CBT and Learning Theory Flashcards
Generally defined, ________
refers to the permanent change
in potential performance or behavior as the result of experience, requiring some active participation on the part of the organism.
Learning
Who initially studied animal learning and
developed laws believed
to be applicable to human learning as well?
E.L. Thorndike
Thorndike’s idea of ________ referred to the observation that when a subject’s response was effective at achieving a reward, the response was repeated, while responses that were ineffective were eliminated.
Trial-and-error
learning (approximates Darwin’s notion of adaptive selection)
According to Thorndike, what are the 3 main conditions that maximize stimulus-response learning?
Law of Effect,
Law of Exercise,
and Law of Readiness
Thorndike’s Law of ________ states that response recurrence is governed by its consequence, usually in the form of reward or punishment- with increased satisfaction comes strengthening of the response, while discomfort leads to weakening of the response.
Effect (a direct precursor to Skinner’s principle of reinforcement)
What law, according to Thorndike, states that
stimulus-response associations are
strengthened through repetition?
Law of Exercise
Thorndike’s Law of ________ states that before a subject experiences satisfaction by performing an act, they must first be prepared to perform the act.
Readiness
Considered one of Thorndike’s minor laws, the ________ states that when an act has satisfying consequences, the pleasure becomes associated with other acts that occur at approximately the same time.
Law of Spread of Effect
According to Thorndike’s Theory of ________, new learning is facilitated by previous learning (“transfer of training”) 0only to the extent that the new learning contains elements identical to those in the previous, otherwise the amount of transfer is determined by the number of elements shared by both situations.
Identical elements
Generally considered the “father of modern behaviorism,” he believed psychologists should focus only on observable, measurable behaviors and argued that differences in experience account for differences in behavior.
John B. Watson (introduced the
term “behaviorism” in 1912)
Developed by ________, this paradigm contended that a response that is regularly elicited by a given stimulus would also be elicited by a substitute stimulus if the substitute were presented just prior to the original, and eventually the substitute will elicit the response on its own.
Pavlov; Classical Conditioning
In Pavlov’s dog/salivation experiment, the food was the ________ and the dog’s natural salivation was the ________; the bell was the ________ until it began to cause the dog to salivate, then it became the ________, while the salivation in response to the bell was the ________.
Unconditioned stimulus; unconditioned response; neutral stimulus; conditioned stimulus; conditioned response
According to Pavlov, ________ conditioning refers to when the conditioned stimulus precedes and overlaps the unconditioned stimulus, whereas ________ conditioning involves the unconditioned stimulus coming before the conditioned stimulus.
Delayed; backward
Of the different types of conditioning, which produces the strongest and most rapidly acquired response, and which is the least effective?
Extinction
This refers to the sudden reappearance of a conditioned response to a conditioned stimulus that had stopped producing a response, which indicates extinguished responses are more likely suppressed than forgotten.
Spontaneous recovery
This term refers to when a more salient conditioned stimulus is more strongly conditioned than a less salient conditioned stimulus, sometimes occurring when 2 simultaneous conditioned stimuli of different salience are paired with an unconditioned stimulus.
Overshadowing
he ________ occurs when the extinction of a response to an overshadowing conditioned stimulus leads to an increased conditioned response to the less salient conditioned stimulus.
Cue deflation effect
In Watson’s “Little Albert” experiment, Albert’s eventual fear of all objects of a white and furry nature exemplifies what phenomenon?
Stimulus generalization (suggests responses/learning can generalize to similar to stimuli)
In what type of learning does one stimulus serve as a connecting link between 2 other stimuli that are never paired?
Mediated stimulus generalization (or mediated generalization)
This occurs when one stimulus is reinforced while others are not, leading to a conditioned response to only the reinforced stimulus.
Stimulus discrimination
According to Pavlov, what occurs when a discrimination task is too difficult and the stimuli cannot be differentiated readily enough, leading to noticeable changes in behavior?
Experimental neurosis
The process of ________ occurs when a
well-conditioned stimulus (bell) becomes an unconditioned stimulus and is paired
with a new stimulus (light), leading to the
new stimulus producing the conditioned
response (salivation), though slightly weaker- all without the original unconditioned stimulus (food).
Higher-order
conditioning (third-order conditioning never achieved)
In the process of ________, two conditioned stimuli (light and tone) are paired during preconditioning sessions; one conditioned stimulus (tone) is then paired with an unconditioned stimulus (food), which produces a conditioned response (salivation); when the other conditioned stimulus (light) is presented, the same conditioned response occurs, though weaker.
Sensory preconditioning
This occurs when one conditioned stimulus inhibits the learning of a second conditioned stimulus; when 2 conditioned stimuli are paired simultaneously with an unconditioned stimulus, only the first conditioned stimulus evokes the conditioned response.
Blocking