Clinical Psychology

Question 1

Question ID #6540: According to Marlatt and Gordon, which of the following most increases the chance of relapse in a substance abuser?
Select one:
A. life changes
B. negative affects
C. physiological cravings
D. decreased treatment durations due to the limits set by managed care companies

Answer 1

B

Question 2

Question ID #6498: A Caucasian comes to a stage where he does not want to have racist views. According to Helms, which stage of identity development is this person in?
Select one:
A. Reintegration
B. Pseudo-independence
C. Immersion-Emersion
D. Autonomy

Answer 2

C

Question 3

Question ID #6494: Hypnosis involves three factors
Select one:
A. Absorption, regression, dissociation
B. Dissociation, absorption, suggestibility
C. Suggestibility, dissociation, regression
D. Regression, distortion, suggestibility

Answer 3

B

Question 4

Question ID #6525: In brief psychodynamically-oriented therapy:
Select one:
A. positive transferences are encouraged and are viewed as essential to treatment progress.
B. positive and negative transferences are encouraged early in treatment to ensure that a transference neurosis develops.
C. positive and negative transferences are both discouraged because of the here-and-now focus of the treatment.
D. negative transferences are encouraged because they are more likely than positive transferences to produce useful information for interpretation.

Answer 4

A

Question 5

Question ID #6564: Asian-American clients are LEAST likely to:
Select one:
A. prefer a direct-structured approach to therapy
B. be inhibited and reserved in therapy
C. smile to express disapproval
D. use silence as a way of communicating respect

Answer 5

C

Question 6

Question ID #38: Although a therapy group started out with spontaneous, frequent interactions between group members, it has taken on a restrictive interaction pattern in which members speak in rotation so that only two or three members get to talk during each session. This is an example of:
Select one:
A. procedural norms.
B. power maintenance.
C. task orientation.
D. family re-enactment.

Answer 6

A

Question 7

Question ID #6584: An 18-year-old high school student is referred to you for personality assessment due to behavioral problems. Which of the following assessment instruments would be most appropriate to use?
Select one:
A. MMPI-A
B. MMPI-2
C. WAIS-III
D. Halstead-Reitan

Answer 7

A

Question 8

Question ID #22: In treating a patient with Dissociative Identity Disorder, the first thing a cognitive therapist would do is:
Select one:
A. set treatment goals.
B. label the maladaptive beliefs that cause or contribute to the patient’s problems maintaining a coherent sense of identity.
C. be supportive and try to establish a therapeutic alliance.
D. attempt to establish inter-personality communication.

Answer 8

C

Question 9

Question ID #32: Increased awareness is the primary goal of which of the following types of therapy?
Select one:
A. Self Psychology
B. Reality Therapy
C. Gestalt Therapy
D. Existential Therapy

Answer 9

C

Question 10

Question ID #6529: Research on the use of mental health services by members of minority groups indicates that:
Select one:
A. utilization rates are lower for members of all minority groups than for whites.
B. utilization rates are higher for members of all minority groups than for whites.
C. utilization rates are higher for members of some minority groups and lower for members of other minority groups than for whites.
D. utilization rates for members of minority groups are about the same as the rates for whites.

Answer 10

C

Question 11

Question ID #6524: Which of the following factors are considered most important for competent multicultural counseling?
Select one:
A. commitment, sensitivity, and technique
B. sensitivity, instillation of hope, and acceptance
C. acceptance, awareness, and flexibility
D. awareness, knowledge, and skills

Answer 11

D

Question 12

Question ID #6487: When working with African-American families, Nancy Boyd-Franklin recommends:
Select one:
A. An ecostructural approach
B. A multisystems approach
C. A matrilineal approach
D. Both a and b

Answer 12

D

Question 13

Question ID #6523: The Racial Identity Attitude Scale, developed by Helms and Parham (1996), is used to assess the stages of African-American racial identity development which are:
Select one:
A. conformity, dissonance, resistance and immersion, introspection, and articulation and awareness
B. separation, marginalization, assimilation, and integration
C. pre-encounter, encounter, immersion-emersion, and internalization
D. encounter, resistance, integration, and awareness

Answer 13

C

Question 14

Question ID #6579: Which of the following would most likely be the focus of an object-relations therapist?
Select one:
A. communication skills training and facilitating catharsis
B. paradoxical interventions and circular questioning
C. helping the client identify introjects and providing support
D. exploring intergenerational transmission processes and cognitive restructuring

Answer 14

C

Question 15

Question ID #24: According to psychoanalytic theory, defense mechanisms are derived:
Select one:
A. by the unconscious part of the ego transforming the warded-off impulse into a symptom which allows for both gratification of the wish and adherence to the prohibition against its expression.
B. to satisfy the id’s wish for unbridled gratification without threatening the needs of the ego or the superego.
C. as a means of keeping unconscious libidinal or aggressive impulses from reaching consciousness.
D. as a result of conflict between the ego’s attempt to follow reality and the superego’s demands for adherence to social norms.

Answer 15

C

Question 16

Question ID #6526: A culturally-encapsulated therapist:
Select one:
A. exhibits a bias that involves interpreting all of the presenting problems of minority clients as the direct result of cultural factors.
B. has had little or no contact with members of minority groups and exhibits a lack of interest in working with these individuals in therapy.
C. attempts to overcome his or her cultural biases by adopting a “culture-blind” perspective that may or may not be appropriate.
D. tends to accept cultural stereotypes about members of minority groups without question and is unaware of his or her cultural biases.

Answer 16

D

Question 17

Question ID #6562: A person's negative attitudes toward an individual because of his or her sexual orientation is referred to by Gregory Herek (2000) as:
Select one:
A. sexual prejudice
B. homophobia
C. homosexism
D. gay inequality

Answer 17

A

Question 18

Question ID #29: Johnny, age 10, teaches his brother Justin, age 5, how to ride a skateboard. This interaction can best be described as:
Select one:
A. Parallel process
B. Complementary communication
C. Elaborative rehearsal
D. Symmetrical communication

Answer 18

B

Question 19

Question ID #2: An African-American adult repeatedly expresses his superiority as an African-American and expresses contempt for all Caucasians. According to Cross' Nigrescence Theory, this person is most likely in which stage of development?
Select one:
A. Pre-encounter
B. Encounter
C. Immersion-Emersion
D. Internalization-Commitment

Answer 19

C

Question 20

Question ID #6510: Rationalist, cognitive therapy is most likely to involve
Select one:
A. relaxation training, systematic desensitization, and guided imagery.
B. cognitive restructuring, reducing automatic thoughts, and thought stopping.
C. a focus on unconscious and developmental processes.
D. stress inoculation training, self-instruction, and stimulus control.

Answer 20

B

Question 21

Question ID #6474: In terms of worldview, Sue and Sue (1990) propose that minority groups are increasingly more likely to exhibit an
Select one:
A. external locus of control and responsibility.
B. internal locus of control and responsibility.
C. external locus of control, internal locus of responsibility.
D. internal locus of control, external locus of responsibility.

Answer 21

D

Question 22

Question ID #6575: Which of the following is NOT true regarding the Halstead-Reitan Neuropsychological Test Battery?
Select one:
A. It provides information on a range of cognitive strengths and weaknesses.
B. It can usually be completed within 45 to 60 minutes.
C. It must be administered by a highly trained examiner.
D. The results are reflected in a combined score known as the Impairment Index.

Answer 22

B

Question 23

Question ID #6576: Although conclusions will vary across different studies, which of the following statements is most supported by the overall body of research on therapy outcome for African-American and Caucasian patients?
Select one:
A. There is no significant difference in outcome between African-American and Caucasian patients.
B. African-American patients have better outcomes overall than Caucasian patients.
C. Caucasian patients have better outcomes overall than African-American patients.
D. Treatment outcomes for African-American patients are better but only when the therapist is also African-American.

Answer 23

A

Question 24

Question ID #6558: According to recent meta-analyses of child psychotherapy outcome studies, which of the following statements is most true?
Select one:
A. There are no differences between the effectiveness of behavioral and non-behavioral interventions in the treatment of children.
B. Girls respond better to psychotherapy than boys, with adolescent girls responding best.
C. Girls respond better to psychotherapy than boys, with younger girls responding best.
D. At all age levels, boys respond better to psychotherapy than girls.

Answer 24

B

Question 25

Question ID #6481: A minority group member who is a client of yours expresses very strong negative feelings towards her own culture in a therapy session. This client is most likely in which stage of the Minority Identity Development model developed by Atkinson, Morten, and Sue?
Select one:
A. resistance
B. dissonance
C. conformity
D. denial

Answer 25

C

Question 26

Question ID #6580: From a family systems perspective, all of the following statements are true, except
Select one:
A. change in any one part of the family is associated with change in all other parts.
B. the system is composed of interrelated parts.
C. there is a constant dynamic toward chaos which is checked through family rituals and beliefs.
D. the system maintains a balance of periods of change and periods of stability.

Answer 26

C

Question 27

Question ID #6522: A family seeks therapy due to on-going conflicts between the parents and their 16-year-old daughter. A solution-focused therapist would LEAST likely:
Select one:
A. use direct and indirect compliments
B. tell them to solve the conflict by themselves
C. work with the family to generate solutions to the conflict
D. ask future-oriented questions

Answer 27

B

Question 28

Question ID #20: Irvin Yalom concludes that, unless careful selection criteria are used, the majority of group therapy patients may drop out of therapy discouraged and without benefit. He also proposes that the most important criterion for deciding who to include in group therapy is:
Select one:
A. willingness to learn from others.
B. previous group experience.
C. motivation.
D. psychological mindedness.

Answer 28

C

Question 29

Question ID #11: When working with ethnically, linguistically, and racially diverse populations, a therapist should emphasize:
Select one:
A. acculturation
B. client’s individual goals
C. the political, social, and economic affects on mental health
D. which stage of identity development the client is in

Answer 29

B

Question 30

Question ID #6532: The initial stage in structural family therapy is to "join" the family system. To do so, which of the following would be most useful?
Select one:
A. mimesis
B. enactment
C. positioning
D. alignment

Answer 30

A

Question 31

Question ID #6549: Research on the impact of therapist experience on therapy outcome suggests that
Select one:
A. there is a strong positive relationship between experience and outcome.
B. there is a moderate relationship between experience and outcome, with the relationship being strongest when the client’s symptoms are mild to moderate.
C. there is a moderate relationship between experience and outcome, with the relationship being strongest when the client’s symptoms are severe.
D. there is, contrary to what might be expected, no predictable relationship between experience and outcome.

Answer 31

C

Question 32

Question ID #18: From the Freudian perspective, phobias are a means of reducing anxiety stemming from an unresolved conflict. Freud explained Little Hans's fear of horses, for instance, as due to an unresolved conflict that had its origins in the:
Select one:
A. genital stage.
B. phallic stage.
C. anal stage.
D. oral stage.

Answer 32

B

Question 33

Question ID #6545: On the Halstead-Reitan, the Impairment Index is used as a measure of brain damage and
Select one:
A. represents the examinee’s mean score on the relevant subtests.
B. is derived from the number of subtests on which the examinee scored below the criterion score.
C. is a profile that makes it possible to compare the examinee’s score pattern to those of people with and without brain damage.
D. is calculated by totaling the examinee’s scores on the individual subtests.

Answer 33

B

Question 34

Question ID #25: Which of the following is the reason why many experts recommend 6 to 8 sessions as the duration of crisis intervention therapy?
Select one:
A. Six to eight sessions is about how long many crises last.
B. Most people who are experiencing a crisis would not be able to endure the anxiety evoked by long-term psychotherapy.
C. Most people who are experiencing a crisis cannot afford long-term psychotherapy.
D. Individuals in a crisis state are usually so unbalanced that their unconscious mental contents have become conscious; as a result, the assessment and exploration phase of dynamic therapy is not necessary.

Answer 34

A

Question 35

Question ID #6572: Minuchin, the founder of structural family therapy, defines “triangulation” as occurring when
Select one:
A. the child and one parent “gang up” on the other parent.
B. the parents either consistently attack or protect the child.
C. each parent demands that the child side with him/her.
D. two members of the family consistently challenge the therapist’s authority.

Answer 35

C

Question 36

Question ID #6582: According to meta-analytic studies of psychotherapy,
Select one:
A. so few well-controlled studies have been done that no conclusions can be made concerning treatment outcome.
B. behavior therapy is better than psychoanalysis.
C. behavior therapy is the treatment of choice for phobias.
D. a person participating in therapy would have just as much chance of improving as a control subject.

Answer 36

C

Question 37

Question ID #6513: The use of the technique known as self-instruction with hyperactive children involves
Select one:
A. programmed learning.
B. having the children write down their daily goals in advance.
C. having the children make self-statements.
D. having the children do the their schoolwork by themselves.

Answer 37

C

Question 38

Question ID #5: Using a psychoanalytic approach, the sequence of interventions would be:
Select one:
A. confrontation, clarification, interpretation, working through
B. clarification, confrontation, interpretation, working through
C. confrontation, interpretation, clarification, working through
D. free association, catharsis, interpretation, working through

Answer 38

A

Question 39

Question ID #46: High levels of stress are associated with:
Select one:
A. tension headaches, but not migraine headaches.
B. migraine headaches, but not tension headaches.
C. both tension headaches and migraine headaches.
D. neither tension headaches nor migraine headaches.

Answer 39

C

Question 40

Question ID #6518: When scoring the Rorschach, “form quality” is a measure of the degree to which:
Select one:
A. determinants are fully integrated
B. a response meaningfully integrates two or more adjacent detail areas
C. the examinee’s response corresponds to the actual structure of the inkblot
D. the examinee’s response makes use of the entire inkblot

Answer 40

C

Question 41

Question ID #6506: Psychoanalytic theory and ethology both emphasize
Select one:
A. critical periods.
B. psychic determinism.
C. the oedipal complex.
D. imprinting.

Answer 41

A

Question 42

Question ID #6469: Cross’s (1991) Black Racial (Nigresence) Identity Development Model includes the stage called Pre-Encounter. At this stage an African-American prefers a therapist
Select one:
A. of their own race.
B. of the Caucasian race.
C. of a minority group; but not African-American.
D. that is African, but not American.

Answer 42

B

Question 43

Question ID #6528: Relying on the work of Heinz Kohut, a therapist would stress the use of which of the following when working with a narcissistic client?
Select one:
A. coaching
B. empathy
C. congruence
D. interpretation of drives

Answer 43

B

Question 44

Question ID #6539: Meta-analysis was first used in psychological research by:
Select one:
A. Binet
B. Smith and Glass
C. Eysenck
D. Horn and Cattell

Answer 44

B

Question 45

Question ID #6534: Which of the following best describes the purpose of reframing in family therapy?
Select one:
A. It is a paradoxical technique designed to harness the family’s resistance in the service of positive behavioral change.
B. It is designed to increase the family’s compliance with the therapist’s directives and the treatment plan in general.
C. It is designed to restore the family’s homeostasis, or “balance.”
D. It is designed to increase the family’s ability to differentiate intellectual from emotional functioning.

Answer 45

B

Question 46

Question ID #36: In their often-cited research study, Sue and his colleagues (1991) found that ethnic matching of therapist and client:
Select one:
A. improves therapy outcome and reduces premature termination for African-American clients but not for Asian-American or Mexican-American clients.
B. improves therapy outcome and reduces premature termination for Asian-American and Mexican-American clients but has less of an effect on these variables for African-American clients.
C. substantially improves therapy outcome and reduces premature termination for Asian-Americans, Mexican-Americans, and African-Americans.
D. is related to premature termination for African-Americans and Whites but has little or no impact on other measures of treatment outcome.

Answer 46

B

Question 47

Question ID #6573: Which of the following is likely to be most effective for alleviating chronic pain?
Select one:
A. biofeedback
B. hypnotherapy
C. relaxation and coping skills training
D. autogenic training and contingency management

Answer 47

C

Question 48

Question ID #6496: Irving Yalom (1985) felt the most important therapeutic factors in groups were:
Select one:
A. Altruism, universality, installation of hope
B. Instillation of hope, catharsis, existential factors,
C. Cohesiveness, altruism, universality
D. Interpersonal learning, cathrasis and cohesiveness .

Answer 48

D

Question 49

Question ID #6563: African-American families use an authority structure that can be best characterized as:
Select one:
A. matriarchal
B. patriarchal
C. egalitarian
D. too diverse to generalize

Answer 49

C

Question 50

Question ID #6550: Jungian theory differs from Freudian theory in that
Select one:
A. Jung had a more optimistic outlook on the ability of psychoanalysis to effect a cure.
B. Jung endorsed the notion of psychic determinism.
C. Jung focused on the “here-and-now”; Freud focused on the past.
D. Jung had a different theory about the role of the unconscious than Freud.

Answer 50

D

Question 51

Question ID #6475: Cognex and Aricept are used in the treatment of Alzheimer's Dementia and are believed to
Select one:
A. increase serotonin levels.
B. increase ACh levels.
C. decrease glutamate levels.
D. decrease serotonin levels.

Answer 51

B

Question 52

Question ID #6586: According to Sue and Sue’s Racial/Cultural Identity Development Model, a person in the dissonance stage would experience:
Select one:
A. appreciation of the self and depreciation of the dominant group
B. depreciation of the self and appreciation of the dominant group
C. appreciation of the self and the dominant group
D. conflict between appreciation and depreciation of the self and the dominant group

Answer 52

D

Question 53

Question ID #54: From the perspective of psychoanalytic theory, mania represents:
Select one:
A. a biological illness that psychoanalysis can do nothing about.
B. acting-out of libidinous impulses.
C. a regression to an infantile state.
D. a defense against depression.

Answer 53

D

Question 54

Question ID #6505: A meta-analysis differs from a literature review in that
Select one:
A. a meta-analysis involves a review of research in a more broadly defined area than a literature review.
B. a literature review involves a review of research in which no statistical hypothesis tests were used.
C. a meta-analysis, but not a literature review, involves calculation of an effect size.
D. a literature review, but not a meta-analysis, involves calculation of an effect size.

Answer 54

C

Question 55

Question ID #6527: In their discussion of mental health services for Latino clients, Rogler et al. (1987) describe three ways to increase the cultural sensitivity of therapy for members of this group. These methods include all of the following except:
Select one:
A. incorporating elements of Latino culture into therapy.
B. increasing the accessibility of mental health services for Latino clients.
C. selecting standard treatments that best fit Latino culture.
D. obtaining cultural sensitivity training.

Answer 55

D

Question 56

Question ID #14: According to Thomas and Cross's Model of Psychological Nigrescence, which of the following stages represents the final stage of racial identity development for African-Americans?
Select one:
A. pre-encounter
B. immersion-emersion
C. encounter
D. internalization-commitment

Answer 56

D

Question 57

Question ID #6590: Which of the following statements is most consistent with Troiden’s (1989) model of gay and lesbian identity development?
Select one:
A. Identity confusion and identity assumption begin somewhat earlier for females than males, but identity commitment begins earlier for males than females.
B. Identity confusion, identity assumption, and identity commitment begin somewhat earlier for males than females.
C. Identity confusion, identity assumption, and identity commitment begin somewhat earlier for females than males.
D. There are no gender differences in the age of onset for homosexual identity development.

Answer 57

B

Question 58

Question ID #6543: From the perspective of rational emotive therapy (RET), emotional disturbances are maintained primarily by
Select one:
A. self-indoctrination.
B. environmental consequences.
C. social pressure.
D. denial.

Answer 58

A

Question 59

Question ID #6480: You are seeing a family consisting of a mother, a father, and a daughter in therapy. Every time the mother says something, the father and the daughter argue with whatever she says. The behavior of the father and the daughter can be best described by the term
Select one:
A. triangulation.
B. fusion.
C. coalition.
D. joining.

Answer 59

C

Question 60

Question ID #6468: “According to current research, the Rorschach has very low validity.” This statement is
Select one:
A. true.
B. true, except for children between ages 5-10.
C. true, except for its use with a nonverbal population.
D. false.

Answer 60

D

Question 61

Question ID #48: An African-American family presents for family therapy. From a systems perspective, it would be most advisable to:
Select one:
A. focus on multi-generational issues.
B. see each family member individually.
C. use behavioral techniques.
D. educate family members about community resources.

Answer 61

A

Question 62

Question ID #6485: The prevalence of mental disorders in people over 65 is:
Select one:
A. higher than any other age group
B. lower than any other age group
C. higher, and includes cognitive impairment
D. The same as the under 65 population

Answer 62

B

Question 63

Question ID #21: Asian-American students often outperform their non-Asian peers on various measures of academic achievement. Research suggests that the best predictor of higher achievement in Asian-Americans is:
Select one:
A. estimate of ability.
B. fear of academic failure.
C. self-efficacy beliefs.
D. effort beliefs

Answer 63

B

Question 64

Question ID #6465: If you want to keep a borderline patient involved with group therapy, what would be the best technique?
Select one:
A. You have them consult with a psychiatrist for a medication evaluation.
B. You help the patient with the defense mechanism of splitting.
C. You invite a client with a histrionic personality disorder to join the group.
D. Offer individual therapy in addition to group therapy.

Answer 64

D

Question 65

Question ID #42: According to Bowen, to reduce tension between them, family members often resort to:
Select one:
A. scapegoating.
B. retribalization.
C. triangulation.
D. emotional divorce.

Answer 65

C

Question 66

Question ID #19: A new group being led by Dr. Domato includes members from a variety of cultural backgrounds. Dr. Domato should:
Select one:
A. treat group members as individuals and not assume that culture is relevant to their problems.
B. focus on the sociocultural factors that underlie each group member’s problems.
C. help each member determine whether or not cultural biases and racism are contributing to their problems.
D. allow members to decide when it is the right time to discuss cultural issues.

Answer 66

C

Question 67

Question ID #6581: All of the following statements about Beck’s cognitive theory of the origin and maintenance of depression are true, except
Select one:
A. experiences in early childhood play a role in the development of depression in adulthood.
B. depressed individuals are suffering from personality pathology due to relatively stable and omnipresent dysfunctional models of the world.
C. the cognitive triad of depressive cognitions is negative beliefs about the self, future, and the world.
D. automatic depressive thoughts are the result of logical errors that occur when the individual tries to interpret a situation in terms of a dysfunctional schema.

Answer 67

B

Question 68

Question ID #6483: A therapist working from the perspective of Beck’s cognitive therapy would approach the treatment of Panic Disorder by
Select one:
A. having the client identify maladaptive thoughts that precede panic attacks and then restructuring those thoughts.
B. connecting the panic attacks to the client’s overall attributional styles.
C. teaching the client methods of self-reinforcement to use when he or she is not having a panic attack and methods of self-punishment to use when he or she is having one.
D. identifying and modifying the client’s interpretation of panic attacks and their associated physical symptoms.

Answer 68

D

Question 69

Question ID #15: During a family therapy session, the mother and adolescent daughter constantly disagree with and criticize everything the father says. From the perspective of structural family therapy, this is an example of:
Select one:
A. detouring.
B. a coalition.
C. a triangle.
D. pseudohostility.

Answer 69

B

Question 70

Question ID #6507: Brief dynamic therapy is least likely to involve
Select one:
A. a focus on specific problems.
B. an emphasis on restoring the person to a previous level of normal functioning.
C. an attempt to engender insight into the unconscious.
D. the use of techniques such as free association and dream interpretation.

Answer 70

B

Question 71

Question ID #6567: A therapist who assigns a couple the task of looking for things in their relationship that they would like to continue is most likely using which of the following therapeutic approaches?
Select one:
A. behavioral
B. solution-focused
C. structural
D. strategic

Answer 71

B

Question 72

Question ID #50: According to recent research studies, which of the following statements is most true regarding therapy with African-American clients conducted by Caucasian therapists?
Select one:
A. It is likely to be less effective as compared to therapy conducted by an African-American therapist.
B. The effectiveness of therapy is related to a number of client and therapist variables, such as the client’s suspiciousness of Caucasians in general and the therapist’s own racial identity development.
C. The effectiveness of therapy is likely to be enhanced if the therapist ignores racial issues in the early stages of therapy, but brings them up in the later stages of therapy after an alliance has been established.
D. Race is not likely to be an important issue in therapy with African-American clients.

Answer 72

B

Question 73

Question ID #30: Which of the following is not an advantage of the use of co-therapists in group therapy, according to Yalom?
Select one:
A. The observational range of co-therapists is greater than that of a single group leader.
B. Co-therapists broaden the range of possible transferential reactions, making the nature of the client’s transferential distortions more evident.
C. A co-therapist can provide a beginning group therapist with needed objectivity and expertise.
D. When co-therapists pursue their own separate agendas in therapy, clients have the opportunity to intervene and learn conflict management skills.

Answer 73

D