Clinical Psychology

Question 1

________ studies are based on clinical trials while ________ studies are correlational or quasi-experimental in nature.

Answer 1

Efficacy; Effectiveness

Question 2

This is the theory that the “whole” can be understood only in terms of the organization and interactions of its components; it is the theoretical framework underlying family therapy.

Answer 2

General Systems Theory

Question 3

In general systems theory,
________ interact with the environment by receiving input and discharging output, whereas ________ have no exchange with the environment and can lead a family to disorder and disorganization. Families in therapy are usually the former.

Answer 3

Open systems; closed systems

Question 4

In general systems theory, this refers to the concept
that every part of a system
is interrelated, thus all parts are affected by a change in the system.

Answer 4

Wholeness

Question 5

This property of a family system, according to general systems theory, suggests the whole is greater than the sum of its parts; hence, therapists view the family as a single unit rather than a collection of individuals.

Answer 5

Non-summativity

Question 6

In general systems theory, this refers to the idea that the same end-result occurs for the whole family, regardless of where one enters the system.

Answer 6

Equifinality

Question 7

A young girl who is molested by her father ends up becoming very sexually inhibited later in life. This is an example of ________ according to general systems theory.

Answer 7

Equipotentiality

Question 8

From a general systems theory perspective, this refers to the tendency for a system to revert back to old ways amidst a change or disruption in the system. The system’s management of negative and positive feedback determines the degree to which it exists.

Answer 8

Homeostasis

Question 9

In general systems theory, ________ refers to the maintenance of a family’s homeostasis by attempting to correct deviations in the status quo (e.g., dad yells at loud son and son quiets down), while ________ refers to the disruption of a family’s homeostasis by encouraging or creating deviations to the status quo (e.g., wife gets job and roles change for husband/children).

Answer 9

Negative feedback; positive feedback

Question 10

Interpersonal Therapy was initially developed as a treatment for depression, though it has since been applied to other conditions. While it acknowledges early experience, biology, and personality, it focuses on 1 of what 4 areas of interpersonal functioning?

Answer 10

Grief, interpersonal
role disputes, role
transitions, and
interpersonal deficits

Question 11

This phenomenon occurs in clinical supervision when the therapist (supervisee) behaves toward the supervisor in ways similar to how the client is behaving toward the therapist.

Answer 11

Parallel process

Question 12

What approach to family therapy focuses on the
role of communication and
distinguishes between
symmetrical and complimentary communication?

Answer 12

Communication/Interaction Family Therapy

Question 13

From the perspective of Communication/Interaction Family Therapy, ________ involves conflicting negative injunctions, with one injunction often being expressed verbally and the other non-verbally (e.g., father says “I love you” while spanking child). This usually results in a frustrating conflict in the person receiving the message.

Answer 13

Double-bind communication

Question 14

According to Communication/Interaction Family Therapy, ________
communication occurs between equals
but may escalate into a competition for
control, whereas ________ communication occurs between participants who are unequal and emphasizes their differences (e.g., parent-child or employee-boss).

Answer 14

Symmetrical; Complimentary

Question 15

What concept of Communication/Interaction Therapy suggests information is communication implicitly via nonverbal messages, which is also referred to as command-level communication?

Answer 15

Metacommunication (report-level communication refers to the intended verbal message)

Question 16

Who is the British psychologist known for research suggesting that any apparent benefit of therapy is actually due to spontaneous recovery?

Answer 16

Eysenck performed outcome studies showing that 72% of untreated neurotics improved without therapy, while 66% of clients in eclectic therapy and 44% in psychoanalysis showed a substantial decrease in symptoms

Question 17

Eysenck concluded, based on his research, that what single form of therapy is superior to placebo or no treatment at all?

Answer 17

Behavior therapy

Question 18

While the impact of duration of therapy (number of sessions) on client outcome is positive at first, it typically lessens over time, though never becomes negative. Thus, it can be said that the relationship between duration of therapy and treatment outcome is what?

Answer 18

Negatively accelerated

Question 19

An approach to the alleviation of mental disorders that is associated with both community mental health and public health is referred to as what?

Answer 19

Prevention

Question 20

________ preventions make an intervention
available to all members of
a target group or population in order to keep
them from developing a disorder.

Answer 20

Primary

Question 21

________ preventions identify at-risk individuals and offer them appropriate treatment.

Answer 21

Secondary

Question 22

________ preventions are designed to reduce
the duration and consequences of an
illness that has already occurred.

Answer 22

Tertiary

Question 23

Based on the research,

who are the most frequent callers and, consequently, receive the most benefit from suicide hotlines?

Answer 23

Young white females

Question 24

Freudian psychoanalysis involves analyzing ________, ________, ________, and ________ and consists of a combination of ________, ________, ________, and ________.

Answer 24

Free associations;

dreams; resistances; transferences; confrontation; clarification; interpretation; working through

Question 25

Freud posited that when
the ego is unable to ward
off danger (anxiety) through rational, realistic
means, it resorts to one of its ________.

Answer 25

Defense mechanisms

Question 26

What 2 characteristics do all defense mechanisms share, according to Freud?

Answer 26

They (1) operate on an unconscious
level and (2) serve to distort reality

Question 27

Name the following defense mechanisms: ________ involves refusing to accept external reality because it’s too threatening; the gross reshaping of external reality to meet internal needs is called ________; _______ occurs when one attributes to others one’s own unacceptable thoughts/emotions.

Answer 27

Denial; distortion; projection

Question 28

Name the following defense mechanisms: ________ refers to indirectly expressing aggression toward others; ________ is the direct expression of an unconscious impulse without conscious awareness; ________ is subconsciously viewing another person as more positive than they are.

Answer 28

Passive aggression; acting out; idealization

Question 29

Name the following defense mechanisms: ________ involves shifting sexual or aggressive impulses to a more acceptable target; ________ is an extreme separation of emotion from ideas in order to distance oneself from anxiety; and ________ refers to converting unconscious inappropriate impulses into their opposites.

Answer 29

Displacement; intellectualization; reaction formation

Question 30

Name the following defense mechanisms: ________ is the overt expression of ideas or feelings in such a way to give others pleasure; ________ occurs when one identifies so deeply with some idea that it becomes a part of that persons character; ________ refers to transferring/expressing negative emotions or instincts in positive, more acceptable ways.

Answer 30

Humor; introjection; sublimation

Question 31

Name the following defense mechanisms: ________ is the rejection of painful or shameful experiences from consciousness and prevents unacceptable impulses/desires from reaching consciousness; ________ is the process of giving a socially acceptable reason to explain unacceptable thoughts or actions; ________ occurs when a person becomes stuck in a successfully completed developmental stage and returns to this stage in response to difficult life problems.

Answer 31

Repression; rationalization; fixation

Question 32

The id, a completely unorganized reservoir of energy that includes all instincts and reflexes that are inherited at birth, operates according to what?

Answer 32

The pleasure principle

Question 33

The ________ is that part
of the id that has been modified by its interaction
with the external world,
functions to suspend the pleasure principle, and represents the ________.

Answer 33

Ego; reality principle

Question 34

What part of the ego acts as the conscience and is constructed largely from internalization of parental restrictions, prohibitions, and customs?

Answer 34

Superego

Question 35

What unconscious mental process is characterized by limited logic, substitution of one idea with another, and by immediate discharge of energy?

Answer 35

Primary process

Question 36

What conscious mental process, per psychoanalysis, is more logical and sequential in nature?

Answer 36

Secondary process

Question 37

This is the term a psychoanalytic psychologist might use to describe a weakening of one’s defenses and the consequent breaking through of an impulse.

Answer 37

Signal anxiety

Question 38

During ________, a client is
asked to attend to all thoughts and report them without suppressing or censuring them. Freud described ________ as a reluctance or inability to recall the traumatic memories that caused one’s symptoms.

Answer 38

Free association; resistance

Question 39

What is the term used to describe a client’s projection of his own feelings, thoughts, wishes and attitudes about others in his past onto the therapist?

Answer 39

Transference

Question 40

Freud used the term ________ to describe a transference reaction that became very intense during analysis.

Answer 40

Transference neurosis

Question 41

Of the 2 transference reactions, a client’s feelings of love that are displaced from original objects (parents) onto the therapist are considered ________ transference and facilitates treatment; ________ transference involves displacement of aggressive drives from the original objects onto the therapist.

Answer 41

Positive; negative

Question 42

What term is used to describe a relationship that allows the client to identify with the therapist as a person, one who can eventually help replace id with ego?

Answer 42

Therapeutic (working) alliance

Question 43

This occurs when the therapist projects their emotions, thoughts, and wishes from the past onto the client’s personality, or some other material the client is presenting, thus expressing unresolved conflicts and/or gratifying their own personal needs.

Answer 43

Countertransference

Question 44

In psychoanalytic terms, a client experiences ________ when the recall of unconscious material leads to emotional release, while ________ occurs when connections are made between current behaviors and unconscious material.

Answer 44

Catharsis; insight

Question 45

What psychoanalytic
technique serves the purpose of gradually
increasing a client’s insight
into the reasons
underlying current feelings and behavior?

Answer 45

Interpretation

Question 46

From a psychoanalytic perspective, a client
who reports they have
been thinking about
problems outside of therapy indicates what?

Answer 46

A good working
alliance has
been established

Question 47

This personality theory and approach to therapy stresses the unity of the individual and the belief that behavior is purposeful and goal-directed. Therapy focuses on exploring lifestyle determinants, including family atmosphere, distorted beliefs and attitudes, and birth order.

Answer 47

Adler’s Individual Psychology

Question 48

Adler posited that what types of childhood feelings motivated growth, domination, and striving for superiority?

Answer 48

Feelings of inferiority (also

called “inferiority complexes”)

Question 49

What is another term Adler used instead of inferiority complex?

Answer 49

Masculine protest

Question 50

According to Adler, if an inferiority complex
develops a connection
with a specific part of
the body, it is called what?

Answer 50

Organ inferiority

Question 51

Adler believed children developed “compensatory behavior patterns” to defend against their feelings of inferiority. What did he refer to this to as?

Answer 51

Style of life

Question 52

What is the most significant difference
between Freudian
and neo-Freudian therapists?

Answer 52

Neo-Freudians more
heavily emphasize
socio-cultural
determinants of personality

Question 53

Horney defined ________ as feelings of helplessness and isolation in a hostile world, and believed it was caused by certain parental behaviors (e.g., indifference, overprotection, rejection).

Answer 53

Basic anxiety

Question 54

According to Horney, what are the 3 modes of

relating to others that children use to defend against basic anxiety?

Answer 54

Movement toward others, movement
against others, and
movement away from others

Question 55

Sullivan posited 3 modes of cognitive experience he believed played a role in personality development. The ________ mode involves discreet, unconnected momentary states and refers to experiences before language symbols are used; in the ________ mode, people see causal connections between events that are not actually related using private (autistic) symbols; and the ________ mode involves logical, sequential, and consistent thinking, and underlies language acquisition.

Answer 55

Prototaxic; parataxic; syntaxic

Question 56

According to Sullivan, neurotic
behavior is caused by ________, which is characterized by a person dealing with others as if they were significant people from their past (similar to transference).

Answer 56

Parataxic distortion

Question 57

Fromm, who was interested in
the role society plays in preventing people from realizing their true nature, identified what 5 character styles adopted by a person in response to societal demands?

Answer 57

The receptive, the exploitative, the hoarding,
the marketing, and the productive (the only one
that permits a person to realize their true nature)

Question 58

What is the main
difference between
Freudian psychoanalysis and Ego-Analysis?

Answer 58

Ego-analysis places
greater emphasis on the
role of the ego, as opposed to the id, in personality development

Question 59

From the perspective of
the ego-analysts, pathology occurs when
the ________ loses its autonomy from the ________.

Answer 59

Ego; id

Question 60

Psychologists who primarily
emphasize the impact of early relationships on personality development and view maladaptive behavior as the result of abnormalities in early relationships use what approach to psychotherapy?

Answer 60

Object-Relations Theory

Question 61

Margaret Mahler, an Object-Relations theorist and therapist, is most noted for her study of what process?

Answer 61

Separation-individuation,
which is the process by which internal
representations of the self and others are formed

Question 62

In Object Relations Theory, this is the mental representation of a person that, when inappropriately developed, leads to pathology.

Answer 62

Object introject

Question 63

What is the Object-Relations term used to describe a person’s tendency to separate object-representations into good and bad, usually leading to aggressive feelings, irrational thinking, and poorly regulated behaviors?

Answer 63

Splitting

Question 64

What therapeutic approach refers to normal narcissism as a child’s natural self-love and views pathology as stemming from consistent un-empathic parental responses during childhood?

Answer 64

Self-Psychology (Kohut)

Question 65

According to Self-Psychology, a child

develops a protective ________ when their narcissism is inevitably undermined by parental failure to satisfy all needs.

Answer 65

Grandiose self

Question 66

This therapeutic approach believes the whole is greater than the sum of its parts,
adopts a here-and-now approach, views
awareness as the primary goal of treatment, and defines neurosis as a “growth disorder” reflecting certain boundary disturbances and involving an abandonment of the self for the self-image.

Answer 66

Gestalt Therapy

Question 67

Identify the following boundary disturbances as defined by Gestalt Therapy: ________ refers to “swallowing” information without ever understanding or assimilating it; ________ involves displacing one’s own wishes onto another; in ________, a person does to herself what she wants to do to others (e.g., isolation, masturbation); ________ refers to avoidance of contact by being vague, indirect, or overly polite; ________ occurs when the self-environment boundary is too thin and self is not experienced as distinct, but merged into attitudes, beliefs, and feelings of others; and ________ is when the self-environment boundary becomes nonexistent.

Answer 67

Introjection; projection, retroflection, deflection, confluence; isolation

Question 68

How does a Gestalt
therapist view transference in the
client-therapist relationship?

Answer 68

As a fantasy that hinders true self-awareness

Question 69

What form of therapy views behavior as being determined by both conscious and unconscious factors, including collective unconscious, and is based on the theory that personality continues to develop throughout the lifespan?

Answer 69

Jung’s Analytical Psychotherapy

Question 70

Jung contended that the ________ unconscious arises from repression, whereas ________ unconscious comes from universally inherited neural patterns and is described as the “reservoir of the experiences of our species.”

Answer 70

Personal (individual); collective

Question 71

From Jung’s Analytic perspective, ________ are innate, universal prototypes for ideas that may be used to interpret observations. A group of memories and interpretations associated with one is termed a ________.

Answer 71

Archetypes; complex

Question 72

________ is the disposition to find pleasure in external things; ________ reflects a turning inward of the libido.

Answer 72

Extraversion; introversion

Question 73

Jung believed that at approximately 40 years old, people shift from the ________ of their youth to the ________ of adulthood, a time period referred to as ________.

Answer 73

Extroversion; introversion; mid-life crisis (transition)

Question 74

Practitioners of what form of therapy hold the belief that people possess an inherent ability for growth and self-actualization and that maladaptive behavior occurs when incongruence between self and experience disrupts this natural tendency?

Answer 74

Person-Centered Therapy

Question 75

In Person-Centered Therapy, what are the 3 facilitative conditions the therapist applies to enable clients to return to their natural tendency for self-actualization?

Answer 75

Empathic understanding (empathy), congruence (genuineness/authenticity), and unconditional positive regard

Question 76

Therapists from this modality
view the client as expert while the therapist acts as a consultant/collaborator who poses questions designed to assist clients in recognizing and using their strengths and resources to achieve goals.

Answer 76

Solution-Focused Therapy

Question 77

True or False: Solution-Focused therapists believe that understanding the etiology or attribute of a maladaptive behavior is irrelevant?

Answer 77

True- they prefer
rather to focus
on solutions to problems

Question 78

What form of therapy that is focused on empowerment and social change, based on the premise that “the personal is political,” and attempts to demystify the client-therapist relationship?

Answer 78

Feminist Therapy

Question 79

In Feminist Object Relations Therapy, what are the 2 contributors to gendered behaviors?

Answer 79

1. Sexual division of labor and 2. Mother-child relationship (positing that many gender differences can be traced to differences in mother-daughter and mother-son relationships)

Question 80

In contrast to Feminist Therapy, ________ therapy focuses more on personal causes of behavior and personal change.

Answer 80

Nonsexist

Question 81

According to this theory, one’s sense of self is largely dependent on how they connect with others, thus psychopathology is viewed as resulting from disconnection with others.

Answer 81

Self-In-Relation Theory

Question 82

What is a good technique to
use with clients who are ambivalent about changing their behaviors and combines the transtheoretical model with client-centered therapy and self-efficacy?

Answer 82

Motivational Interviewing

Question 83

The goals of increasing a couple’s recognition and initiation of pleasurable
interactions, decreasing a couple’s aversive interactions (negative exchanges), teaching a couple effective problem-solving and communication skills, and teaching a couple to use a contingency contract to resolve persisting problems characterize what therapeutic approach?

Answer 83

Behavioral Family Therapy

Question 84

This school of family therapy
extends General Systems Theory beyond the nuclear family and views dysfunction as part of an intergenerational process. Thus, therapy often starts with the construction of a genogram.

Answer 84

Extended Family Systems Therapy (Bowen; Bowenian)

Question 85

The primary goal of Extended Family Systems
Therapy is to encourage
________, which is one’s ability to separate their
intellectual and emotional functioning.

Answer 85

Differentiation of self

Question 86

According to Extended Family Systems Therapy, this occurs when two family members in conflict involve a third person, which usually immobilizes the third person.

Answer 86

Triangulation

Question 87

A practitioner of Extended Family Systems Therapy often joins a dyad, creating a ________, in an attempt to reduce the original level of fusion and achieve higher self-differentiation.

Answer 87

Therapeutic triangle

Question 88

What are the 3 formative stages therapy groups usually pass through, as proposed by Yalom?

Answer 88

(1) Hesitancy, search for meaning, and dependency; (2) conflict, dominance, and rebellion; and (3) cohesiveness

Question 89

What characteristic of a therapy group does Yalom
believe is most important and is most similar to the
therapist-client relationship in individual therapy?

Answer 89

Cohesiveness

Question 90

Yalom believes that ________ is inevitable
in a group and must be
resolved in a way that benefits the group.

Answer 90

Transference

Question 91

Is it ever appropriate for co-therapists to openly disagree during a group session?

Answer 91

Yes, but not until

the group has developed some cohesiveness (6+ sessions)

Question 92

Yalom ranks ________, ________, and ________ the most important
factors of group therapy. However,
higher-functioning group members rate ________ and ________, while
lower-functioning members believe ________ is most important.

Answer 92

Interpersonal learning, catharsis, cohesiveness; universality, interpersonal learning; instillation of hope

Question 93

Since concurrent individual and group therapy allows for both extensive intrapersonal exploration and external support, it can be helpful for people presenting with what disorders?

Answer 93

Borderline and narcissistic personality disorder

Question 94

One problem with concurrent
group and individual therapy is that a client may be more expressive and inclined to self-disclose in ________ therapy, thus limiting material that could be used for ________ therapy.

Answer 94

Individual; group

Question 95

True or False: Regarding group therapy, Yalom contends that prescreening of potential group members and post-selection preparation is unnecessary?

Answer 95

False- Yalom states that prescreening and post-selection preparation can reduce premature termination from group therapy and enhance therapy outcomes

Question 96

Of the many factors found
to influence the behavior of a therapeutic group,
which one do most experts
believe is the most
important for the therapist to consider?

Answer 96

Intelligence, arguing that clients should have similar intelligence levels to encourage greater group interaction

Question 97

What is the ideal size of a therapy group?

Answer 97

7 to 10 members; 5 or less
limits learning and creates
too much client-therapist interaction, while more than 10 leads to alienation and lack of cohesiveness

Question 98

Research by Guy, Poelstra, and Stark (1989) found that (1) therapists find
________ to be the most stressful client behavior; (2) therapists consider
________ to be the single most stressful
aspect of their work; and (3) issues related to ________ constitute the most
frequently encountered ethical/legal dilemma.

Answer 98

Suicidal statements; a lack
of therapeutic
success; confidentiality

Question 99

What approach to family therapy focuses
on transactional patterns and views symptoms as interpersonal events that serve to control relationships, views therapy as a power struggle between the client/family and the therapist, and was influenced by structural family therapy, communication/interaction therapy, and Milton Erickson?

Answer 99

Strategic
Family Therapy (Haley)

Question 100

A strategic family therapist might instruct a client to engage in the symptomatic behavior in an attempt to harness the energy of resistance in the service of change, which is called what?

Answer 100

Paradoxical directive

Question 101

According to Strategic
Family Therapy, this
involves relabeling a behavior to make it more
amenable to change and
giving a new or altered meaning to a situation.

Answer 101

Reframing

Question 102

What Strategic Family Therapy “strategy” involves asking each family member to describe relationships within the family system and note the differences, the goal being to help family members view problems in a new light and make them more amenable to change?

Answer 102

Circular questioning

Question 103

What approach to family therapy encourages couples to focus more on positive aspects of each other and use reciprocal reinforcement (quid pro quo)?

Answer 103

Operant Interpersonal Therapy

Question 104

In a consultative relationship,
________ evaluations are periodically conducted to assess the consultation process, while ________ evaluations are conducted to assess the consultation product.

Answer 104

Formative; summative

Question 105

It is the primary goal of what model of therapy to help clients identify responsible and effective ways of satisfying their needs and thereby develop a “success identity?”

Answer 105

Reality Therapy

Question 106

Reality therapy (1) rejects the ________ and the concept of _______; (2) focuses on ________ behaviors and beliefs; (3) views transference as ________ to the therapy process; (4) stresses ________ processes; (5) emphasizes ________, especially the client’s ability to judge what is right/wrong in daily life; and (6) teaches specific behaviors that will enable clients to ________.

Answer 106

Medical model; mental illness; current;
detrimental; conscious;
value judgments; fulfill their needs

Question 107

According to Glasser’s Reality Therapy, a
person who meets their
needs in an irresponsible manner adopts what?

Answer 107

A “failure identity”

Question 108

In what therapeutic approach do therapists analyze a client’s child, parent, and adult ego states?

Answer 108

Transactional

Analysis (Berne)

Question 109

Therapists of Transactional Analysis believe transactions
occur between ego states at 2
levels (social and covert) by way of ________, or
recognition from others. They
can be either positive or negative.

Answer 109

Strokes

Question 110

Developed early in life through interactions with parents and others, practitioners of Transactional Analysis believe
________, or a person’s life plan,
reflect a characteristic pattern of
giving and receiving strokes; an unhealthy one leads to maladaptive behavior.

Answer 110

Scripts

Question 111

What are the 4 life

positions according to Transactional Analysis?

Answer 111

I’m OK - you’re OK; I’m OK - you’re not okay; I’m not OK - you’re OK; I’m not OK - you’re not OK

Question 112

According to Transactional Analysis, a ________ transaction is when the original communication is responded to appropriately; a ________ transaction occurs when the original communication is met with a response from an inappropriate ego state; and a ________ transaction occurs when confusion ensues due to the communicator giving a dual message.

Answer 112

Complimentary; crossed; ulterior

Question 113

An orderly series of ulterior
transactions that is repeated over time and results in bad feelings for both people involved are called what in Transactional Analysis?

Answer 113

Games

Question 114

Prochaska and DiClemente’s Transtheoretical Model of behavior change proposes that the change process involves what 5 stages of change?

Answer 114

Pre-contemplation, contemplation,

preparation, action, and maintenance

Question 115

In this stage of change,
the person does not
exhibit the specified behavior and has not considered adopting the behavior.

Answer 115

Pre-contemplation

Question 116

A person who is considering adopting a
new behavior but has not
dedicated any effort
towards enacting or preparing to enact it is in what stage of change?

Answer 116

Contemplation

Question 117

A person starting to gather
information on a new
behavior, with a view toward enacting the behavior, characterizes the ________ stage of change.

Answer 117

Preparation

Question 118

In this stage of change, a person begins
enacting a new behavior
regularly, but has not
continued doing so over a long period of time.

Answer 118

Action

Question 119

A person moves into the ________ stage of change once a new behavior has been regularly enacted for more than 6 months, thus indicating they likely adopted the behavior; people must continually exert effort to maintain the behavior.

Answer 119

Maintenance

Question 120

By nature of novelty, a 6th stage of change has been added to the
Transtheoretical Model that is relatively unknown. It is the ________ stage of change and refers to when a new behavior becomes a part of a person’s normal behavior.

Answer 120

Transformation (or termination); there is some disagreement as to the possibility of ever making it to this stage

Question 121

This therapeutic approach emphasizes the human conditions of depersonalization, loneliness, and isolation and assumes people are not static but, rather, in a perpetual state of becoming.

Answer 121

Existential Therapy

Question 122

Of the 2 types of anxiety distinguished by existential therapists, ________ anxiety is proportionate to its cause, does not require repression, and can be used as a catalyst to identify and confront the dilemma from which it arose; ________ anxiety results from evasion of the latter and manifests itself as a loss of a subjective sense of free will and an inability to take responsibility for one’s own life.

Answer 122

Existential (normal); neurotic

Question 123

What is one of the main goals of existential

therapy, due to its ability to facilitate client change?

Answer 123

To develop an intimate,

authentic, egalitarian relationship with the client, which is referred to during therapy

Question 124

This model proposes that health behaviors are influenced by (1) the person’s readiness to take a particular action, which is related to their perceived susceptibility to the illness and perceived severity of its consequences; (2) the person’s evaluation of the benefits and costs of making a particular response; and (3) the internal and external “cues to action” that trigger the response.

Answer 124

Health Belief Model

Question 125

The concept of the feedback loop through which a system receives information is attributable to ________.

Answer 125

Cybernetics

Question 126

What was derived from the medical-psychiatric model and general systems theory and aims to improve the socio-emotional functioning of a consultee’s clients?

Answer 126

Mental Health Consultation

Question 127

A ________ feedback loop reduces deviation and helps a system maintain its status quo, while a ________ feedback loop amplifies deviation or change and thereby disrupts the system.

Answer 127

Negative; positive

Question 128

This form of family therapy views maladaptive behavior as overly fixed or rigid patterns of action and reaction. The process of therapy involves hypothesizing, circularity, and neutrality and includes the use of circular questions and paradoxical techniques to foster understanding.

Answer 128

Systemic Family Therapy (Milan)

Question 129

This approach to family therapy emphasizes altering a family’s structure (rigid triangles, power hierarchies) in order to change the behavior patterns of family members. The therapist joins the family system, evaluates the structure, then restructures the family using techniques such as enactment and reframing. The goal is behavior change, not insight.

Answer 129

Structural Family Therapy (Minuchin)

Question 130

In Structural Family Therapy, these are the rules that determine the amount and type of contact allowed between family members that lead to enmeshment or disengagement.

Answer 130

Boundaries

Question 131

From the perspective of Structural Family Therapy, ________ occurs when boundaries are overly unclear and promote dependence, whereas ________ results from overly rigid boundaries that promote isolation.

Answer 131

Enmeshment; disengagement

Question 132

Structural Family Therapy posits that boundary problems could take the form of _______, where each parent expects the child to side with them during conflict, and ________, where parents reinforce bad behavior in their child and shift the focus off problems they are having with each other. When the child consistently sides with one parent, it is termed a ________.

Answer 132

Triangulation; detouring; (stable) coalition

Question 133

The Structural Family Therapy
technique of “joining” involves
the therapist blending into the
family by using ________
(adopting their style and language) and ________
(identifying with the family’s values and history).

Answer 133

Mimesis; tracking

Question 134

Practitioners of Structural Family Therapy create this based on observations of family transactional patterns.

Answer 134

A family map

Question 135

What are the 3 restructuring

techniques used by Structural Family Therapists?

Answer 135

Enactment (role play family relationships and interactions), reframing (family behavior relabeled more positively), and blocking (stop family from engaging in normal way of functioning)

Question 136

This term refers to the rule that
governs the limits of behavior in a family and is associated with the concept of homeostasis- when homeostasis is upset in a family, negative feedback recalibrates the system and restores a comfortable balance.

Answer 136

Calibration

Question 137


What term refers to the tendency of heath professionals to attribute all behavioral, social, and emotional problems to mental retardation in people with such a diagnosis?

Answer 137

Diagnostic overshadowing

Question 138

True or False: One’s theoretical orientation,
expertise, or experience
is not related to diagnostic overshadowing?

Answer 138

True- Research has also shown that diagnostic overshadowing applies to other diagnoses and situations as well

Question 139

Can utilizing memories retrieved through
hypnosis, regardless of
their accuracy, be therapeutically beneficial?

Answer 139

Yes, according to research

Question 140

What approach to family therapy focuses both on intrapsychic and
interpersonal causes of maladaptive behavior, involves interpreting transferences, resistances, and other factors in order to foster insight, and is not based on the systems model?

Answer 140

Object-Relations Family Therapy

Question 141

The term ________ has been used by Herek to define an
ideological system that denies, denigrates, and stigmatizes
among non-heterosexual forms
of behavior, identity, relationships, or community.

Answer 141

Heterosexism

Question 141

The term ________ has been used by Herek to define an
ideological system that denies, denigrates, and stigmatizes
among non-heterosexual forms
of behavior, identity, relationships, or community.

Answer 141

Heterosexism

Question 142

This therapy is a collaborative process of empirical investigation, reality testing, and problem solving between therapist and client where the client’s maladaptive interpretations and conclusions are treated as testable hypotheses.

Answer 142

Cognitive Therapy (Beck)

Question 142

This therapy is a collaborative process of empirical investigation, reality testing, and problem solving between therapist and client where the client’s maladaptive interpretations and conclusions are treated as testable hypotheses.

Answer 142

Cognitive Therapy (Beck)

Question 143

What are the 3 levels of
cognition Beck believed
influenced the cause and maintenance of pathology?

Answer 143

Automatic thoughts,

schemas, and cognitive distortions

Question 143

What are the 3 levels of
cognition Beck believed
influenced the cause and maintenance of pathology?

Answer 143

Automatic thoughts,

schemas, and cognitive distortions

Question 144

A cognitive therapist might ask a client to keep a journal of ________, which are thoughts that arise spontaneously in response to certain situations and are more a reflection of a client’s appraisal of a situation rather than the actual situation itself.

Answer 144

Automatic thoughts

Question 144

A cognitive therapist might ask a client to keep a journal of ________, which are thoughts that arise spontaneously in response to certain situations and are more a reflection of a client’s appraisal of a situation rather than the actual situation itself.

Answer 144

Automatic thoughts

Question 145

These are internal models of the self and the world that develop over the course of experiences beginning early in life and can serve an adaptive function by allowing new information to be linked with old information, making for more efficient information processing.

Answer 145

Schemas (core beliefs; underlying assumptions)

Question 145

These are internal models of the self and the world that develop over the course of experiences beginning early in life and can serve an adaptive function by allowing new information to be linked with old information, making for more efficient information processing.

Answer 145

Schemas (core beliefs; underlying assumptions)

Question 146

Beck identified systematic errors in reasoning that form the link between dysfunctional schemas and automatic thoughts, which he called ________. It refers to the process of a person biasing or adapting newly processed information to fit a relevant schema.

Answer 146

Cognitive distortions

Question 146

Beck identified systematic errors in reasoning that form the link between dysfunctional schemas and automatic thoughts, which he called ________. It refers to the process of a person biasing or adapting newly processed information to fit a relevant schema.

Answer 146

Cognitive distortions

Question 147

A client in therapy reports to his therapist
that he is a bad employee and is likely to
get fired; however, the therapist soon recognizes the client’s negative
conclusion cannot be supported by real evidence and, in fact, seems to go
against the therapist’s experience of the client as punctual, engaged, and hardworking. What cognitive distortion is this client most likely making?

Answer 147

Arbitrary inference,

which occurs when specific conclusions are drawn with no evidence

Question 147

A client in therapy reports to his therapist
that he is a bad employee and is likely to
get fired; however, the therapist soon recognizes the client’s negative
conclusion cannot be supported by real evidence and, in fact, seems to go
against the therapist’s experience of the client as punctual, engaged, and hardworking. What cognitive distortion is this client most likely making?

Answer 147

Arbitrary inference,

which occurs when specific conclusions are drawn with no evidence

Question 148

In cognitive marital therapy, a wife reports her frustration with her husband for not taking out the trash, which she says is causing a lot of problems in their marriage. Her husband, however, complains that she fails to recognize other things he does to help. What cognitive distortion is most likely leading to the wife’s frustration?

Answer 148

Selective abstraction, as she is focusing on a single detail that is taken out of context, at the expense of other information

Question 148

In cognitive marital therapy, a wife reports her frustration with her husband for not taking out the trash, which she says is causing a lot of problems in their marriage. Her husband, however, complains that she fails to recognize other things he does to help. What cognitive distortion is most likely leading to the wife’s frustration?

Answer 148

Selective abstraction, as she is focusing on a single detail that is taken out of context, at the expense of other information

Question 149

What term refers to therapeutic techniques that attempt to alter maladaptive thought patterns that are believed to be responsible for maladaptive behavior and emotional disorders?

Answer 149

Cognitive restructuring

Question 149

What term refers to therapeutic techniques that attempt to alter maladaptive thought patterns that are believed to be responsible for maladaptive behavior and emotional disorders?

Answer 149

Cognitive restructuring

Question 150

An elderly man who was mugged by a group of teenage boys develops a hatred for all adolescents, exemplifying this cognitive distortion.

Answer 150

Overgeneralization

Question 150

An elderly man who was mugged by a group of teenage boys develops a hatred for all adolescents, exemplifying this cognitive distortion.

Answer 150

Overgeneralization

Question 151

Regarding cognitive distortions, a person who describes a recent trauma as “no big deal” is likely ________, while a person who becomes overly emotional after getting a small scratch in their car represents ________.

Answer 151

Minimizing; magnification

Question 151

Regarding cognitive distortions, a person who describes a recent trauma as “no big deal” is likely ________, while a person who becomes overly emotional after getting a small scratch in their car represents ________.

Answer 151

Minimizing; magnification

Question 152

This cognitive distortion is
characterized by inappropriately attributing external events to oneself when no causal connection really exists (e.g., a therapist takes responsibility for her client being fired from work).

Answer 152

Personalization

Question 152

This cognitive distortion is
characterized by inappropriately attributing external events to oneself when no causal connection really exists (e.g., a therapist takes responsibility for her client being fired from work).

Answer 152

Personalization

Question 153

The cognitive distortion of separating experiences into 2 extremes, such as all good and all bad, is called what?

Answer 153

Dichotomous thinking

Question 153

The cognitive distortion of separating experiences into 2 extremes, such as all good and all bad, is called what?

Answer 153

Dichotomous thinking

Question 154

In Cognitive Therapy, negative thoughts about
the self, the future, and
the world are referred to as what?

Answer 154

The cognitive triad

Question 154

In Cognitive Therapy, negative thoughts about
the self, the future, and
the world are referred to as what?

Answer 154

The cognitive triad

Question 155

A person who presents with cognitions of hopelessness, low self-esteem, and failure is most likely experiencing symptoms of ________, while ________ is associated with thoughts of anticipated harm or danger.

Answer 155

Depression; anxiety

Question 155

A person who presents with cognitions of hopelessness, low self-esteem, and failure is most likely experiencing symptoms of ________, while ________ is associated with thoughts of anticipated harm or danger.

Answer 155

Depression; anxiety

Question 156

Identify the following Cognitive Therapy
techniques: ________ involves questioning a client’s thoughts that occur in upsetting situations; ________ involves helping clients develop strategies for dealing with feared consequences; ________ involves considering alternative causes of events; and ________ involves restating a problem in terms that emphasize the client’s control of it.

Answer 156

Eliciting automatic thoughts; decatastrophizing; reattribution; redefining

Question 156

Identify the following Cognitive Therapy
techniques: ________ involves questioning a client’s thoughts that occur in upsetting situations; ________ involves helping clients develop strategies for dealing with feared consequences; ________ involves considering alternative causes of events; and ________ involves restating a problem in terms that emphasize the client’s control of it.

Answer 156

Eliciting automatic thoughts; decatastrophizing; reattribution; redefining

Question 157


Identify the following behavioral techniques used
in Cognitive Therapy: ________ involves the therapist assigning tasks to help the client
between sessions; ________ involves planning a
client’s daily activities; ________ involves experimental tests of predictions that derive from
the client’s automatic thoughts; and ________,
which are used to reduce strong emotions and negative thinking (e.g., exercise, work).

Answer 157

Homework; activity scheduling; hypothesis testing; diversion techniques

Question 157


Identify the following behavioral techniques used
in Cognitive Therapy: ________ involves the therapist assigning tasks to help the client
between sessions; ________ involves planning a
client’s daily activities; ________ involves experimental tests of predictions that derive from
the client’s automatic thoughts; and ________,
which are used to reduce strong emotions and negative thinking (e.g., exercise, work).

Answer 157

Homework; activity scheduling; hypothesis testing; diversion techniques

Question 158

Between Cognitive Therapy and Rational

Emotive Behavior Therapy, which one more heavily relies on behavioral techniques?

Answer 158

Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy

Question 158

Between Cognitive Therapy and Rational

Emotive Behavior Therapy, which one more heavily relies on behavioral techniques?

Answer 158

Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy

Question 159

What are the ABCs

in Ellis’ Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy?

Answer 159

A = undesirable Activating event –> B = rational or irrational Beliefs about event –> C = emotional and behavioral Consequences based on beliefs

Question 159

What are the ABCs

in Ellis’ Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy?

Answer 159

A = undesirable Activating event –> B = rational or irrational Beliefs about event –> C = emotional and behavioral Consequences based on beliefs

Question 160

According to Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy, absolute thinking, “must-erbation,” and “I-can’t-stand-it-itus” influence the development of ________, which lead to maladaptive behavior.

Answer 160

Irrational beliefs

Question 160

According to Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy, absolute thinking, “must-erbation,” and “I-can’t-stand-it-itus” influence the development of ________, which lead to maladaptive behavior.

Answer 160

Irrational beliefs

Question 161

A client’s active participation in administering treatment to him or herself, such as self-monitoring stimulus control, self-reinforcement, and self-punishment, is called what?

Answer 161

Self-control techniques

Question 161

A client’s active participation in administering treatment to him or herself, such as self-monitoring stimulus control, self-reinforcement, and self-punishment, is called what?

Answer 161

Self-control techniques

Question 162

A client who practices ________ might keep a
journal of a target behavior each time it
occurs to assist with behavioral change.

Answer 162

Self-monitoring

Question 162

A client who practices ________ might keep a
journal of a target behavior each time it
occurs to assist with behavioral change.

Answer 162

Self-monitoring

Question 163

In order to increase or decrease a behavior, a therapist might recommend ________ to modify an existing stimulus-response relationship, or create a new one. For example, a drug addict might be instructed to make new, non-addict friends.

Answer 163

Stimulus control

Question 163

In order to increase or decrease a behavior, a therapist might recommend ________ to modify an existing stimulus-response relationship, or create a new one. For example, a drug addict might be instructed to make new, non-addict friends.

Answer 163

Stimulus control

Question 164

This type of stimulus control involves restricting
the target behavior to a limited set of stimuli (e.g., a smoker is told to smoke only when they are with a certain friend).

Answer 164

Narrowing

Question 164

This type of stimulus control involves restricting
the target behavior to a limited set of stimuli (e.g., a smoker is told to smoke only when they are with a certain friend).

Answer 164

Narrowing

Question 165

To increase a behavior, this type of stimulus control, which involves linking a behavior to a specific cue or set of cues, might be recommended (e.g., a student with poor grades is told to study in the same location so that later, that location triggers study behavior).

Answer 165

Cue strengthening

Question 165

To increase a behavior, this type of stimulus control, which involves linking a behavior to a specific cue or set of cues, might be recommended (e.g., a student with poor grades is told to study in the same location so that later, that location triggers study behavior).

Answer 165

Cue strengthening

Question 166

This stimulus control technique involves either identifying or eliminating responses
that block desirable behaviors, or encouraging responses that block undesirable behaviors (e.g., a client who is not finishing their work is asked to give responses that interfere with work, such as socializing; this would then be targeted for elimination).

Answer 166

Competing responses

Question 166

This stimulus control technique involves either identifying or eliminating responses
that block desirable behaviors, or encouraging responses that block undesirable behaviors (e.g., a client who is not finishing their work is asked to give responses that interfere with work, such as socializing; this would then be targeted for elimination).

Answer 166

Competing responses

Question 167

When is stimulus control most effective?

Answer 167

When deployed

at the beginning of a response chain

Question 167

When is stimulus control most effective?

Answer 167

When deployed

at the beginning of a response chain

Question 168

Stress Inoculation Training (Meichenbaum) involves a 3-step process. In the ________ stage the client is educated as to how their faulty cognitions prevent adaptive coping; the ________ stage involves learning and rehearsing new skills and new ways of perceiving and thinking about stressful situations; the ________ stage entails applying what the client has learned.

Answer 168

Cognitive preparation (education); skills acquisition; practice

Question 168

Stress Inoculation Training (Meichenbaum) involves a 3-step process. In the ________ stage the client is educated as to how their faulty cognitions prevent adaptive coping; the ________ stage involves learning and rehearsing new skills and new ways of perceiving and thinking about stressful situations; the ________ stage entails applying what the client has learned.

Answer 168

Cognitive preparation (education); skills acquisition; practice

Question 169

This is defined as a state of relaxed wakefulness with a relative suspension of peripheral awareness.

Answer 169

Hypnosis

Question 169

This is defined as a state of relaxed wakefulness with a relative suspension of peripheral awareness.

Answer 169

Hypnosis

Question 170

What are the 3

factors involved in Hypnosis?

Answer 170

Absorption,

dissociation, and suggestibility

Question 170

What are the 3

factors involved in Hypnosis?

Answer 170

Absorption,

dissociation, and suggestibility

Question 171

A form of psychotherapy used to help clients retrieve feelings and memories that have not been accessible by other methods is called what?

Answer 171

Hypnotherapy

Question 171

A form of psychotherapy used to help clients retrieve feelings and memories that have not been accessible by other methods is called what?

Answer 171

Hypnotherapy

Question 172

People presenting to therapy with ________ tend to be more hypnotizable than the general public.

Answer 172

Phobias

Question 172

People presenting to therapy with ________ tend to be more hypnotizable than the general public.

Answer 172

Phobias

Question 173

In what types of
situations is the
use of hypnosis contraindicated?

Answer 173

When treating clients with psychosis, paranoia, or obsessive-compulsive personality traits

Question 173

In what types of
situations is the
use of hypnosis contraindicated?

Answer 173

When treating clients with psychosis, paranoia, or obsessive-compulsive personality traits

Question 174

This approach has been used to treat psychophysiological disorders (e.g., migraines, hypertension) and evidence has shown that it is the preferred treatment for fecal incontinence and Reynaud’s disease.

Answer 174

Biofeedback

Question 174

This approach has been used to treat psychophysiological disorders (e.g., migraines, hypertension) and evidence has shown that it is the preferred treatment for fecal incontinence and Reynaud’s disease.

Answer 174

Biofeedback

Question 175

What are 2 of the most commonly used types of biofeedback?

Answer 175

Electromyography

(EMG) and skin temperature

Question 175

What are 2 of the most commonly used types of biofeedback?

Answer 175

Electromyography

(EMG) and skin temperature

Question 176

A therapist who instructs a
client to do, or wish for, the
very things they fear ("prescribing the
symptom") is utilizing the
CBT technique of \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.

Answer 176

Paradoxical intention

Question 176

A therapist who instructs a
client to do, or wish for, the
very things they fear ("prescribing the
symptom") is utilizing the
CBT technique of \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.

Answer 176

Paradoxical intention

Question 177

Paradoxical intention serves the function of circumventing ________, which is viewed as the main cause of the problem.

Answer 177

Anticipatory anxiety

Question 177

Paradoxical intention serves the function of circumventing ________, which is viewed as the main cause of the problem.

Answer 177

Anticipatory anxiety

Question 178

What malady is
paradoxical intention most
commonly used to treat?

Answer 178

Insomnia

Question 178

What malady is
paradoxical intention most
commonly used to treat?

Answer 178

Insomnia

Question 179

This is a technique that utilizes visualization for the purpose of identifying automatic thoughts, increasing self-control, assisting with distraction, and visualizing desired life outcomes.

Answer 179

Guided imagery

Question 179

This is a technique that utilizes visualization for the purpose of identifying automatic thoughts, increasing self-control, assisting with distraction, and visualizing desired life outcomes.

Answer 179

Guided imagery

Question 180

What are the 4 primary goals of crisis intervention?

Answer 180

Immediate symptom reduction, strengthening of
coping mechanisms, restoration to the previous
level of functioning, and
prevention of further problems

Question 180

What are the 4 primary goals of crisis intervention?

Answer 180

Immediate symptom reduction, strengthening of
coping mechanisms, restoration to the previous
level of functioning, and
prevention of further problems

Question 181


The following are assumptions when working in a/an ________ setting: (1) People are basically
strong and resilient; (2) problems reflect need for
support, not underlying pathology; (3) present and future are more important than past; (4)
therapist promotes coping, not permanent cure; (5) assessment is an on-going process, not
symptom-oriented mental status exam; (6) small
interventions lead to big systemic changes; (7)
goal is quick elimination of symptoms and distress

Answer 181

Crisis intervention

Question 181


The following are assumptions when working in a/an ________ setting: (1) People are basically
strong and resilient; (2) problems reflect need for
support, not underlying pathology; (3) present and future are more important than past; (4)
therapist promotes coping, not permanent cure; (5) assessment is an on-going process, not
symptom-oriented mental status exam; (6) small
interventions lead to big systemic changes; (7)
goal is quick elimination of symptoms and distress

Answer 181

Crisis intervention

Question 182

The 3 stages of crisis intervention are: ________, which involves identifying the crisis and the client’s reactions to it; ________, which involves assessing the client’s life prior to the crisis, setting specific short-term goals, and using techniques to achieve these goals; and ________, at which point progress is assessed and post-intervention options are discussed.

Answer 182

Formulation;

implementation; termination

Question 182

The 3 stages of crisis intervention are: ________, which involves identifying the crisis and the client’s reactions to it; ________, which involves assessing the client’s life prior to the crisis, setting specific short-term goals, and using techniques to achieve these goals; and ________, at which point progress is assessed and post-intervention options are discussed.

Answer 182

Formulation;

implementation; termination

Question 183

What are the 3 primary goals of brief psychotherapy?

Answer 183

Quick reduction of the client’s most severe symptoms, restoration of the client to prior emotional equilibrium, and development of understanding and skills to facilitate better future coping

Question 183

What are the 3 primary goals of brief psychotherapy?

Answer 183

Quick reduction of the client’s most severe symptoms, restoration of the client to prior emotional equilibrium, and development of understanding and skills to facilitate better future coping

Question 184

Who is better suited for brief psychotherapy, a man who has experienced chronic depression most of his life or a woman who is experiencing depression following a recent divorce?

Answer 184

The divorced woman, as
brief therapy is best suited
for clients with acute symptoms, who were previously well-adjusted, are highly motivated, and who relate well with others

Question 184

Who is better suited for brief psychotherapy, a man who has experienced chronic depression most of his life or a woman who is experiencing depression following a recent divorce?

Answer 184

The divorced woman, as
brief therapy is best suited
for clients with acute symptoms, who were previously well-adjusted, are highly motivated, and who relate well with others

Question 185

Central to this brief approach to
therapy is the belief that clients
should choose the problems
and goals to be worked on in
therapy and that clients possess the necessary
resources to achieve their goals.

Answer 185

Solution-Focused Therapy

Question 185

Central to this brief approach to
therapy is the belief that clients
should choose the problems
and goals to be worked on in
therapy and that clients possess the necessary
resources to achieve their goals.

Answer 185

Solution-Focused Therapy

Question 186

Solution-focused techniques include ________, which is when the therapist asks about a time when the problem did not exist, which can lead to self-fulfilling prophecy; ________, or prescribing change; ________, where a client is asked to visualize that their problem is solved, then asked how they would know and what would be different; ________, which are suggestions for unlocking solutions while avoiding the presenting problem, and ________, which are conversations between therapist and client that have a beginning, middle, and end, and an overall plot.

Answer 186

Exception question; formula tasks; miracle question; skeleton keys; narratives and language games

Question 186

Solution-focused techniques include ________, which is when the therapist asks about a time when the problem did not exist, which can lead to self-fulfilling prophecy; ________, or prescribing change; ________, where a client is asked to visualize that their problem is solved, then asked how they would know and what would be different; ________, which are suggestions for unlocking solutions while avoiding the presenting problem, and ________, which are conversations between therapist and client that have a beginning, middle, and end, and an overall plot.

Answer 186

Exception question; formula tasks; miracle question; skeleton keys; narratives and language games

Question 187

In test development, ________ refers to a process of retaining items that best differentiate between large numbers of people in difference populations. For example, the MMPI-2 distinguished between psychiatric and non-psychiatric groups.

Answer 187

Empirical criterion keying

Question 187

In test development, ________ refers to a process of retaining items that best differentiate between large numbers of people in difference populations. For example, the MMPI-2 distinguished between psychiatric and non-psychiatric groups.

Answer 187

Empirical criterion keying

Question 188

On the MMPI-2, a T-score of ________ or over is considered significant and clinically interpretable.

Answer 188

65 (1.5 standard deviations

above the mean, 50)

Question 188

On the MMPI-2, a T-score of ________ or over is considered significant and clinically interpretable.

Answer 188

65 (1.5 standard deviations

above the mean, 50)

Question 189

MMPI-2 Clinical Scale Descriptions: (1) ________ measures abnormal preoccupation with somatic functioning; (2) ________ one’s experience of hopelessness, helplessness, and worthlessness; (3) ________ physical symptoms with a functional origin (e.g., conversion reaction); (4) ________ measures social ineptness (e.g., antisocial); (5) ________ measures opposite sex interests.

Answer 189

Hypochondriasis; Depression; Hysteria; Psychopathic Deviate; Masculinity/Femininity

Question 189

MMPI-2 Clinical Scale Descriptions: (1) ________ measures abnormal preoccupation with somatic functioning; (2) ________ one’s experience of hopelessness, helplessness, and worthlessness; (3) ________ physical symptoms with a functional origin (e.g., conversion reaction); (4) ________ measures social ineptness (e.g., antisocial); (5) ________ measures opposite sex interests.

Answer 189

Hypochondriasis; Depression; Hysteria; Psychopathic Deviate; Masculinity/Femininity

Question 190

MMPI-2 Clinical Scale Descriptions: (6) ________ measures vigilance and suspiciousness; (7) ________ measures non-hysteria neurotic manifestations (e.g., phobias); (8) ________ picks up thought disorder or bizarre actions; (9) ________ measures mania and concentration problems; and (10) ________ measures introversion/extraversion.

Answer 190

Paranoia; Psychasthenia; Schizophrenia; Hypomania; Social Introversion

Question 190

MMPI-2 Clinical Scale Descriptions: (6) ________ measures vigilance and suspiciousness; (7) ________ measures non-hysteria neurotic manifestations (e.g., phobias); (8) ________ picks up thought disorder or bizarre actions; (9) ________ measures mania and concentration problems; and (10) ________ measures introversion/extraversion.

Answer 190

Paranoia; Psychasthenia; Schizophrenia; Hypomania; Social Introversion

Question 191

MMPI-2 Validity Scale Descriptions: ________ is the total number of unanswered questions; elevations on the ________ scale suggest a portrayal of oneself in the most favorable light (faking good); the ________ scale indicates deviance and attempt to “look bad,” either intentionally or characteristically; ________ indicates defensiveness and guardedness; and ________, ________, and ________ measure response consistency.

Answer 191

?; L (Lie); F (Infrequency); K (Correction); TRIN (True response consistency), VRIN (Variable response consistency), FB (Back side consistency)

Question 191

MMPI-2 Validity Scale Descriptions: ________ is the total number of unanswered questions; elevations on the ________ scale suggest a portrayal of oneself in the most favorable light (faking good); the ________ scale indicates deviance and attempt to “look bad,” either intentionally or characteristically; ________ indicates defensiveness and guardedness; and ________, ________, and ________ measure response consistency.

Answer 191

?; L (Lie); F (Infrequency); K (Correction); TRIN (True response consistency), VRIN (Variable response consistency), FB (Back side consistency)

Question 192

A psychologists administers the MMPI-2 to a client and, rather than interpreting elevated scales in isolation, compares scores on several scales, which is referred to as?

Answer 192

Pattern analysis

Question 192

A psychologists administers the MMPI-2 to a client and, rather than interpreting elevated scales in isolation, compares scores on several scales, which is referred to as?

Answer 192

Pattern analysis

Question 193

What personality test has
21 scales that correspond to DSM diagnostic
categories and, as such, is
best suited for clinical populations?

Answer 193

Millon Clinical Multiaxial Inventory-III (MCMI-III)

Question 193

What personality test has
21 scales that correspond to DSM diagnostic
categories and, as such, is
best suited for clinical populations?

Answer 193

Millon Clinical Multiaxial Inventory-III (MCMI-III)

Question 194

This self-report inventory assesses anxiety, depression, obsessive-compulsiveness, and hostility, and is usually used as a dependent measure in outcome research.

Answer 194

Symptom
Checklist 90 (SCL-90)

Question 194

This self-report inventory assesses anxiety, depression, obsessive-compulsiveness, and hostility, and is usually used as a dependent measure in outcome research.

Answer 194

Symptom
Checklist 90 (SCL-90)

Question 195

After administering the Rorschach inkblot test, what “system” is one most likely to use to score it?

Answer 195

Exner’s Comprehensive System

Question 195

After administering the Rorschach inkblot test, what “system” is one most likely to use to score it?

Answer 195

Exner’s Comprehensive System

Question 196

What projective test relies on stories provided by the client in response to a given set of pictures?

Answer 196

Thematic Apperception Test (TAT)

Question 196

What projective test relies on stories provided by the client in response to a given set of pictures?

Answer 196

Thematic Apperception Test (TAT)

Question 197

Regarding projective tests, what is the “projective hypothesis?”

Answer 197

Responses to vague or ambiguous stimuli reveal underlying cognitive and personality processes

Question 197

Regarding projective tests, what is the “projective hypothesis?”

Answer 197

Responses to vague or ambiguous stimuli reveal underlying cognitive and personality processes

Question 198

What test measures a person’s personal interests, which are then compared to norms derived from others who have experienced satisfaction and success in various occupations?

Answer 198

Strong-Campbell Interest Inventory (SCII)

Question 198

What test measures a person’s personal interests, which are then compared to norms derived from others who have experienced satisfaction and success in various occupations?

Answer 198

Strong-Campbell Interest Inventory (SCII)

Question 199

While interests tests such as the Strong-Campbell Interest Inventory can validly predict factors relating to job interest, choice, and motivation, what factor are they not good at predicting?

Answer 199

Job performance/success

Question 199

While interests tests such as the Strong-Campbell Interest Inventory can validly predict factors relating to job interest, choice, and motivation, what factor are they not good at predicting?

Answer 199

Job performance/success

Question 200

This test yields an indication of interest in 10 broad areas, and differs from the Strong-Campbell Interest Inventory in that it is based on content validity rather than empirical criterion keying.

Answer 200

Kuder Vocational Preference Record (KVP-R)

Question 200

This test yields an indication of interest in 10 broad areas, and differs from the Strong-Campbell Interest Inventory in that it is based on content validity rather than empirical criterion keying.

Answer 200

Kuder Vocational Preference Record (KVP-R)

Question 201


Some neuropsychological test batteries include
the ________ (consists of separate measures of
lateral dominance, psychomotor functions, sensory-perceptual functions, speech/language,
visual-spatial skills, abstract reasoning, mental flexibility, and attention/concentration) and the ________ (consists of 269 items organized into 11 different scales designed to measure specific functions).

Answer 201

Halstead-Reitan;

Luria-Nebraska Battery

Question 201


Some neuropsychological test batteries include
the ________ (consists of separate measures of
lateral dominance, psychomotor functions, sensory-perceptual functions, speech/language,
visual-spatial skills, abstract reasoning, mental flexibility, and attention/concentration) and the ________ (consists of 269 items organized into 11 different scales designed to measure specific functions).

Answer 201

Halstead-Reitan;

Luria-Nebraska Battery

Question 202

What test, consisting of 9 designs that a client is asked to reproduce on blank paper, might be used to screen for brain damage and to indicate the possibility of psychiatric disorders?

Answer 202

Bender Visual-Motor Gestalt Test

Question 202

What test, consisting of 9 designs that a client is asked to reproduce on blank paper, might be used to screen for brain damage and to indicate the possibility of psychiatric disorders?

Answer 202

Bender Visual-Motor Gestalt Test

Question 203

What is usually used to screen for dementia in elderly individuals?

Answer 203

Mini Mental Status Exam (MMSE)

Question 203

What is usually used to screen for dementia in elderly individuals?

Answer 203

Mini Mental Status Exam (MMSE)

Question 204

This test is for children 2 to 10 y/o and assesses channels (auditory-vocal, visual-motor), processes (understanding, organizing, expressing), and levels (representational, automatic).

Answer 204

Illinois Test of Psycholinguistic Abilities (ITPA)

Question 204

This test is for children 2 to 10 y/o and assesses channels (auditory-vocal, visual-motor), processes (understanding, organizing, expressing), and levels (representational, automatic).

Answer 204

Illinois Test of Psycholinguistic Abilities (ITPA)

Question 205

During this test, which is helpful in screening for frontal lobe damage, a person is presented with a list of words of colors (blue, green, red) that are printed in ink of a different color (e.g., “red” is printed in blue ink), then asked to name the ink color as quickly as possible.

Answer 205

Stroop Color-Word Test

Question 205

During this test, which is helpful in screening for frontal lobe damage, a person is presented with a list of words of colors (blue, green, red) that are printed in ink of a different color (e.g., “red” is printed in blue ink), then asked to name the ink color as quickly as possible.

Answer 205

Stroop Color-Word Test

Question 206

Howard et al. suggested a Phase Model of Psychotherapy Effectiveness that states the effects of psychotherapy occur in stages related to the number of sessions attended. What are these stages?

Answer 206

Remoralization (first few sessions), remediation
(requires about 16 sessions), and
rehabilitation (beyond 16 sessions)

Question 206

Howard et al. suggested a Phase Model of Psychotherapy Effectiveness that states the effects of psychotherapy occur in stages related to the number of sessions attended. What are these stages?

Answer 206

Remoralization (first few sessions), remediation
(requires about 16 sessions), and
rehabilitation (beyond 16 sessions)

Question 207

According to research, what is the difference between patients who show a measurable improvement at 26 sessions and those who have attended 52 sessions?

Answer 207

Howard et al. found that 75% improved by 26 sessions and only 85% by 52 sessions, so the answer is 10%. This is referred to as a “dose dependent effect.”

Question 207

According to research, what is the difference between patients who show a measurable improvement at 26 sessions and those who have attended 52 sessions?

Answer 207

Howard et al. found that 75% improved by 26 sessions and only 85% by 52 sessions, so the answer is 10%. This is referred to as a “dose dependent effect.”

Question 208

Researchers Smith, Glass,
and Miller produced research that contradicted
previous findings by
Eysenck. What were the
results of their meta-analysis?

Answer 208

They found a .85 effect size,
indicating the typical client is better off than 80% of controls and 66% of treated individuals, compared to 34% of controls, show improvement from psychotherapy

Question 208

Researchers Smith, Glass,
and Miller produced research that contradicted
previous findings by
Eysenck. What were the
results of their meta-analysis?

Answer 208

They found a .85 effect size,
indicating the typical client is better off than 80% of controls and 66% of treated individuals, compared to 34% of controls, show improvement from psychotherapy

Question 209

Numerous studies on outcome of psychotherapy, including Smith et al.’s research, have concluded that what type of therapy produces the strongest effects?

Answer 209

No therapy is better

than another, which contradicts Eysenck’s earlier findings that behavior therapy was superior

Question 209

Numerous studies on outcome of psychotherapy, including Smith et al.’s research, have concluded that what type of therapy produces the strongest effects?

Answer 209

No therapy is better

than another, which contradicts Eysenck’s earlier findings that behavior therapy was superior

Question 210

When compared to people receiving no treatment, placebo control groups show ________ improvement; however, when compared to groups that are receiving treatments, placebo control groups show ________ improvement.

Answer 210

More; less

Question 210

When compared to people receiving no treatment, placebo control groups show ________ improvement; however, when compared to groups that are receiving treatments, placebo control groups show ________ improvement.

Answer 210

More; less

Question 211

Of client traits and therapist traits, which ones are believed to be better predictors of therapy outcome?

Answer 211

Client traits

Question 211

Of client traits and therapist traits, which ones are believed to be better predictors of therapy outcome?

Answer 211

Client traits

Question 212

What has been found regarding therapy outcome and client level of motivation?

Answer 212

Development of motivation during therapy is more important that motivation to change at beginning of therapy

Question 212

What has been found regarding therapy outcome and client level of motivation?

Answer 212

Development of motivation during therapy is more important that motivation to change at beginning of therapy

Question 213

Some studies have suggest that ________ is the single most important characteristic of a therapist.

Answer 213

Competence

Question 213

Some studies have suggest that ________ is the single most important characteristic of a therapist.

Answer 213

Competence

Question 214

What has been found to account for most of the variance in treatment outcome and to be more important than the specific treatment intervention?

Answer 214

Therapeutic (working) alliance

Question 214

What has been found to account for most of the variance in treatment outcome and to be more important than the specific treatment intervention?

Answer 214

Therapeutic (working) alliance

Question 215

In a meta-analysis regarding treatment of children and adolescents, what sex did Weisz et al. find responded better, particularly during adolescence?

Answer 215

Females

Question 215

In a meta-analysis regarding treatment of children and adolescents, what sex did Weisz et al. find responded better, particularly during adolescence?

Answer 215

Females

Question 216

The ________ approach to understanding and describing
cultures involves viewing the culture
from the perspective of its members, while the ________ approach is culture-general and assumes that universal principles can be applied to all cultures.

Answer 216

Emic; etic

Question 216

The ________ approach to understanding and describing
cultures involves viewing the culture
from the perspective of its members, while the ________ approach is culture-general and assumes that universal principles can be applied to all cultures.

Answer 216

Emic; etic