CBT and Learning Theory Flashcards
Generally defined, ________
refers to the permanent change
in potential performance or behavior as the result of experience, requiring some active participation on the part of the organism.
Learning
Who initially studied animal learning and
developed laws believed
to be applicable to human learning as well?
E.L. Thorndike
Thorndike’s idea of ________ referred to the observation that when a subject’s response was effective at achieving a reward, the response was repeated, while responses that were ineffective were eliminated.
Trial-and-error
learning (approximates Darwin’s notion of adaptive selection)
According to Thorndike, what are the 3 main conditions that maximize stimulus-response learning?
Law of Effect,
Law of Exercise,
and Law of Readiness
Thorndike’s Law of ________ states that response recurrence is governed by its consequence, usually in the form of reward or punishment- with increased satisfaction comes strengthening of the response, while discomfort leads to weakening of the response.
Effect (a direct precursor to Skinner’s principle of reinforcement)
What law, according to Thorndike, states that
stimulus-response associations are
strengthened through repetition?
Law of Exercise
Thorndike’s Law of ________ states that before a subject experiences satisfaction by performing an act, they must first be prepared to perform the act.
Readiness
Considered one of Thorndike’s minor laws, the ________ states that when an act has satisfying consequences, the pleasure becomes associated with other acts that occur at approximately the same time.
Law of Spread of Effect
According to Thorndike’s Theory of ________, new learning is facilitated by previous learning (“transfer of training”) 0only to the extent that the new learning contains elements identical to those in the previous, otherwise the amount of transfer is determined by the number of elements shared by both situations.
Identical elements
Generally considered the “father of modern behaviorism,” he believed psychologists should focus only on observable, measurable behaviors and argued that differences in experience account for differences in behavior.
John B. Watson (introduced the
term “behaviorism” in 1912)
Developed by ________, this paradigm contended that a response that is regularly elicited by a given stimulus would also be elicited by a substitute stimulus if the substitute were presented just prior to the original, and eventually the substitute will elicit the response on its own.
Pavlov; Classical Conditioning
In Pavlov’s dog/salivation experiment, the food was the ________ and the dog’s natural salivation was the ________; the bell was the ________ until it began to cause the dog to salivate, then it became the ________, while the salivation in response to the bell was the ________.
Unconditioned stimulus; unconditioned response; neutral stimulus; conditioned stimulus; conditioned response
According to Pavlov, ________ conditioning refers to when the conditioned stimulus precedes and overlaps the unconditioned stimulus, whereas ________ conditioning involves the unconditioned stimulus coming before the conditioned stimulus.
Delayed; backward
Of the different types of conditioning, which produces the strongest and most rapidly acquired response, and which is the least effective?
Extinction
This refers to the sudden reappearance of a conditioned response to a conditioned stimulus that had stopped producing a response, which indicates extinguished responses are more likely suppressed than forgotten.
Spontaneous recovery
This term refers to when a more salient conditioned stimulus is more strongly conditioned than a less salient conditioned stimulus, sometimes occurring when 2 simultaneous conditioned stimuli of different salience are paired with an unconditioned stimulus.
Overshadowing
he ________ occurs when the extinction of a response to an overshadowing conditioned stimulus leads to an increased conditioned response to the less salient conditioned stimulus.
Cue deflation effect
In Watson’s “Little Albert” experiment, Albert’s eventual fear of all objects of a white and furry nature exemplifies what phenomenon?
Stimulus generalization (suggests responses/learning can generalize to similar to stimuli)
In what type of learning does one stimulus serve as a connecting link between 2 other stimuli that are never paired?
Mediated stimulus generalization (or mediated generalization)
This occurs when one stimulus is reinforced while others are not, leading to a conditioned response to only the reinforced stimulus.
Stimulus discrimination
According to Pavlov, what occurs when a discrimination task is too difficult and the stimuli cannot be differentiated readily enough, leading to noticeable changes in behavior?
Experimental neurosis
The process of ________ occurs when a
well-conditioned stimulus (bell) becomes an unconditioned stimulus and is paired
with a new stimulus (light), leading to the
new stimulus producing the conditioned
response (salivation), though slightly weaker- all without the original unconditioned stimulus (food).
Higher-order
conditioning (third-order conditioning never achieved)
In the process of ________, two conditioned stimuli (light and tone) are paired during preconditioning sessions; one conditioned stimulus (tone) is then paired with an unconditioned stimulus (food), which produces a conditioned response (salivation); when the other conditioned stimulus (light) is presented, the same conditioned response occurs, though weaker.
Sensory preconditioning
This occurs when one conditioned stimulus inhibits the learning of a second conditioned stimulus; when 2 conditioned stimuli are paired simultaneously with an unconditioned stimulus, only the first conditioned stimulus evokes the conditioned response.
Blocking
This occurs when 2 conditioned stimuli are simultaneously paired with an unconditioned stimulus and then only 1 conditioned stimulus continues to be paired with the unconditioned stimulus, leading to a weakening of conditioning to the other conditioned stimulus.
Backward blocking
This term refers to when a subject becomes conditioned more to the experimental/learning conditions themselves rather than the intended conditioned stimulus.
Pseudoconditioning
This term refers to the technique of pairing an undesirable behavior with an incompatible behavior so that the undesirable behavior is eliminated.
Counterconditioning
Developed by J. Wolpe, ________ encourages a person to imagine the feared object/situation while engaging in a response that is incompatible with the anxiety usually produced; he referred to the underlying process as ________.
Systematic desensitization; reciprocal inhibition
What counterconditioning technique encourages the repeated practice of appropriate and effective ways of dealing with real-life situations that are difficult for the client; the therapist provides feedback until the behavior is normal for the client.
Behavioral rehearsal
This counterconditioning technique is used to reduce performance anxiety evoked by sexual situations; it involves training a couple to relax and engage in sexual touching and exploration, without pressure to achieve arousal, erection, or orgasm.
Sensate focus
What technique based on classical extinction involves exposing the client to the anxiety-inducing stimulus, without pairing the feared stimulus with an incompatible response, while preventing them from engaging in their typical avoidance response?
Flooding (can
be imaginal or in-vivo)
A therapist treating a client
with a fear of heights used
the flooding technique, which actually led to increased fear of heights by the client. What is this an example of?
The incubation effect (or paradoxical enhancement effect)
To avoid the incubation effect,
treatment might include ________, which involves progressively introducing the client to certain aspects of the feared stimulus until the anxiety response has diminished.
Graded exposure (or graduated extinction)
Research by Foa and Kozak indicates that ________ flooding is more effective than ________ flooding.
In-vivo; imaginal
According to Stein and Marks, ________ exposure to an anxiety-evoking stimulus is more effective than ________ exposure.
Prolonged; brief
What are the disorders that flooding and graded exposure have been shown to be particularly effective at treating?
Agoraphobia and Obsessive-Compulsive Disorders
Research suggests that the underlying principle
of systematic desensitization is likely
________, rather than counterconditioning.
Exposure to the
feared stimulus
without adverse consequences
What technique involves deliberate exposure to the physical sensations associated with panic attacks, such as hyperventilation, shaking head, racing heart, and body tension, to reduce the anxiety usually experienced when these sensations occur?
Interoceptive exposure
Similar to imaginal flooding, ________ imaginal exposure to a feared stimulus; however, it differs from flooding in that it incorporates psychodynamic themes thought to underlie the fear into the imagery.
Implosive therapy (implosion)
What technique pairs a noxious
stimulus with a behavior targeted for elimination, or a stimulus associated with that behavior, until the avoidance response elicited by the noxious stimulus is elicited by the targeted behavior?
Aversive conditioning
In aversive conditioning, the noxious stimulus is
the ________ and the
target stimulus or
behavior is the ________.
Unconditioned
stimulus;
conditioned stimulus
This aversive conditioning technique uses counterconditioning in imagination, as opposed to in-vivo, to reduce or eliminate undesirable behaviors; a person imagines they are engaging in the undesirable behavior then imagines an aversive consequence.
Covert sensitization, which is more effective at treating paraphilias than obesity and addictions
According to B.F. Skinner, the term ________ refers to a response that
is voluntarily emitted and learned as
the result of environmental consequences that follow it, as opposed to respondent behaviors that are automatically elicited by stimuli.
Operant
From the Operant Conditioning perspective,
events that increase a behavior are called ________, while events that decrease a behavior are called ________.
Reinforcers; punishers
What is the general difference between the terms “positive” and “negative” in regards to reinforcement/punishment?
Positive means a
stimulus is applied,
while negative
means a stimulus is removed
According to Operant
Conditioning, a teenager
who receives an allowance only after completing all of his chores is an example of:
Positive Reinforcement (apply stimulus to increase behavior)
A mother nags her daughter for not completing her chores; once the daughter did her chores, her mother’s nagging ceased. What Operant Conditioning principle does this exemplify?
Negative Reinforcement (remove stimulus to increase behavior)
Based on Operant Conditioning, a shock-collar on a dog is an example of what?
Positive Punishment (apply stimulus to decrease behavior)
A child who receives a “time-out” for performing
an unacceptable
behavior exemplifies what Operant Conditioning principle?
Negative Punishment
(remove stimulus
to decrease behavior)
What term refers to the withdrawal of reinforcement from a previously reinforced behavior so that the behavior is decreased or eliminated?
Operant extinction
This behavioral understanding of depression suggests when once successful behaviors fail to elicit expected reinforcers, or if reinforcement becomes so unpredictable the subject is unable to tell what response works, the organism stops responding even if conditions change and the behavior could be successful again.
Learned helplessness
The reformulated learned
helplessness model posits that depressed people
tend to attribute bad things
that happen to them to
________, ________, and ________ factors.
Internal; global; stable (“I have and will always fail at everything I do”)