As described by Sue (1978), ______________ refers to how a person perceives his/her relationship to nature, other people, institutions, and so on.
Worldview.
Worldview is impacted by a person’s cultural background and experiences and is determined by two factors: ____________ and _____________.
- Locus of control
- Locus of responsibility
Sue and Sue (2003) note that minority members of minority groups are increasingly likely to exhibit an _________ locus of control and __________ locus of responsibility as they become more aware of their own racial and cultural identity and the impact of oppression on their lives.
- Internal
- External
According to Wren (1985), therapists are exhibiting ________________ when they:
a. Define everyone’s reality according to their own cultural assumptions and stereotypes;
b. Disregard cultural differences;
c. Ignore evidence that disconfirms their beliefs;
d. Rely on techniques and strategies to solve problems;
e. Disregard their own cultural biases.
Cultural encapsulation.
__________ refers to culture-specific theories, concepts, and research strategies. When this approach is used, an effort is made to see things through the eyes of the members of that culture.
Emic.
__________ refers to phenomena that reflect a universal (culture-general) orientation. Traditional psychological theories and practices usually reflect this perspective.
Etic.
As defined by Hall (1969), _______________ communication is grounded in the situation, depends on group understanding, relies heavily on nonverbal cues, helps unify a culture, and is slow to change.
High-context.
As defined by Hall (1969), _______________ communication relies primarily on the explicit, verbal part of a message. It is less unifying, and can change rapidly and easily.
Low-context.
________________ can involve system beating (acting out against the system), system blaming, total avoidance of Whites, and/or denial of the political significance of race.
Internalized oppression.
________________ involves adopting a White, Anglo-Saxon Protestant worldview and lifestyle.
Conceptual incarceration.
________________ is characterized by polarizing oneself into “good” and “bad” components, with the bad components representing one’s African American identity.
Split-self syndrome.
______________ is considered a healthy reaction to racism, when a client does not disclose to a white therapist due to fear of being hurt or misunderstood.
Cultural paranoia.
______________ is an unhealthy condition, in which a client is unwilling to disclose to any therapist, regardless of race or ethnicity, due to general mistrust and suspicion.
Functional paranoia.
In Ridley’s (1984) model of racial paranoia, there are ___ levels of paranoia-informed disclosure models.
4.
_____________ (Low Functional Paranoia, Low Cultural Paranoia): A client is willing to self-disclose to an African American or Anglo therapist.
Intercultural Nonparanoiac Discloser.
_____________ (High Functional Paranoia, Low Cultural Paranoia): Clients in this category are nondisclosive to both African American and Anglo therapists, and their nondisclosure is due primarily to pathology.
Functional Paranoiac.
_____________ (Low Functional Paranoia, High Cultural Paranoia): Clients in this category self-disclose to an African American therapist but are reluctant to disclose to an Anglo therapist due to past experiences with racism and/or to the White therapist’s attitudes and beliefs.
Healthy Cultural Paranoiac.
_____________ (High Functional Paranoia, High Cultural Paranoia): A client in this category is nondisclosing to African American and Anglo therapists, with nondisclosure being due to a combination of pathology and the effects of racism.
Confluent Paranoiac.
“____________” is the ability to recognize when it is appropriate or inappropriate to self-disclose.
“Disclosure flexibility.”
Herek (2004) argues that the term “____________” is ambiguous and imprecise, and proposes that it be replaced with sexual stigma, heterosexism, and sexual prejudice.
Homophobia.
____________ refers to the “shared knowledge of society’s negative regard for any nonheterosexual behavior, identity, relationship, or community.” It creates a power and status differential favoring heterosexuality over homosexuality.
Sexual stigma.
____________ refers to cultural ideologies, or “systems that provide the rationale and operating instructions” that promote and perpetrate antipathy, hostility, and violence against homosexuals. It includes beliefs that define sexual minorities as deviant or threatening and is inherent in language, laws, and other cultural institutions.
Heterosexism.
Herek (2000) notes that research on the correlates of sexual prejudice has generally found higher levels of prejudice among _________________ and among individuals who are ________, have lower levels of ___________, live in Southern or Midwestern states or in rural areas, or have limited personal contact with homosexuals. Other studies have linked higher levels of sexual prejudice to authoritarianism, affiliation with a ______________, and conservative political views.
- Heterosexual men
- Older
- Education
- Fundamentalist religious denominations
Atkinson, Morten, and Sue’s (1993) Racial/Cultural Identity Development Model distinguishes between ____ stages that people experience as they attempt to understand themselves in terms of their own culture, the dominant culture, and the oppressive relationship between the two cultures.
5.
Stage 1 of the Racial/Cultural Identity Development Model, _____________, is characterized by positive attitudes toward and a preference for dominant cultural values and depreciating attitudes toward one’s own culture. A client in this stage of development is likely to prefer a therapist from the _________ group.
- Conformity
- Majority
Stage 2 of the Racial/Cultural Identity Development Model, ______________, is marked by confusion and conflict over the contradictory appreciating and depreciating attitudes that one has toward the self and toward others of the same and different groups. People in this stage are likely to prefer a therapist from a racial/cultural ___________ group and perceive personal problems as being related to racial/cultural identity issues.
- Dissonance
- Minority
Stage 3 of the Racial/Cultural Identity Development Model, ______________, is characterized by active rejection of the dominant society and exhibition of appreciating attitudes toward self and members of one’s own group. A person in this stage prefers a therapist of the _________ group and perceives personal problems as the result of oppression.
- Resistance and Immersion
- Same
Stage 4 of the Racial/Cultural Identity Development Model, ______________, is characterized by uncertainty about the rigidity of beliefs held in Stage 3 and conflicts between loyalty and responsibility toward one’s group and feelings of personal autonomy. People in this stage continue to prefer therapists from the _________ group, but are more open to therapists who share a similar worldview.
- Introspection
- Same
Stage 5 of the Racial/Cultural Identity Development Model, _______________, is characterized by the experience of a sense of self-fulfillment with regard to their cultural identity and have a strong desire to eliminate all forms of oppression. They adopt a multicultural perspective and objectively examine values and beliefs before accepting them. Clients at this stage place greater emphasis on similarities in worldview, attitudes, and beliefs than ethnic/cultural similarity.
Integrative Awareness.
Cross’s (1971) Black Racial (Nigrescence) Identity Development Model focuses on the shift from Black _____________ to Black ______________, and consists of 5 stages: pre-encounter, encounter, immersion-emersion, internalization, and internalization-commitment. The 1991 revision reduced the stages to 4.
- Self-hatred
- Self-acceptance
The Cross and Vandiver (2001) expanded the Black Racial Identity Development Model as part of their construction of CRIS, or the ____________________.
Cross Racial Identity Scale.
In the ________________ stage of the Black Racial Identity Development Model, race and racial identity have low salience. Those in the assimilation substage have adopted a ______________ identity, while those in the anti-Black substage have accepted __________ about Blacks and experience _______________.
- Pre-encounter
- Mainstream
- Negative beliefs
- Low self-esteem
In the ________________ stage of the Black Racial Identity Development Model, exposure to a single significant race-related event or series of events leads to greater racial/cultural awareness and an interest in developing a Black identity.
Encounter.
In the ________________ stage of the Black Racial Identity Development Model, race and racial identity have high salience. The person idealizes Blacks and Black culture and feels rage towards Whites, as well as guilt/anxiety about his/her own previous lack of racial awareness.
Immersion-Emersion.
In the ________________ stage of the Black Racial Identity Development Model, race continues to have high salience, and individuals have adopted one of 3 identities - a pro-Black, non-racist (____________) orientation, a _______________ orientation integrating Black and another salient cultural identity, or a _______________ orientation integrating Black and two or more salient cultural identities.
- Internalization
- Afrocentric
- Bi-cultural
- Multicultural
According to Helms (1990, 1995) _____________ is a central part of being a White American.
Racism.
In Helms’ White Racial Identity Development Model, identity development involves two phases: abandoning ______________ (statuses 1-3) and developing a ______________ White identity (statuses 4-6). Each status is characterized by a different information processing strategy (IPS).
- Racism
- Nonracist
In Helms’ White Racial Identity Development Model, someone in the ______________ Status has little awareness of racism and of his/her racial identity, and may exhibit unsophisticated behaviors that reflect racist attitudes and beliefs. The IPS for this status is obliviousness and denial.
Contact.
In Helms’ White Racial Identity Development Model, someone in the ______________ Status has increasing awareness of race and racism, leading to confusion and emotional conflict. To reduce internal dissonance, the person may over-identify with members of minority groups, act in paternalistic ways towards them, or retreat into White society. The IPS for this status is suppression of information and ambivalence.
Disintegration.
In Helms’ White Racial Identity Development Model, someone in the ______________ Status attempt to resolve the moral dilemmas associated with the disintegration status by idealizing White society and denigrating members of minority groups. The IPS for this status is selective perception and negative out-group distortion.
Reintegration.
In Helms’ White Racial Identity Development Model, someone in the ______________ Status experiences a personally jarring event/series of events, causing the person to question his/her racist views and acknowledge the role that Whites have had in perpetuating racism. The person is interested in understanding racial/cultural differences but does so only on an intellectual level. The IPS for this status is selective perception and reshaping reality.
Pseudo-Independence.
In Helms’ White Racial Identity Development Model, someone in the ______________ Status explores what it means to be White, confronts his/her own biases, and begins to understand the way he/she benefits from White privilege. This status is characterized by increased experiential and affective understanding of racism and oppression. The IPS for this status is hypervigilance and reshaping.
Immersion-Emersion.
In Helms’ White Racial Identity Development Model, someone in the ______________ Status internalizes a nonracist White identity that includes an appreciation of and respect for racial/cultural differences and similarities. He/she actively seeks out interactions with members of diverse groups. The IPS for this status is flexibility and complexity.
Autonomy.
Helms’ Interaction Model of Counseling distinguishes between ___ types of interactions.
4.
In Helms’ Interaction Model of Counseling, ______________ interaction occurs when the therapist and client have the same or similar levels of racial/cultural identity.
Parallel.
In Helms’ Interaction Model of Counseling, ______________ interaction occurs when the therapist’s level of racial identity development is at least one level more advanced than the level of his/her client.
Progressive.
In Helms’ Interaction Model of Counseling, ______________ interaction occurs when the client’s level of racial identity development is at least one level more advanced than the level of the therapist. It is associated with conflict and early termination from therapy by the client.
Regressive.
In Helms’ Interaction Model of Counseling, ______________ interaction occurs when the statuses of the therapist and client represent opposite attitude toward race (e.g., when an African American client is in the immersion-emersion stage and the therapist has predominantly contact status attitudes). These interactions tend to be highly confrontational and contentious.
Crossed.
Troiden’s (1988) Homosexual (Gay/Lesbian) Identity Development Model distinguishes between ___ phases.
4.
In Troiden’s Homosexual Identity Development Model, Stage 1: ________________ is usually characteristic of middle childhood. The individual feels different from his/her peers.
Sensitization; Feeling Different.
In Troiden’s Homosexual Identity Development Model, Stage 2: ________________ typically occurs at the onset of puberty, when the individual realizes he/she is attracted to people of the same sex and attributes those feelings to homosexuality, which leads to turmoil and confusion.
Self-Recognition; Identity Confusion.
In Troiden’s Homosexual Identity Development Model, Stage 3: ________________ occurs as the individual becomes more certain of his/her homosexuality and may deal with this realization in a variety ways - e.g., by trying to pass as heterosexual, aligning with the homosexual community, or by acting in ways consistent with homosexual stereotypes.
Identity Assumption.
In Troiden’s Homosexual Identity Development Model, Stage 4: ________________ occurs when an individual adopts a homosexual way of life and publicly discloses homosexuality.
Commitment: Identity Integration.
