Clinical Psychology Flashcards
________ studies are based on clinical trials while ________ studies are correlational or quasi-experimental in nature.
Efficacy; Effectiveness
This is the theory that the “whole” can be understood only in terms of the organization and interactions of its components; it is the theoretical framework underlying family therapy.
General Systems Theory
In general systems theory,
________ interact with the environment by receiving input and discharging output, whereas ________ have no exchange with the environment and can lead a family to disorder and disorganization. Families in therapy are usually the former.
Open systems; closed systems
In general systems theory, this refers to the concept
that every part of a system
is interrelated, thus all parts are affected by a change in the system.
Wholeness
This property of a family system, according to general systems theory, suggests the whole is greater than the sum of its parts; hence, therapists view the family as a single unit rather than a collection of individuals.
Non-summativity
In general systems theory, this refers to the idea that the same end-result occurs for the whole family, regardless of where one enters the system.
Equifinality
A young girl who is molested by her father ends up becoming very sexually inhibited later in life. This is an example of ________ according to general systems theory.
Equipotentiality
From a general systems theory perspective, this refers to the tendency for a system to revert back to old ways amidst a change or disruption in the system. The system’s management of negative and positive feedback determines the degree to which it exists.
Homeostasis
In general systems theory, ________ refers to the maintenance of a family’s homeostasis by attempting to correct deviations in the status quo (e.g., dad yells at loud son and son quiets down), while ________ refers to the disruption of a family’s homeostasis by encouraging or creating deviations to the status quo (e.g., wife gets job and roles change for husband/children).
Negative feedback; positive feedback
Interpersonal Therapy was initially developed as a treatment for depression, though it has since been applied to other conditions. While it acknowledges early experience, biology, and personality, it focuses on 1 of what 4 areas of interpersonal functioning?
Grief, interpersonal
role disputes, role
transitions, and
interpersonal deficits
This phenomenon occurs in clinical supervision when the therapist (supervisee) behaves toward the supervisor in ways similar to how the client is behaving toward the therapist.
Parallel process
What approach to family therapy focuses on the
role of communication and
distinguishes between
symmetrical and complimentary communication?
Communication/Interaction Family Therapy
From the perspective of Communication/Interaction Family Therapy, ________ involves conflicting negative injunctions, with one injunction often being expressed verbally and the other non-verbally (e.g., father says “I love you” while spanking child). This usually results in a frustrating conflict in the person receiving the message.
Double-bind communication
According to Communication/Interaction Family Therapy, ________
communication occurs between equals
but may escalate into a competition for
control, whereas ________ communication occurs between participants who are unequal and emphasizes their differences (e.g., parent-child or employee-boss).
Symmetrical; Complimentary
What concept of Communication/Interaction Therapy suggests information is communication implicitly via nonverbal messages, which is also referred to as command-level communication?
Metacommunication (report-level communication refers to the intended verbal message)
Who is the British psychologist known for research suggesting that any apparent benefit of therapy is actually due to spontaneous recovery?
Eysenck performed outcome studies showing that 72% of untreated neurotics improved without therapy, while 66% of clients in eclectic therapy and 44% in psychoanalysis showed a substantial decrease in symptoms
Eysenck concluded, based on his research, that what single form of therapy is superior to placebo or no treatment at all?
Behavior therapy
While the impact of duration of therapy (number of sessions) on client outcome is positive at first, it typically lessens over time, though never becomes negative. Thus, it can be said that the relationship between duration of therapy and treatment outcome is what?
Negatively accelerated
An approach to the alleviation of mental disorders that is associated with both community mental health and public health is referred to as what?
Prevention
________ preventions make an intervention
available to all members of
a target group or population in order to keep
them from developing a disorder.
Primary
________ preventions identify at-risk individuals and offer them appropriate treatment.
Secondary
________ preventions are designed to reduce
the duration and consequences of an
illness that has already occurred.
Tertiary
Based on the research,
who are the most frequent callers and, consequently, receive the most benefit from suicide hotlines?
Young white females
Freudian psychoanalysis involves analyzing ________, ________, ________, and ________ and consists of a combination of ________, ________, ________, and ________.
Free associations;
dreams; resistances; transferences; confrontation; clarification; interpretation; working through
Freud posited that when
the ego is unable to ward
off danger (anxiety) through rational, realistic
means, it resorts to one of its ________.
Defense mechanisms
What 2 characteristics do all defense mechanisms share, according to Freud?
They (1) operate on an unconscious level and (2) serve to distort reality
Name the following defense mechanisms: ________ involves refusing to accept external reality because it’s too threatening; the gross reshaping of external reality to meet internal needs is called ________; _______ occurs when one attributes to others one’s own unacceptable thoughts/emotions.
Denial; distortion; projection
Name the following defense mechanisms: ________ refers to indirectly expressing aggression toward others; ________ is the direct expression of an unconscious impulse without conscious awareness; ________ is subconsciously viewing another person as more positive than they are.
Passive aggression; acting out; idealization
Name the following defense mechanisms: ________ involves shifting sexual or aggressive impulses to a more acceptable target; ________ is an extreme separation of emotion from ideas in order to distance oneself from anxiety; and ________ refers to converting unconscious inappropriate impulses into their opposites.
Displacement; intellectualization; reaction formation
Name the following defense mechanisms: ________ is the overt expression of ideas or feelings in such a way to give others pleasure; ________ occurs when one identifies so deeply with some idea that it becomes a part of that persons character; ________ refers to transferring/expressing negative emotions or instincts in positive, more acceptable ways.
Humor; introjection; sublimation
Name the following defense mechanisms: ________ is the rejection of painful or shameful experiences from consciousness and prevents unacceptable impulses/desires from reaching consciousness; ________ is the process of giving a socially acceptable reason to explain unacceptable thoughts or actions; ________ occurs when a person becomes stuck in a successfully completed developmental stage and returns to this stage in response to difficult life problems.
Repression; rationalization; fixation
The id, a completely unorganized reservoir of energy that includes all instincts and reflexes that are inherited at birth, operates according to what?
The pleasure principle
The ________ is that part
of the id that has been modified by its interaction
with the external world,
functions to suspend the pleasure principle, and represents the ________.
Ego; reality principle
What part of the ego acts as the conscience and is constructed largely from internalization of parental restrictions, prohibitions, and customs?
Superego
What unconscious mental process is characterized by limited logic, substitution of one idea with another, and by immediate discharge of energy?
Primary process
What conscious mental process, per psychoanalysis, is more logical and sequential in nature?
Secondary process
This is the term a psychoanalytic psychologist might use to describe a weakening of one’s defenses and the consequent breaking through of an impulse.
Signal anxiety
During ________, a client is
asked to attend to all thoughts and report them without suppressing or censuring them. Freud described ________ as a reluctance or inability to recall the traumatic memories that caused one’s symptoms.
Free association; resistance
What is the term used to describe a client’s projection of his own feelings, thoughts, wishes and attitudes about others in his past onto the therapist?
Transference
Freud used the term ________ to describe a transference reaction that became very intense during analysis.
Transference neurosis
Of the 2 transference reactions, a client’s feelings of love that are displaced from original objects (parents) onto the therapist are considered ________ transference and facilitates treatment; ________ transference involves displacement of aggressive drives from the original objects onto the therapist.
Positive; negative
What term is used to describe a relationship that allows the client to identify with the therapist as a person, one who can eventually help replace id with ego?
Therapeutic (working) alliance
This occurs when the therapist projects their emotions, thoughts, and wishes from the past onto the client’s personality, or some other material the client is presenting, thus expressing unresolved conflicts and/or gratifying their own personal needs.
Countertransference
In psychoanalytic terms, a client experiences ________ when the recall of unconscious material leads to emotional release, while ________ occurs when connections are made between current behaviors and unconscious material.
Catharsis; insight
What psychoanalytic
technique serves the purpose of gradually
increasing a client’s insight
into the reasons
underlying current feelings and behavior?
Interpretation
From a psychoanalytic perspective, a client
who reports they have
been thinking about
problems outside of therapy indicates what?
A good working
alliance has
been established
This personality theory and approach to therapy stresses the unity of the individual and the belief that behavior is purposeful and goal-directed. Therapy focuses on exploring lifestyle determinants, including family atmosphere, distorted beliefs and attitudes, and birth order.
Adler’s Individual Psychology
Adler posited that what types of childhood feelings motivated growth, domination, and striving for superiority?
Feelings of inferiority (also
called “inferiority complexes”)
What is another term Adler used instead of inferiority complex?
Masculine protest
According to Adler, if an inferiority complex
develops a connection
with a specific part of
the body, it is called what?
Organ inferiority
Adler believed children developed “compensatory behavior patterns” to defend against their feelings of inferiority. What did he refer to this to as?
Style of life
What is the most significant difference
between Freudian
and neo-Freudian therapists?
Neo-Freudians more
heavily emphasize
socio-cultural
determinants of personality
Horney defined ________ as feelings of helplessness and isolation in a hostile world, and believed it was caused by certain parental behaviors (e.g., indifference, overprotection, rejection).
Basic anxiety
According to Horney, what are the 3 modes of
relating to others that children use to defend against basic anxiety?
Movement toward others, movement
against others, and
movement away from others
Sullivan posited 3 modes of cognitive experience he believed played a role in personality development. The ________ mode involves discreet, unconnected momentary states and refers to experiences before language symbols are used; in the ________ mode, people see causal connections between events that are not actually related using private (autistic) symbols; and the ________ mode involves logical, sequential, and consistent thinking, and underlies language acquisition.
Prototaxic; parataxic; syntaxic
According to Sullivan, neurotic
behavior is caused by ________, which is characterized by a person dealing with others as if they were significant people from their past (similar to transference).
Parataxic distortion
Fromm, who was interested in
the role society plays in preventing people from realizing their true nature, identified what 5 character styles adopted by a person in response to societal demands?
The receptive, the exploitative, the hoarding,
the marketing, and the productive (the only one
that permits a person to realize their true nature)
What is the main
difference between
Freudian psychoanalysis and Ego-Analysis?
Ego-analysis places
greater emphasis on the
role of the ego, as opposed to the id, in personality development
From the perspective of
the ego-analysts, pathology occurs when
the ________ loses its autonomy from the ________.
Ego; id
Psychologists who primarily
emphasize the impact of early relationships on personality development and view maladaptive behavior as the result of abnormalities in early relationships use what approach to psychotherapy?
Object-Relations Theory
Margaret Mahler, an Object-Relations theorist and therapist, is most noted for her study of what process?
Separation-individuation,
which is the process by which internal
representations of the self and others are formed
In Object Relations Theory, this is the mental representation of a person that, when inappropriately developed, leads to pathology.
Object introject
What is the Object-Relations term used to describe a person’s tendency to separate object-representations into good and bad, usually leading to aggressive feelings, irrational thinking, and poorly regulated behaviors?
Splitting
What therapeutic approach refers to normal narcissism as a child’s natural self-love and views pathology as stemming from consistent un-empathic parental responses during childhood?
Self-Psychology (Kohut)
According to Self-Psychology, a child
develops a protective ________ when their narcissism is inevitably undermined by parental failure to satisfy all needs.
Grandiose self
This therapeutic approach believes the whole is greater than the sum of its parts,
adopts a here-and-now approach, views
awareness as the primary goal of treatment, and defines neurosis as a “growth disorder” reflecting certain boundary disturbances and involving an abandonment of the self for the self-image.
Gestalt Therapy
Identify the following boundary disturbances as defined by Gestalt Therapy: ________ refers to “swallowing” information without ever understanding or assimilating it; ________ involves displacing one’s own wishes onto another; in ________, a person does to herself what she wants to do to others (e.g., isolation, masturbation); ________ refers to avoidance of contact by being vague, indirect, or overly polite; ________ occurs when the self-environment boundary is too thin and self is not experienced as distinct, but merged into attitudes, beliefs, and feelings of others; and ________ is when the self-environment boundary becomes nonexistent.
Introjection; projection, retroflection, deflection, confluence; isolation
How does a Gestalt
therapist view transference in the
client-therapist relationship?
As a fantasy that hinders true self-awareness
What form of therapy views behavior as being determined by both conscious and unconscious factors, including collective unconscious, and is based on the theory that personality continues to develop throughout the lifespan?
Jung’s Analytical Psychotherapy
Jung contended that the ________ unconscious arises from repression, whereas ________ unconscious comes from universally inherited neural patterns and is described as the “reservoir of the experiences of our species.”
Personal (individual); collective
From Jung’s Analytic perspective, ________ are innate, universal prototypes for ideas that may be used to interpret observations. A group of memories and interpretations associated with one is termed a ________.
Archetypes; complex
________ is the disposition to find pleasure in external things; ________ reflects a turning inward of the libido.
Extraversion; introversion
Jung believed that at approximately 40 years old, people shift from the ________ of their youth to the ________ of adulthood, a time period referred to as ________.
Extroversion; introversion; mid-life crisis (transition)
Practitioners of what form of therapy hold the belief that people possess an inherent ability for growth and self-actualization and that maladaptive behavior occurs when incongruence between self and experience disrupts this natural tendency?
Person-Centered Therapy
In Person-Centered Therapy, what are the 3 facilitative conditions the therapist applies to enable clients to return to their natural tendency for self-actualization?
Empathic understanding (empathy), congruence (genuineness/authenticity), and unconditional positive regard
Therapists from this modality
view the client as expert while the therapist acts as a consultant/collaborator who poses questions designed to assist clients in recognizing and using their strengths and resources to achieve goals.
Solution-Focused Therapy
True or False: Solution-Focused therapists believe that understanding the etiology or attribute of a maladaptive behavior is irrelevant?
True- they prefer
rather to focus
on solutions to problems
What form of therapy that is focused on empowerment and social change, based on the premise that “the personal is political,” and attempts to demystify the client-therapist relationship?
Feminist Therapy
In Feminist Object Relations Therapy, what are the 2 contributors to gendered behaviors?
- Sexual division of labor and 2. Mother-child relationship (positing that many gender differences can be traced to differences in mother-daughter and mother-son relationships)
In contrast to Feminist Therapy, ________ therapy focuses more on personal causes of behavior and personal change.
Nonsexist
According to this theory, one’s sense of self is largely dependent on how they connect with others, thus psychopathology is viewed as resulting from disconnection with others.
Self-In-Relation Theory
What is a good technique to
use with clients who are ambivalent about changing their behaviors and combines the transtheoretical model with client-centered therapy and self-efficacy?
Motivational Interviewing
The goals of increasing a couple’s recognition and initiation of pleasurable
interactions, decreasing a couple’s aversive interactions (negative exchanges), teaching a couple effective problem-solving and communication skills, and teaching a couple to use a contingency contract to resolve persisting problems characterize what therapeutic approach?
Behavioral Family Therapy
This school of family therapy
extends General Systems Theory beyond the nuclear family and views dysfunction as part of an intergenerational process. Thus, therapy often starts with the construction of a genogram.
Extended Family Systems Therapy (Bowen; Bowenian)
The primary goal of Extended Family Systems
Therapy is to encourage
________, which is one’s ability to separate their
intellectual and emotional functioning.
Differentiation of self
According to Extended Family Systems Therapy, this occurs when two family members in conflict involve a third person, which usually immobilizes the third person.
Triangulation
A practitioner of Extended Family Systems Therapy often joins a dyad, creating a ________, in an attempt to reduce the original level of fusion and achieve higher self-differentiation.
Therapeutic triangle
What are the 3 formative stages therapy groups usually pass through, as proposed by Yalom?
(1) Hesitancy, search for meaning, and dependency; (2) conflict, dominance, and rebellion; and (3) cohesiveness
What characteristic of a therapy group does Yalom
believe is most important and is most similar to the
therapist-client relationship in individual therapy?
Cohesiveness
Yalom believes that ________ is inevitable
in a group and must be
resolved in a way that benefits the group.
Transference
Is it ever appropriate for co-therapists to openly disagree during a group session?
Yes, but not until
the group has developed some cohesiveness (6+ sessions)
Yalom ranks ________, ________, and ________ the most important
factors of group therapy. However,
higher-functioning group members rate ________ and ________, while
lower-functioning members believe ________ is most important.
Interpersonal learning, catharsis, cohesiveness; universality, interpersonal learning; instillation of hope
Since concurrent individual and group therapy allows for both extensive intrapersonal exploration and external support, it can be helpful for people presenting with what disorders?
Borderline and narcissistic personality disorder
One problem with concurrent
group and individual therapy is that a client may be more expressive and inclined to self-disclose in ________ therapy, thus limiting material that could be used for ________ therapy.
Individual; group
True or False: Regarding group therapy, Yalom contends that prescreening of potential group members and post-selection preparation is unnecessary?
False- Yalom states that prescreening and post-selection preparation can reduce premature termination from group therapy and enhance therapy outcomes
Of the many factors found to influence the behavior of a therapeutic group, which one do most experts believe is the most important for the therapist to consider?
Intelligence, arguing that clients should have similar intelligence levels to encourage greater group interaction
What is the ideal size of a therapy group?
7 to 10 members; 5 or less
limits learning and creates
too much client-therapist interaction, while more than 10 leads to alienation and lack of cohesiveness
Research by Guy, Poelstra, and Stark (1989) found that (1) therapists find
________ to be the most stressful client behavior; (2) therapists consider
________ to be the single most stressful
aspect of their work; and (3) issues related to ________ constitute the most
frequently encountered ethical/legal dilemma.
Suicidal statements; a lack
of therapeutic
success; confidentiality
What approach to family therapy focuses
on transactional patterns and views symptoms as interpersonal events that serve to control relationships, views therapy as a power struggle between the client/family and the therapist, and was influenced by structural family therapy, communication/interaction therapy, and Milton Erickson?
Strategic Family Therapy (Haley)
A strategic family therapist might instruct a client to engage in the symptomatic behavior in an attempt to harness the energy of resistance in the service of change, which is called what?
Paradoxical directive
According to Strategic
Family Therapy, this
involves relabeling a behavior to make it more
amenable to change and
giving a new or altered meaning to a situation.
Reframing
What Strategic Family Therapy “strategy” involves asking each family member to describe relationships within the family system and note the differences, the goal being to help family members view problems in a new light and make them more amenable to change?
Circular questioning
What approach to family therapy encourages couples to focus more on positive aspects of each other and use reciprocal reinforcement (quid pro quo)?
Operant Interpersonal Therapy
In a consultative relationship,
________ evaluations are periodically conducted to assess the consultation process, while ________ evaluations are conducted to assess the consultation product.
Formative; summative
It is the primary goal of what model of therapy to help clients identify responsible and effective ways of satisfying their needs and thereby develop a “success identity?”
Reality Therapy
Reality therapy (1) rejects the ________ and the concept of _______; (2) focuses on ________ behaviors and beliefs; (3) views transference as ________ to the therapy process; (4) stresses ________ processes; (5) emphasizes ________, especially the client’s ability to judge what is right/wrong in daily life; and (6) teaches specific behaviors that will enable clients to ________.
Medical model; mental illness; current;
detrimental; conscious;
value judgments; fulfill their needs
According to Glasser’s Reality Therapy, a
person who meets their
needs in an irresponsible manner adopts what?
A “failure identity”
In what therapeutic approach do therapists analyze a client’s child, parent, and adult ego states?
Transactional
Analysis (Berne)
Therapists of Transactional Analysis believe transactions
occur between ego states at 2
levels (social and covert) by way of ________, or
recognition from others. They
can be either positive or negative.
Strokes
Developed early in life through interactions with parents and others, practitioners of Transactional Analysis believe
________, or a person’s life plan,
reflect a characteristic pattern of
giving and receiving strokes; an unhealthy one leads to maladaptive behavior.
Scripts
What are the 4 life
positions according to Transactional Analysis?
I’m OK - you’re OK; I’m OK - you’re not okay; I’m not OK - you’re OK; I’m not OK - you’re not OK
According to Transactional Analysis, a ________ transaction is when the original communication is responded to appropriately; a ________ transaction occurs when the original communication is met with a response from an inappropriate ego state; and a ________ transaction occurs when confusion ensues due to the communicator giving a dual message.
Complimentary; crossed; ulterior
An orderly series of ulterior
transactions that is repeated over time and results in bad feelings for both people involved are called what in Transactional Analysis?
Games
Prochaska and DiClemente’s Transtheoretical Model of behavior change proposes that the change process involves what 5 stages of change?
Pre-contemplation, contemplation,
preparation, action, and maintenance
In this stage of change,
the person does not
exhibit the specified behavior and has not considered adopting the behavior.
Pre-contemplation
A person who is considering adopting a
new behavior but has not
dedicated any effort
towards enacting or preparing to enact it is in what stage of change?
Contemplation
A person starting to gather
information on a new
behavior, with a view toward enacting the behavior, characterizes the ________ stage of change.
Preparation
In this stage of change, a person begins
enacting a new behavior
regularly, but has not
continued doing so over a long period of time.
Action
A person moves into the ________ stage of change once a new behavior has been regularly enacted for more than 6 months, thus indicating they likely adopted the behavior; people must continually exert effort to maintain the behavior.
Maintenance
By nature of novelty, a 6th stage of change has been added to the
Transtheoretical Model that is relatively unknown. It is the ________ stage of change and refers to when a new behavior becomes a part of a person’s normal behavior.
Transformation (or termination); there is some disagreement as to the possibility of ever making it to this stage
This therapeutic approach emphasizes the human conditions of depersonalization, loneliness, and isolation and assumes people are not static but, rather, in a perpetual state of becoming.
Existential Therapy
Of the 2 types of anxiety distinguished by existential therapists, ________ anxiety is proportionate to its cause, does not require repression, and can be used as a catalyst to identify and confront the dilemma from which it arose; ________ anxiety results from evasion of the latter and manifests itself as a loss of a subjective sense of free will and an inability to take responsibility for one’s own life.
Existential (normal); neurotic
What is one of the main goals of existential
therapy, due to its ability to facilitate client change?
To develop an intimate,
authentic, egalitarian relationship with the client, which is referred to during therapy
This model proposes that health behaviors are influenced by (1) the person’s readiness to take a particular action, which is related to their perceived susceptibility to the illness and perceived severity of its consequences; (2) the person’s evaluation of the benefits and costs of making a particular response; and (3) the internal and external “cues to action” that trigger the response.
Health Belief Model
The concept of the feedback loop through which a system receives information is attributable to ________.
Cybernetics
What was derived from the medical-psychiatric model and general systems theory and aims to improve the socio-emotional functioning of a consultee’s clients?
Mental Health Consultation
A ________ feedback loop reduces deviation and helps a system maintain its status quo, while a ________ feedback loop amplifies deviation or change and thereby disrupts the system.
Negative; positive
This form of family therapy views maladaptive behavior as overly fixed or rigid patterns of action and reaction. The process of therapy involves hypothesizing, circularity, and neutrality and includes the use of circular questions and paradoxical techniques to foster understanding.
Systemic Family Therapy (Milan)
This approach to family therapy emphasizes altering a family’s structure (rigid triangles, power hierarchies) in order to change the behavior patterns of family members. The therapist joins the family system, evaluates the structure, then restructures the family using techniques such as enactment and reframing. The goal is behavior change, not insight.
Structural Family Therapy (Minuchin)
In Structural Family Therapy, these are the rules that determine the amount and type of contact allowed between family members that lead to enmeshment or disengagement.
Boundaries
From the perspective of Structural Family Therapy, ________ occurs when boundaries are overly unclear and promote dependence, whereas ________ results from overly rigid boundaries that promote isolation.
Enmeshment; disengagement
Structural Family Therapy posits that boundary problems could take the form of _______, where each parent expects the child to side with them during conflict, and ________, where parents reinforce bad behavior in their child and shift the focus off problems they are having with each other. When the child consistently sides with one parent, it is termed a ________.
Triangulation; detouring; (stable) coalition
The Structural Family Therapy
technique of “joining” involves
the therapist blending into the
family by using ________
(adopting their style and language) and ________
(identifying with the family’s values and history).
Mimesis; tracking
Practitioners of Structural Family Therapy create this based on observations of family transactional patterns.
A family map
What are the 3 restructuring
techniques used by Structural Family Therapists?
Enactment (role play family relationships and interactions), reframing (family behavior relabeled more positively), and blocking (stop family from engaging in normal way of functioning)
This term refers to the rule that
governs the limits of behavior in a family and is associated with the concept of homeostasis- when homeostasis is upset in a family, negative feedback recalibrates the system and restores a comfortable balance.
Calibration

What term refers to the tendency of heath professionals to attribute all behavioral, social, and emotional problems to mental retardation in people with such a diagnosis?
Diagnostic overshadowing
True or False: One’s theoretical orientation,
expertise, or experience
is not related to diagnostic overshadowing?
True- Research has also shown that diagnostic overshadowing applies to other diagnoses and situations as well
Can utilizing memories retrieved through
hypnosis, regardless of
their accuracy, be therapeutically beneficial?
Yes, according to research
What approach to family therapy focuses both on intrapsychic and
interpersonal causes of maladaptive behavior, involves interpreting transferences, resistances, and other factors in order to foster insight, and is not based on the systems model?
Object-Relations Family Therapy
The term ________ has been used by Herek to define an
ideological system that denies, denigrates, and stigmatizes
among non-heterosexual forms
of behavior, identity, relationships, or community.
Heterosexism
The term ________ has been used by Herek to define an
ideological system that denies, denigrates, and stigmatizes
among non-heterosexual forms
of behavior, identity, relationships, or community.
Heterosexism
This therapy is a collaborative process of empirical investigation, reality testing, and problem solving between therapist and client where the client’s maladaptive interpretations and conclusions are treated as testable hypotheses.
Cognitive Therapy (Beck)
This therapy is a collaborative process of empirical investigation, reality testing, and problem solving between therapist and client where the client’s maladaptive interpretations and conclusions are treated as testable hypotheses.
Cognitive Therapy (Beck)
What are the 3 levels of
cognition Beck believed
influenced the cause and maintenance of pathology?
Automatic thoughts,
schemas, and cognitive distortions
What are the 3 levels of
cognition Beck believed
influenced the cause and maintenance of pathology?
Automatic thoughts,
schemas, and cognitive distortions
A cognitive therapist might ask a client to keep a journal of ________, which are thoughts that arise spontaneously in response to certain situations and are more a reflection of a client’s appraisal of a situation rather than the actual situation itself.
Automatic thoughts
A cognitive therapist might ask a client to keep a journal of ________, which are thoughts that arise spontaneously in response to certain situations and are more a reflection of a client’s appraisal of a situation rather than the actual situation itself.
Automatic thoughts
These are internal models of the self and the world that develop over the course of experiences beginning early in life and can serve an adaptive function by allowing new information to be linked with old information, making for more efficient information processing.
Schemas (core beliefs; underlying assumptions)
These are internal models of the self and the world that develop over the course of experiences beginning early in life and can serve an adaptive function by allowing new information to be linked with old information, making for more efficient information processing.
Schemas (core beliefs; underlying assumptions)
Beck identified systematic errors in reasoning that form the link between dysfunctional schemas and automatic thoughts, which he called ________. It refers to the process of a person biasing or adapting newly processed information to fit a relevant schema.
Cognitive distortions
Beck identified systematic errors in reasoning that form the link between dysfunctional schemas and automatic thoughts, which he called ________. It refers to the process of a person biasing or adapting newly processed information to fit a relevant schema.
Cognitive distortions
A client in therapy reports to his therapist
that he is a bad employee and is likely to
get fired; however, the therapist soon recognizes the client’s negative
conclusion cannot be supported by real evidence and, in fact, seems to go
against the therapist’s experience of the client as punctual, engaged, and hardworking. What cognitive distortion is this client most likely making?
Arbitrary inference,
which occurs when specific conclusions are drawn with no evidence
A client in therapy reports to his therapist
that he is a bad employee and is likely to
get fired; however, the therapist soon recognizes the client’s negative
conclusion cannot be supported by real evidence and, in fact, seems to go
against the therapist’s experience of the client as punctual, engaged, and hardworking. What cognitive distortion is this client most likely making?
Arbitrary inference,
which occurs when specific conclusions are drawn with no evidence
In cognitive marital therapy, a wife reports her frustration with her husband for not taking out the trash, which she says is causing a lot of problems in their marriage. Her husband, however, complains that she fails to recognize other things he does to help. What cognitive distortion is most likely leading to the wife’s frustration?
Selective abstraction, as she is focusing on a single detail that is taken out of context, at the expense of other information
In cognitive marital therapy, a wife reports her frustration with her husband for not taking out the trash, which she says is causing a lot of problems in their marriage. Her husband, however, complains that she fails to recognize other things he does to help. What cognitive distortion is most likely leading to the wife’s frustration?
Selective abstraction, as she is focusing on a single detail that is taken out of context, at the expense of other information
What term refers to therapeutic techniques that attempt to alter maladaptive thought patterns that are believed to be responsible for maladaptive behavior and emotional disorders?
Cognitive restructuring
What term refers to therapeutic techniques that attempt to alter maladaptive thought patterns that are believed to be responsible for maladaptive behavior and emotional disorders?
Cognitive restructuring
An elderly man who was mugged by a group of teenage boys develops a hatred for all adolescents, exemplifying this cognitive distortion.
Overgeneralization
An elderly man who was mugged by a group of teenage boys develops a hatred for all adolescents, exemplifying this cognitive distortion.
Overgeneralization
Regarding cognitive distortions, a person who describes a recent trauma as “no big deal” is likely ________, while a person who becomes overly emotional after getting a small scratch in their car represents ________.
Minimizing; magnification
Regarding cognitive distortions, a person who describes a recent trauma as “no big deal” is likely ________, while a person who becomes overly emotional after getting a small scratch in their car represents ________.
Minimizing; magnification
This cognitive distortion is
characterized by inappropriately attributing external events to oneself when no causal connection really exists (e.g., a therapist takes responsibility for her client being fired from work).
Personalization
This cognitive distortion is
characterized by inappropriately attributing external events to oneself when no causal connection really exists (e.g., a therapist takes responsibility for her client being fired from work).
Personalization
The cognitive distortion of separating experiences into 2 extremes, such as all good and all bad, is called what?
Dichotomous thinking
The cognitive distortion of separating experiences into 2 extremes, such as all good and all bad, is called what?
Dichotomous thinking
In Cognitive Therapy, negative thoughts about
the self, the future, and
the world are referred to as what?
The cognitive triad
In Cognitive Therapy, negative thoughts about
the self, the future, and
the world are referred to as what?
The cognitive triad
A person who presents with cognitions of hopelessness, low self-esteem, and failure is most likely experiencing symptoms of ________, while ________ is associated with thoughts of anticipated harm or danger.
Depression; anxiety
A person who presents with cognitions of hopelessness, low self-esteem, and failure is most likely experiencing symptoms of ________, while ________ is associated with thoughts of anticipated harm or danger.
Depression; anxiety
Identify the following Cognitive Therapy
techniques: ________ involves questioning a client’s thoughts that occur in upsetting situations; ________ involves helping clients develop strategies for dealing with feared consequences; ________ involves considering alternative causes of events; and ________ involves restating a problem in terms that emphasize the client’s control of it.
Eliciting automatic thoughts; decatastrophizing; reattribution; redefining
Identify the following Cognitive Therapy
techniques: ________ involves questioning a client’s thoughts that occur in upsetting situations; ________ involves helping clients develop strategies for dealing with feared consequences; ________ involves considering alternative causes of events; and ________ involves restating a problem in terms that emphasize the client’s control of it.
Eliciting automatic thoughts; decatastrophizing; reattribution; redefining

Identify the following behavioral techniques used
in Cognitive Therapy: ________ involves the therapist assigning tasks to help the client
between sessions; ________ involves planning a
client’s daily activities; ________ involves experimental tests of predictions that derive from
the client’s automatic thoughts; and ________,
which are used to reduce strong emotions and negative thinking (e.g., exercise, work).
Homework; activity scheduling; hypothesis testing; diversion techniques

Identify the following behavioral techniques used
in Cognitive Therapy: ________ involves the therapist assigning tasks to help the client
between sessions; ________ involves planning a
client’s daily activities; ________ involves experimental tests of predictions that derive from
the client’s automatic thoughts; and ________,
which are used to reduce strong emotions and negative thinking (e.g., exercise, work).
Homework; activity scheduling; hypothesis testing; diversion techniques
Between Cognitive Therapy and Rational
Emotive Behavior Therapy, which one more heavily relies on behavioral techniques?
Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy
Between Cognitive Therapy and Rational
Emotive Behavior Therapy, which one more heavily relies on behavioral techniques?
Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy
What are the ABCs
in Ellis’ Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy?
A = undesirable Activating event –> B = rational or irrational Beliefs about event –> C = emotional and behavioral Consequences based on beliefs
What are the ABCs
in Ellis’ Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy?
A = undesirable Activating event –> B = rational or irrational Beliefs about event –> C = emotional and behavioral Consequences based on beliefs
According to Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy, absolute thinking, “must-erbation,” and “I-can’t-stand-it-itus” influence the development of ________, which lead to maladaptive behavior.
Irrational beliefs
According to Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy, absolute thinking, “must-erbation,” and “I-can’t-stand-it-itus” influence the development of ________, which lead to maladaptive behavior.
Irrational beliefs
A client’s active participation in administering treatment to him or herself, such as self-monitoring stimulus control, self-reinforcement, and self-punishment, is called what?
Self-control techniques
A client’s active participation in administering treatment to him or herself, such as self-monitoring stimulus control, self-reinforcement, and self-punishment, is called what?
Self-control techniques
A client who practices ________ might keep a
journal of a target behavior each time it
occurs to assist with behavioral change.
Self-monitoring
A client who practices ________ might keep a
journal of a target behavior each time it
occurs to assist with behavioral change.
Self-monitoring
In order to increase or decrease a behavior, a therapist might recommend ________ to modify an existing stimulus-response relationship, or create a new one. For example, a drug addict might be instructed to make new, non-addict friends.
Stimulus control
In order to increase or decrease a behavior, a therapist might recommend ________ to modify an existing stimulus-response relationship, or create a new one. For example, a drug addict might be instructed to make new, non-addict friends.
Stimulus control
This type of stimulus control involves restricting
the target behavior to a limited set of stimuli (e.g., a smoker is told to smoke only when they are with a certain friend).
Narrowing
This type of stimulus control involves restricting
the target behavior to a limited set of stimuli (e.g., a smoker is told to smoke only when they are with a certain friend).
Narrowing
To increase a behavior, this type of stimulus control, which involves linking a behavior to a specific cue or set of cues, might be recommended (e.g., a student with poor grades is told to study in the same location so that later, that location triggers study behavior).
Cue strengthening
To increase a behavior, this type of stimulus control, which involves linking a behavior to a specific cue or set of cues, might be recommended (e.g., a student with poor grades is told to study in the same location so that later, that location triggers study behavior).
Cue strengthening
This stimulus control technique involves either identifying or eliminating responses
that block desirable behaviors, or encouraging responses that block undesirable behaviors (e.g., a client who is not finishing their work is asked to give responses that interfere with work, such as socializing; this would then be targeted for elimination).
Competing responses
This stimulus control technique involves either identifying or eliminating responses
that block desirable behaviors, or encouraging responses that block undesirable behaviors (e.g., a client who is not finishing their work is asked to give responses that interfere with work, such as socializing; this would then be targeted for elimination).
Competing responses
When is stimulus control most effective?
When deployed
at the beginning of a response chain
When is stimulus control most effective?
When deployed
at the beginning of a response chain
Stress Inoculation Training (Meichenbaum) involves a 3-step process. In the ________ stage the client is educated as to how their faulty cognitions prevent adaptive coping; the ________ stage involves learning and rehearsing new skills and new ways of perceiving and thinking about stressful situations; the ________ stage entails applying what the client has learned.
Cognitive preparation (education); skills acquisition; practice
Stress Inoculation Training (Meichenbaum) involves a 3-step process. In the ________ stage the client is educated as to how their faulty cognitions prevent adaptive coping; the ________ stage involves learning and rehearsing new skills and new ways of perceiving and thinking about stressful situations; the ________ stage entails applying what the client has learned.
Cognitive preparation (education); skills acquisition; practice
This is defined as a state of relaxed wakefulness with a relative suspension of peripheral awareness.
Hypnosis
This is defined as a state of relaxed wakefulness with a relative suspension of peripheral awareness.
Hypnosis
What are the 3
factors involved in Hypnosis?
Absorption,
dissociation, and suggestibility
What are the 3
factors involved in Hypnosis?
Absorption,
dissociation, and suggestibility
A form of psychotherapy used to help clients retrieve feelings and memories that have not been accessible by other methods is called what?
Hypnotherapy
A form of psychotherapy used to help clients retrieve feelings and memories that have not been accessible by other methods is called what?
Hypnotherapy
People presenting to therapy with ________ tend to be more hypnotizable than the general public.
Phobias
People presenting to therapy with ________ tend to be more hypnotizable than the general public.
Phobias
In what types of
situations is the
use of hypnosis contraindicated?
When treating clients with psychosis, paranoia, or obsessive-compulsive personality traits
In what types of
situations is the
use of hypnosis contraindicated?
When treating clients with psychosis, paranoia, or obsessive-compulsive personality traits
This approach has been used to treat psychophysiological disorders (e.g., migraines, hypertension) and evidence has shown that it is the preferred treatment for fecal incontinence and Reynaud’s disease.
Biofeedback
This approach has been used to treat psychophysiological disorders (e.g., migraines, hypertension) and evidence has shown that it is the preferred treatment for fecal incontinence and Reynaud’s disease.
Biofeedback
What are 2 of the most commonly used types of biofeedback?
Electromyography
(EMG) and skin temperature
What are 2 of the most commonly used types of biofeedback?
Electromyography
(EMG) and skin temperature
A therapist who instructs a
client to do, or wish for, the
very things they fear ("prescribing the
symptom") is utilizing the
CBT technique of \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.Paradoxical intention
A therapist who instructs a
client to do, or wish for, the
very things they fear ("prescribing the
symptom") is utilizing the
CBT technique of \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.Paradoxical intention
Paradoxical intention serves the function of circumventing ________, which is viewed as the main cause of the problem.
Anticipatory anxiety
Paradoxical intention serves the function of circumventing ________, which is viewed as the main cause of the problem.
Anticipatory anxiety
What malady is
paradoxical intention most
commonly used to treat?
Insomnia
What malady is
paradoxical intention most
commonly used to treat?
Insomnia
This is a technique that utilizes visualization for the purpose of identifying automatic thoughts, increasing self-control, assisting with distraction, and visualizing desired life outcomes.
Guided imagery
This is a technique that utilizes visualization for the purpose of identifying automatic thoughts, increasing self-control, assisting with distraction, and visualizing desired life outcomes.
Guided imagery
What are the 4 primary goals of crisis intervention?
Immediate symptom reduction, strengthening of
coping mechanisms, restoration to the previous
level of functioning, and
prevention of further problems
What are the 4 primary goals of crisis intervention?
Immediate symptom reduction, strengthening of
coping mechanisms, restoration to the previous
level of functioning, and
prevention of further problems

The following are assumptions when working in a/an ________ setting: (1) People are basically
strong and resilient; (2) problems reflect need for
support, not underlying pathology; (3) present and future are more important than past; (4)
therapist promotes coping, not permanent cure; (5) assessment is an on-going process, not
symptom-oriented mental status exam; (6) small
interventions lead to big systemic changes; (7)
goal is quick elimination of symptoms and distress
Crisis intervention

The following are assumptions when working in a/an ________ setting: (1) People are basically
strong and resilient; (2) problems reflect need for
support, not underlying pathology; (3) present and future are more important than past; (4)
therapist promotes coping, not permanent cure; (5) assessment is an on-going process, not
symptom-oriented mental status exam; (6) small
interventions lead to big systemic changes; (7)
goal is quick elimination of symptoms and distress
Crisis intervention
The 3 stages of crisis intervention are: ________, which involves identifying the crisis and the client’s reactions to it; ________, which involves assessing the client’s life prior to the crisis, setting specific short-term goals, and using techniques to achieve these goals; and ________, at which point progress is assessed and post-intervention options are discussed.
Formulation;
implementation; termination
The 3 stages of crisis intervention are: ________, which involves identifying the crisis and the client’s reactions to it; ________, which involves assessing the client’s life prior to the crisis, setting specific short-term goals, and using techniques to achieve these goals; and ________, at which point progress is assessed and post-intervention options are discussed.
Formulation;
implementation; termination
What are the 3 primary goals of brief psychotherapy?
Quick reduction of the client’s most severe symptoms, restoration of the client to prior emotional equilibrium, and development of understanding and skills to facilitate better future coping
What are the 3 primary goals of brief psychotherapy?
Quick reduction of the client’s most severe symptoms, restoration of the client to prior emotional equilibrium, and development of understanding and skills to facilitate better future coping
Who is better suited for brief psychotherapy, a man who has experienced chronic depression most of his life or a woman who is experiencing depression following a recent divorce?
The divorced woman, as
brief therapy is best suited
for clients with acute symptoms, who were previously well-adjusted, are highly motivated, and who relate well with others
Who is better suited for brief psychotherapy, a man who has experienced chronic depression most of his life or a woman who is experiencing depression following a recent divorce?
The divorced woman, as
brief therapy is best suited
for clients with acute symptoms, who were previously well-adjusted, are highly motivated, and who relate well with others
Central to this brief approach to therapy is the belief that clients should choose the problems and goals to be worked on in therapy and that clients possess the necessary resources to achieve their goals.
Solution-Focused Therapy
Central to this brief approach to therapy is the belief that clients should choose the problems and goals to be worked on in therapy and that clients possess the necessary resources to achieve their goals.
Solution-Focused Therapy
Solution-focused techniques include ________, which is when the therapist asks about a time when the problem did not exist, which can lead to self-fulfilling prophecy; ________, or prescribing change; ________, where a client is asked to visualize that their problem is solved, then asked how they would know and what would be different; ________, which are suggestions for unlocking solutions while avoiding the presenting problem, and ________, which are conversations between therapist and client that have a beginning, middle, and end, and an overall plot.
Exception question; formula tasks; miracle question; skeleton keys; narratives and language games
Solution-focused techniques include ________, which is when the therapist asks about a time when the problem did not exist, which can lead to self-fulfilling prophecy; ________, or prescribing change; ________, where a client is asked to visualize that their problem is solved, then asked how they would know and what would be different; ________, which are suggestions for unlocking solutions while avoiding the presenting problem, and ________, which are conversations between therapist and client that have a beginning, middle, and end, and an overall plot.
Exception question; formula tasks; miracle question; skeleton keys; narratives and language games
In test development, ________ refers to a process of retaining items that best differentiate between large numbers of people in difference populations. For example, the MMPI-2 distinguished between psychiatric and non-psychiatric groups.
Empirical criterion keying
In test development, ________ refers to a process of retaining items that best differentiate between large numbers of people in difference populations. For example, the MMPI-2 distinguished between psychiatric and non-psychiatric groups.
Empirical criterion keying
On the MMPI-2, a T-score of ________ or over is considered significant and clinically interpretable.
65 (1.5 standard deviations
above the mean, 50)
On the MMPI-2, a T-score of ________ or over is considered significant and clinically interpretable.
65 (1.5 standard deviations
above the mean, 50)
MMPI-2 Clinical Scale Descriptions: (1) ________ measures abnormal preoccupation with somatic functioning; (2) ________ one’s experience of hopelessness, helplessness, and worthlessness; (3) ________ physical symptoms with a functional origin (e.g., conversion reaction); (4) ________ measures social ineptness (e.g., antisocial); (5) ________ measures opposite sex interests.
Hypochondriasis; Depression; Hysteria; Psychopathic Deviate; Masculinity/Femininity
MMPI-2 Clinical Scale Descriptions: (1) ________ measures abnormal preoccupation with somatic functioning; (2) ________ one’s experience of hopelessness, helplessness, and worthlessness; (3) ________ physical symptoms with a functional origin (e.g., conversion reaction); (4) ________ measures social ineptness (e.g., antisocial); (5) ________ measures opposite sex interests.
Hypochondriasis; Depression; Hysteria; Psychopathic Deviate; Masculinity/Femininity
MMPI-2 Clinical Scale Descriptions: (6) ________ measures vigilance and suspiciousness; (7) ________ measures non-hysteria neurotic manifestations (e.g., phobias); (8) ________ picks up thought disorder or bizarre actions; (9) ________ measures mania and concentration problems; and (10) ________ measures introversion/extraversion.
Paranoia; Psychasthenia; Schizophrenia; Hypomania; Social Introversion
MMPI-2 Clinical Scale Descriptions: (6) ________ measures vigilance and suspiciousness; (7) ________ measures non-hysteria neurotic manifestations (e.g., phobias); (8) ________ picks up thought disorder or bizarre actions; (9) ________ measures mania and concentration problems; and (10) ________ measures introversion/extraversion.
Paranoia; Psychasthenia; Schizophrenia; Hypomania; Social Introversion
MMPI-2 Validity Scale Descriptions: ________ is the total number of unanswered questions; elevations on the ________ scale suggest a portrayal of oneself in the most favorable light (faking good); the ________ scale indicates deviance and attempt to “look bad,” either intentionally or characteristically; ________ indicates defensiveness and guardedness; and ________, ________, and ________ measure response consistency.
?; L (Lie); F (Infrequency); K (Correction); TRIN (True response consistency), VRIN (Variable response consistency), FB (Back side consistency)
MMPI-2 Validity Scale Descriptions: ________ is the total number of unanswered questions; elevations on the ________ scale suggest a portrayal of oneself in the most favorable light (faking good); the ________ scale indicates deviance and attempt to “look bad,” either intentionally or characteristically; ________ indicates defensiveness and guardedness; and ________, ________, and ________ measure response consistency.
?; L (Lie); F (Infrequency); K (Correction); TRIN (True response consistency), VRIN (Variable response consistency), FB (Back side consistency)
A psychologists administers the MMPI-2 to a client and, rather than interpreting elevated scales in isolation, compares scores on several scales, which is referred to as?
Pattern analysis
A psychologists administers the MMPI-2 to a client and, rather than interpreting elevated scales in isolation, compares scores on several scales, which is referred to as?
Pattern analysis
What personality test has
21 scales that correspond to DSM diagnostic
categories and, as such, is
best suited for clinical populations?
Millon Clinical Multiaxial Inventory-III (MCMI-III)
What personality test has
21 scales that correspond to DSM diagnostic
categories and, as such, is
best suited for clinical populations?
Millon Clinical Multiaxial Inventory-III (MCMI-III)
This self-report inventory assesses anxiety, depression, obsessive-compulsiveness, and hostility, and is usually used as a dependent measure in outcome research.
Symptom Checklist 90 (SCL-90)
This self-report inventory assesses anxiety, depression, obsessive-compulsiveness, and hostility, and is usually used as a dependent measure in outcome research.
Symptom Checklist 90 (SCL-90)
After administering the Rorschach inkblot test, what “system” is one most likely to use to score it?
Exner’s Comprehensive System
After administering the Rorschach inkblot test, what “system” is one most likely to use to score it?
Exner’s Comprehensive System
What projective test relies on stories provided by the client in response to a given set of pictures?
Thematic Apperception Test (TAT)
What projective test relies on stories provided by the client in response to a given set of pictures?
Thematic Apperception Test (TAT)
Regarding projective tests, what is the “projective hypothesis?”
Responses to vague or ambiguous stimuli reveal underlying cognitive and personality processes
Regarding projective tests, what is the “projective hypothesis?”
Responses to vague or ambiguous stimuli reveal underlying cognitive and personality processes
What test measures a person’s personal interests, which are then compared to norms derived from others who have experienced satisfaction and success in various occupations?
Strong-Campbell Interest Inventory (SCII)
What test measures a person’s personal interests, which are then compared to norms derived from others who have experienced satisfaction and success in various occupations?
Strong-Campbell Interest Inventory (SCII)
While interests tests such as the Strong-Campbell Interest Inventory can validly predict factors relating to job interest, choice, and motivation, what factor are they not good at predicting?
Job performance/success
While interests tests such as the Strong-Campbell Interest Inventory can validly predict factors relating to job interest, choice, and motivation, what factor are they not good at predicting?
Job performance/success
This test yields an indication of interest in 10 broad areas, and differs from the Strong-Campbell Interest Inventory in that it is based on content validity rather than empirical criterion keying.
Kuder Vocational Preference Record (KVP-R)
This test yields an indication of interest in 10 broad areas, and differs from the Strong-Campbell Interest Inventory in that it is based on content validity rather than empirical criterion keying.
Kuder Vocational Preference Record (KVP-R)

Some neuropsychological test batteries include
the ________ (consists of separate measures of
lateral dominance, psychomotor functions, sensory-perceptual functions, speech/language,
visual-spatial skills, abstract reasoning, mental flexibility, and attention/concentration) and the ________ (consists of 269 items organized into 11 different scales designed to measure specific functions).
Halstead-Reitan;
Luria-Nebraska Battery

Some neuropsychological test batteries include
the ________ (consists of separate measures of
lateral dominance, psychomotor functions, sensory-perceptual functions, speech/language,
visual-spatial skills, abstract reasoning, mental flexibility, and attention/concentration) and the ________ (consists of 269 items organized into 11 different scales designed to measure specific functions).
Halstead-Reitan;
Luria-Nebraska Battery
What test, consisting of 9 designs that a client is asked to reproduce on blank paper, might be used to screen for brain damage and to indicate the possibility of psychiatric disorders?
Bender Visual-Motor Gestalt Test
What test, consisting of 9 designs that a client is asked to reproduce on blank paper, might be used to screen for brain damage and to indicate the possibility of psychiatric disorders?
Bender Visual-Motor Gestalt Test
What is usually used to screen for dementia in elderly individuals?
Mini Mental Status Exam (MMSE)
What is usually used to screen for dementia in elderly individuals?
Mini Mental Status Exam (MMSE)
This test is for children 2 to 10 y/o and assesses channels (auditory-vocal, visual-motor), processes (understanding, organizing, expressing), and levels (representational, automatic).
Illinois Test of Psycholinguistic Abilities (ITPA)
This test is for children 2 to 10 y/o and assesses channels (auditory-vocal, visual-motor), processes (understanding, organizing, expressing), and levels (representational, automatic).
Illinois Test of Psycholinguistic Abilities (ITPA)
During this test, which is helpful in screening for frontal lobe damage, a person is presented with a list of words of colors (blue, green, red) that are printed in ink of a different color (e.g., “red” is printed in blue ink), then asked to name the ink color as quickly as possible.
Stroop Color-Word Test
During this test, which is helpful in screening for frontal lobe damage, a person is presented with a list of words of colors (blue, green, red) that are printed in ink of a different color (e.g., “red” is printed in blue ink), then asked to name the ink color as quickly as possible.
Stroop Color-Word Test
Howard et al. suggested a Phase Model of Psychotherapy Effectiveness that states the effects of psychotherapy occur in stages related to the number of sessions attended. What are these stages?
Remoralization (first few sessions), remediation
(requires about 16 sessions), and
rehabilitation (beyond 16 sessions)
Howard et al. suggested a Phase Model of Psychotherapy Effectiveness that states the effects of psychotherapy occur in stages related to the number of sessions attended. What are these stages?
Remoralization (first few sessions), remediation
(requires about 16 sessions), and
rehabilitation (beyond 16 sessions)
According to research, what is the difference between patients who show a measurable improvement at 26 sessions and those who have attended 52 sessions?
Howard et al. found that 75% improved by 26 sessions and only 85% by 52 sessions, so the answer is 10%. This is referred to as a “dose dependent effect.”
According to research, what is the difference between patients who show a measurable improvement at 26 sessions and those who have attended 52 sessions?
Howard et al. found that 75% improved by 26 sessions and only 85% by 52 sessions, so the answer is 10%. This is referred to as a “dose dependent effect.”
Researchers Smith, Glass, and Miller produced research that contradicted previous findings by Eysenck. What were the results of their meta-analysis?
They found a .85 effect size,
indicating the typical client is better off than 80% of controls and 66% of treated individuals, compared to 34% of controls, show improvement from psychotherapy
Researchers Smith, Glass, and Miller produced research that contradicted previous findings by Eysenck. What were the results of their meta-analysis?
They found a .85 effect size,
indicating the typical client is better off than 80% of controls and 66% of treated individuals, compared to 34% of controls, show improvement from psychotherapy
Numerous studies on outcome of psychotherapy, including Smith et al.’s research, have concluded that what type of therapy produces the strongest effects?
No therapy is better
than another, which contradicts Eysenck’s earlier findings that behavior therapy was superior
Numerous studies on outcome of psychotherapy, including Smith et al.’s research, have concluded that what type of therapy produces the strongest effects?
No therapy is better
than another, which contradicts Eysenck’s earlier findings that behavior therapy was superior
When compared to people receiving no treatment, placebo control groups show ________ improvement; however, when compared to groups that are receiving treatments, placebo control groups show ________ improvement.
More; less
When compared to people receiving no treatment, placebo control groups show ________ improvement; however, when compared to groups that are receiving treatments, placebo control groups show ________ improvement.
More; less
Of client traits and therapist traits, which ones are believed to be better predictors of therapy outcome?
Client traits
Of client traits and therapist traits, which ones are believed to be better predictors of therapy outcome?
Client traits
What has been found regarding therapy outcome and client level of motivation?
Development of motivation during therapy is more important that motivation to change at beginning of therapy
What has been found regarding therapy outcome and client level of motivation?
Development of motivation during therapy is more important that motivation to change at beginning of therapy
Some studies have suggest that ________ is the single most important characteristic of a therapist.
Competence
Some studies have suggest that ________ is the single most important characteristic of a therapist.
Competence
What has been found to account for most of the variance in treatment outcome and to be more important than the specific treatment intervention?
Therapeutic (working) alliance
What has been found to account for most of the variance in treatment outcome and to be more important than the specific treatment intervention?
Therapeutic (working) alliance
In a meta-analysis regarding treatment of children and adolescents, what sex did Weisz et al. find responded better, particularly during adolescence?
Females
In a meta-analysis regarding treatment of children and adolescents, what sex did Weisz et al. find responded better, particularly during adolescence?
Females
The ________ approach to understanding and describing
cultures involves viewing the culture
from the perspective of its members, while the ________ approach is culture-general and assumes that universal principles can be applied to all cultures.
Emic; etic
The ________ approach to understanding and describing
cultures involves viewing the culture
from the perspective of its members, while the ________ approach is culture-general and assumes that universal principles can be applied to all cultures.
Emic; etic
