CBT and Learning Theory

Question 1

Generally defined, ________
refers to the permanent change
in potential performance or behavior as the result of experience, requiring some active participation on the part of the organism.

Answer 1

Learning

Question 2

Who initially studied animal learning and
developed laws believed
to be applicable to human learning as well?

Answer 2

E.L. Thorndike

Question 3

Thorndike’s idea of ________ referred to the observation that when a subject’s response was effective at achieving a reward, the response was repeated, while responses that were ineffective were eliminated.

Answer 3

Trial-and-error

learning (approximates Darwin’s notion of adaptive selection)

Question 4

According to Thorndike, what are the 3 main conditions that maximize stimulus-response learning?

Answer 4

Law of Effect,
Law of Exercise,
and Law of Readiness

Question 5

Thorndike’s Law of ________ states that response recurrence is governed by its consequence, usually in the form of reward or punishment- with increased satisfaction comes strengthening of the response, while discomfort leads to weakening of the response.

Answer 5

Effect (a direct precursor to Skinner’s principle of reinforcement)

Question 6

What law, according to Thorndike, states that
stimulus-response associations are
strengthened through repetition?

Answer 6

Law of Exercise

Question 7

Thorndike’s Law of ________ states that before a subject experiences satisfaction by performing an act, they must first be prepared to perform the act.

Answer 7

Readiness

Question 8

Considered one of Thorndike’s minor laws, the ________ states that when an act has satisfying consequences, the pleasure becomes associated with other acts that occur at approximately the same time.

Answer 8

Law of Spread of Effect

Question 9

According to Thorndike’s Theory of ________, new learning is facilitated by previous learning (“transfer of training”) 0only to the extent that the new learning contains elements identical to those in the previous, otherwise the amount of transfer is determined by the number of elements shared by both situations.

Answer 9

Identical elements

Question 10

Generally considered the “father of modern behaviorism,” he believed psychologists should focus only on observable, measurable behaviors and argued that differences in experience account for differences in behavior.

Answer 10

John B. Watson (introduced the

term “behaviorism” in 1912)

Question 11

Developed by ________, this paradigm contended that a response that is regularly elicited by a given stimulus would also be elicited by a substitute stimulus if the substitute were presented just prior to the original, and eventually the substitute will elicit the response on its own.

Answer 11

Pavlov; Classical Conditioning

Question 12

In Pavlov’s dog/salivation experiment, the food was the ________ and the dog’s natural salivation was the ________; the bell was the ________ until it began to cause the dog to salivate, then it became the ________, while the salivation in response to the bell was the ________.

Answer 12

Unconditioned stimulus; unconditioned response; neutral stimulus; conditioned stimulus; conditioned response

Question 13

According to Pavlov, ________ conditioning refers to when the conditioned stimulus precedes and overlaps the unconditioned stimulus, whereas ________ conditioning involves the unconditioned stimulus coming before the conditioned stimulus.

Answer 13

Delayed; backward

Question 14

Of the different types of conditioning, which produces the strongest and most rapidly acquired response, and which is the least effective?

Answer 14

Extinction

Question 15

This refers to the sudden reappearance of a conditioned response to a conditioned stimulus that had stopped producing a response, which indicates extinguished responses are more likely suppressed than forgotten.

Answer 15

Spontaneous recovery

Question 16

This term refers to when a more salient conditioned stimulus is more strongly conditioned than a less salient conditioned stimulus, sometimes occurring when 2 simultaneous conditioned stimuli of different salience are paired with an unconditioned stimulus.

Answer 16

Overshadowing

Question 17

he ________ occurs when the extinction of a response to an overshadowing conditioned stimulus leads to an increased conditioned response to the less salient conditioned stimulus.

Answer 17

Cue deflation effect

Question 18

In Watson’s “Little Albert” experiment, Albert’s eventual fear of all objects of a white and furry nature exemplifies what phenomenon?

Answer 18

Stimulus generalization (suggests
responses/learning can generalize to similar to stimuli)

Question 19

In what type of learning does one stimulus serve as a connecting link between 2 other stimuli that are never paired?

Answer 19

Mediated stimulus generalization (or mediated generalization)

Question 20

This occurs when one stimulus is reinforced while others are not, leading to a conditioned response to only the reinforced stimulus.

Answer 20

Stimulus discrimination

Question 21

According to Pavlov, what occurs when a discrimination task is too difficult and the stimuli cannot be differentiated readily enough, leading to noticeable changes in behavior?

Answer 21

Experimental neurosis

Question 22

The process of ________ occurs when a
well-conditioned stimulus (bell) becomes an unconditioned stimulus and is paired
with a new stimulus (light), leading to the
new stimulus producing the conditioned
response (salivation), though slightly weaker- all without the original unconditioned stimulus (food).

Answer 22

Higher-order

conditioning (third-order conditioning never achieved)

Question 23

In the process of ________, two conditioned stimuli (light and tone) are paired during preconditioning sessions; one conditioned stimulus (tone) is then paired with an unconditioned stimulus (food), which produces a conditioned response (salivation); when the other conditioned stimulus (light) is presented, the same conditioned response occurs, though weaker.

Answer 23

Sensory preconditioning

Question 24

This occurs when one conditioned stimulus inhibits the learning of a second conditioned stimulus; when 2 conditioned stimuli are paired simultaneously with an unconditioned stimulus, only the first conditioned stimulus evokes the conditioned response.

Answer 24

Blocking

Question 25

This occurs when 2 conditioned stimuli are simultaneously paired with an unconditioned stimulus and then only 1 conditioned stimulus continues to be paired with the unconditioned stimulus, leading to a weakening of conditioning to the other conditioned stimulus.

Answer 25

Backward blocking

Question 26

This term refers to when a subject becomes conditioned more to the experimental/learning conditions themselves rather than the intended conditioned stimulus.

Answer 26

Pseudoconditioning

Question 27

This term refers to the technique of pairing an undesirable behavior with an incompatible behavior so that the undesirable behavior is eliminated.

Answer 27

Counterconditioning

Question 28

Developed by J. Wolpe, ________ encourages a person to imagine the feared object/situation while engaging in a response that is incompatible with the anxiety usually produced; he referred to the underlying process as ________.

Answer 28

Systematic desensitization; reciprocal inhibition

Question 29

What counterconditioning technique encourages the repeated practice of appropriate and effective ways of dealing with real-life situations that are difficult for the client; the therapist provides feedback until the behavior is normal for the client.

Answer 29

Behavioral rehearsal

Question 30

This counterconditioning technique is used to reduce performance anxiety evoked by sexual situations; it involves training a couple to relax and engage in sexual touching and exploration, without pressure to achieve arousal, erection, or orgasm.

Answer 30

Sensate focus

Question 31

What technique based on classical extinction involves exposing the client to the anxiety-inducing stimulus, without pairing the feared stimulus with an incompatible response, while preventing them from engaging in their typical avoidance response?

Answer 31

Flooding (can

be imaginal or in-vivo)

Question 32

A therapist treating a client
with a fear of heights used
the flooding technique, which actually led to increased fear of heights by the client. What is this an example of?

Answer 32

The incubation effect (or paradoxical enhancement effect)

Question 33

To avoid the incubation effect,
treatment might include ________, which involves progressively introducing the client to certain aspects of the feared stimulus until the anxiety response has diminished.

Answer 33

Graded exposure (or
graduated extinction)

Question 34

Research by Foa and Kozak indicates that ________ flooding is more effective than ________ flooding.

Answer 34

In-vivo; imaginal

Question 35

According to Stein and Marks, ________ exposure to an anxiety-evoking stimulus is more effective than ________ exposure.

Answer 35

Prolonged; brief

Question 36

What are the disorders that flooding and graded exposure have been shown to be particularly effective at treating?

Answer 36

Agoraphobia and Obsessive-Compulsive Disorders

Question 37

Research suggests that the underlying principle
of systematic desensitization is likely
________, rather than counterconditioning.

Answer 37

Exposure to the
feared stimulus
without adverse consequences

Question 38

What technique involves deliberate exposure to the physical sensations associated with panic attacks, such as hyperventilation, shaking head, racing heart, and body tension, to reduce the anxiety usually experienced when these sensations occur?

Answer 38

Interoceptive exposure

Question 39

Similar to imaginal flooding, ________ imaginal exposure to a feared stimulus; however, it differs from flooding in that it incorporates psychodynamic themes thought to underlie the fear into the imagery.

Answer 39

Implosive therapy (implosion)

Question 40

What technique pairs a noxious
stimulus with a behavior targeted for elimination, or a stimulus associated with that behavior, until the avoidance response elicited by the noxious stimulus is elicited by the targeted behavior?

Answer 40

Aversive conditioning

Question 41

In aversive conditioning, the noxious stimulus is
the ________ and the
target stimulus or
behavior is the ________.

Answer 41

Unconditioned
stimulus;
conditioned stimulus

Question 42

This aversive conditioning technique uses counterconditioning in imagination, as opposed to in-vivo, to reduce or eliminate undesirable behaviors; a person imagines they are engaging in the undesirable behavior then imagines an aversive consequence.

Answer 42

Covert sensitization, which is more effective at treating paraphilias than obesity and addictions

Question 43

According to B.F. Skinner, the term ________ refers to a response that
is voluntarily emitted and learned as
the result of environmental consequences that follow it, as opposed to respondent behaviors that are automatically elicited by stimuli.

Answer 43

Operant

Question 44

From the Operant Conditioning perspective,

events that increase a behavior are called ________, while events that decrease a behavior are called ________.

Answer 44

Reinforcers; punishers

Question 45

What is the general difference between the terms “positive” and “negative” in regards to reinforcement/punishment?

Answer 45

Positive means a
stimulus is applied,
while negative
means a stimulus is removed

Question 46

According to Operant
Conditioning, a teenager
who receives an allowance only after completing all of his chores is an example of:

Answer 46

Positive Reinforcement (apply stimulus to increase behavior)

Question 47

A mother nags her daughter for not completing her chores; once the daughter did her chores, her mother’s nagging ceased. What Operant Conditioning principle does this exemplify?

Answer 47

Negative Reinforcement (remove stimulus to increase behavior)

Question 48

Based on Operant Conditioning, a shock-collar on a dog is an example of what?

Answer 48

Positive Punishment (apply stimulus to decrease behavior)

Question 49

A child who receives a “time-out” for performing
an unacceptable
behavior exemplifies what Operant Conditioning principle?

Answer 49

Negative Punishment
(remove stimulus
to decrease behavior)

Question 50

What term refers to the withdrawal of reinforcement from a previously reinforced behavior so that the behavior is decreased or eliminated?

Answer 50

Operant extinction

Question 51

This behavioral understanding of depression suggests when once successful behaviors fail to elicit expected reinforcers, or if reinforcement becomes so unpredictable the subject is unable to tell what response works, the organism stops responding even if conditions change and the behavior could be successful again.

Answer 51

Learned helplessness

Question 52

The reformulated learned
helplessness model posits that depressed people
tend to attribute bad things
that happen to them to
________, ________, and ________ factors.

Answer 52

Internal; global; stable (“I have and will always fail at everything I do”)

Question 53

This model states that depression is associated with a low rate of response-contingent positive reinforcement, suggesting that people with depression have deficits in skills that produce positive reinforcement or minimize unpleasant outcomes.

Answer 53

Lewinsohn’s

Behavioral Model

Question 54

When removal of a

reinforcer does not immediately decrease behavior, but rather temporarily increases the behavior, what has occurred?

Answer 54

Response burst

Question 55

This occurs when 1 of 2 reinforced behaviors is extinguished, leading to an increase in frequency of the behavior that continues to be reinforced.

Answer 55

Behavioral contrast

Question 56

What term refers to, after a

behavior has been extinguished, an organism’s increased responsiveness in the absence of any reinforcement trials?

Answer 56

Spontaneous recovery

Question 57

A ________ reinforcer is inherently valuable and does not acquire its reinforcing value through prior experience (food, water, sex), whereas a ________ reinforcer acquires its value only through repeated pairings with the former (light paired with food eventually becomes a reinforcer).

Answer 57

Primary; secondary

Question 58

Money is one example of a ________, which refers to when secondary reinforcers acquire a power unrelated to any individual primary reinforcer as a result of being paired with many types of primary reinforcers.

Answer 58

Generalized conditioned reinforcers

Question 59

What schedule of reinforcement provides reinforcement for every response and leads to fast learning, fast satiation, and fast extinction?

Answer 59

Continuous schedule of reinforcement

Question 60

The process of switching from a continuous to an intermittent schedule of reinforcement is known as what?

Answer 60

Thinning

Question 61

What are the 4

intermittent schedules of reinforcement?

Answer 61

Fixed-ratio, fixed-interval, variable-ratio, and variable-interval

Question 62

A ________ schedule
provides reinforcement
after a set number of responses (e.g., rat receives food pellet after every 5 bar presses).

Answer 62

Fixed-ration (FR)

Question 63

What schedule provides reinforcement after a set
period of time, regardless
of the number of responses made (e.g., worker receives a paycheck every 2 weeks)?

Answer 63

Fixed-interval (FI)

Question 64

On a \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ schedule,
the subject is reinforced
after a variable number of
responses, though the
exact number varies from
reinforcer to reinforcer (e.g., gambling).

Answer 64

Variable-ratio (VR)

Question 65

What schedule provides reinforcement for a behavior after an unpredictable amount of time (e.g., pop quizzes to increase studying)?

Answer 65

Variable-interval (VI)

Question 66

Associated with fixed-interval schedules, this occurs when responding is very slow or nonexistent immediately following a reinforcement, then progressively increases and is finally rapid just before another reinforcement is due (e.g., child’s good behavior just before their birthday).

Answer 66

Scallop effect

Question 67

A ________ schedule of reinforcement generates the most
constant response rate and
behaviors most resistant to extinction, while ________ schedules produce the lowest response rates and behaviors with the lowest resistance to extinction.

Answer 67

Variable-ratio; fixed-interval

Question 68

What posits that when subjects
are provided 2 or more simultaneously available opportunities for reinforcement, their rate of responding will be proportional to the relative rate of reinforcement?

Answer 68

The Matching Law

Question 69

Negative reinforcement is associated with an increase is what 2 types of behavior?

Answer 69

Escape and avoidance

Question 70

This type of conditioning requires some action that allows the organism to get away from an aversive stimulus (e.g., torture stops after victim gives information).

Answer 70

Escape conditioning

Question 71

In ________ conditioning, organisms learn through classical conditioning that certain events lead to aversive experiences, and are negatively reinforced for performing a behavior that stops the aversive experience from occurring. These types of behaviors are very resistant to extinction.

Answer 71

Avoidance (Mowrer’s 2-factor theory: factor 1 = classical conditioning, factor 2 = operant conditioning)

Question 72

The process of an organism behaving one way in the presence of a specific stimulus but not another is know as ________, while responding to a stimulus that is similar but different than the original stimulus is referred to as ________

Answer 72

Stimulus discrimination; stimulus generalization

Question 73

When a behavior is reinforced only in the presence of a certain stimulus, thus leading to the behavior occurring only when that stimulus is present, the stimulus is referred to as a ________, which is an environmental cue that a particular behavior will be reinforced.

Answer 73

Discriminative stimulus

Question 74

A stimulus that serves as an environmental cue

that a certain behavior will not be reinforced is called what?

Answer 74

S-delta stimulus

Question 75

Skinner believed ________, the connecting of a series of simple and related behaviors, is the mechanism responsible for the acquisition of complex behaviors; in this process, each response in the series acts as both a secondary reinforcer for the preceding response and a discriminative stimulus for the next response.

Answer 75

Chaining

Question 76

In ________, training begins by teaching the last behavior in a sequence and works backward form there.

Answer 76

Backward chaining

Question 77

What term refers to when reinforcement that increases the occurrence of one response also increases the occurrence of similar responses?

Answer 77

Response generalization

Question 78

In this procedure, a subject is reinforced for

responding in ways that gradually approach the behavior that is desired?

Answer 78

Shaping (aka method of successive approximations)

Question 79

Superstitious behavior, such as praying to heal the sick, is produced by ________ reinforcement, which occurs when response and reinforcement are coincidentally paired together.

Answer 79

Adventitious

Question 80

According to research, when is positive reinforcement most successful?

Answer 80

When reinforcement occurs only after target behavior has been performed

Question 81

True or False: Reinforcement is more
effective the longer the
interval between the
behavior and the reinforcement?

Answer 81

False- shorter intervals lead to

more effective reinforcement

Question 82

What term is used to describe the loss of value of a specific reinforcer, for example, if a dog were to lose interest in receiving a certain type of treat used as reinforcement?

Answer 82

Satiation

Question 83

Punishment works best when

it is ________ and ________.

Answer 83

Extreme; continual

Question 84

This term refers to the decrease in responsiveness to a constant stimulus, thereby requiring a larger stimulus in order to achieve the previous level of responsiveness; it occurs when punishment is progressively increased rather than applied at maximum intensity from the outset.

Answer 84

Habituation

Question 85

When a subject stops receiving punishment for a particular behavior, what typically occurs?

Answer 85

The behavior reaches a higher level than baseline initially, then returns to baseline (punishment may suppress behavior, but not eliminate it)

Question 86

What “theory” involves reinforcing a low-probability behavior with a high-probability behavior (e.g., child is allowed to play video game in exchange for completing homework)?

Answer 86

Premack Principle (aka probability-differential theory)

Question 87

Considered a form of
extinction and punishment,
________ is used to remove a person from an
environment in which reinforcers for a target behavior are available.

Answer 87

Time-Out

Question 88

This extinction technique
involves both correction of
the negative behavior as well as repeated and
exaggerated practice of an
alternative appropriate behavior.

Answer 88

Overcorrection

Question 89

What form of negative punishment, considered to be most effective form of punishment, involves removal of a pre-specified reward each time a targeted behavior is performed (e.g., teen’s driving privileges removed after coming home after curfew; traffic tickets)?

Answer 89

Response cost
(most effective
form of punishment)

Question 90

Involving operant extinction and positive reinforcement, ________ involves reinforcing all other behaviors except the one that is targeted for elimination (e.g., Autistic child is reinforced for every 1 minute period he does not engage in self-injurious behavior).

Answer 90

Differential reinforcement for other behaviors (DRO)

Question 91

What provides a structured
environment in which a person is reinforced for targeted behavior with an agreed upon reinforcer and undesirable behaviors are punished via response cost (e.g., a reward must be returned)?

Answer 91

Token Economy

Question 92

True or False: Behaviors established within a token economy usually generalize well to other environments?

Answer 92

False- behaviors learned in a token economy do not generalize to other environments

Question 93

Wolfgang Kohler developed ________ learning theory, involving the “a-ha experience, which could not be explained by operant conditioning; what he termed ________ he described as the result of a sudden internal cognitive restructuring of the environment.

Answer 93

Gestalt; insight learning

Question 94

Tolman contended, in his Cognitive Learning Theory, that learning involves the acquisition of what?

Answer 94

Cognitive map (aka cognitive structure)

Question 95

Learning that occurs without reinforcement and
does not immediately manifest itself in
performance is referred to by Tolman as what?

Answer 95

Latent learning

Question 96

According to ________, the influence of stimuli and reinforcement on behavior is largely determined by cognitive processes, which govern what environmental influences are attended to and how they are perceived and interpreted.

Answer 96

Social Learning Theory (A. Bandura)

Question 97

A child who learns to cook toast by watching her father make toast every morning, receiving no external reinforcement for the behavior, exemplifies what type of learning?

Answer 97

Observational

Question 98

A feeling of ________ often occurs when a
behavior is successfully
performed, thereby serving as a reinforcer for itself.

Answer 98

Self-efficacy

Question 99

What theory states that the probability of a behavior occurring depends on the strength of the learning habit and the level of drive, where the desire to reduce the drive motivates learning?

Answer 99

Drive Reduction Theory (C. Hull

Question 100

According to Miller and Dollard,
certain neurotic and psychotic
disorder are ________, reasoning that psychopathic symptoms allow escape from the original fear and thus serve to reinforce the symptom behavior.

Answer 100

Learned coping responses

Question 101

Referred to as gradients, Miller and Dollard contend that drives can be divided into what 2 categories?

Answer 101

Approach and avoidance

Question 102

Regarding biological factors in learning, ________ refers to the rapid acquisition of species identification and affection for the first moving object seen during an early “sensitive period” of development.

Answer 102

Imprinting

Question 103

This law states: 1. Learning
and performance of any task occur at an optimal level of arousal and 2. The relationship between arousal and performance are an inverted U shape, regardless of task difficulty.

Answer 103

Yerkes-Dodson

Question 104

The process of behavioral
assessment, from a pure
behavioral orientation, is
referred to as the ________ model and entails what 3 steps?

Answer 104

ABC; antecedents, behaviors, and consequences

Question 105

The 3 steps of a “functional analysis include ________, which involves sampling the typical situations in which a behavior is likely to occur; ________, which involves listing responses the person typically emits in these situations; and ________, in which the adaptiveness or maladaptiveness of typical responses are evaluated.

Answer 105

Situational analysis; response
enumeration
phase; response evaluation

Question 106

According to Ebbinghaus, what is the amount of time it takes to learn a list a second time?

Answer 106

Method of

relearning (aka savings method)

Question 107

What are the 3 levels of memory, according to the multi-store model of memory?

Answer 107

Sensory memory,
short-term/primary memory, and
long-term/secondary memory

Question 108

This level of memory
provides brief storage of
information after the stimuli have been removed; the information stays available for no more than 2-3 seconds.

Answer 108

Sensory

Question 109

George Miller found this “magical number” as the
amount of information
that can be retained in
________ with rehearsal.

Answer 109

7 plus or minus

2; short-term memory

Question 110

What involves grouping

large amounts of information into smaller related units, allowing for memory of a greater amount of information?

Answer 110

Chunking

Question 111

The ability to hold several facts or thoughts in memory temporarily while solving a problem or performing a task refers to ________.

Answer 111

Working memory

Question 112

This term refers to the
process of rapid verbal
repetition of the to-be-remembered information to facilitate maintaining it in working memory.

Answer 112

Articulatory loop

Question 113

One way it is believed that information gets into long-term memory is by way of ________, or thinking about the meaning of new information and its relation to information already in memory.

Answer 113

Elaborative rehearsal

Question 114

True or False: Information that has been stored in long-term memory remains there permanently?

Answer 114

True- unless the brain in compromised due to a medical condition or substance use

Question 115

According to Tulving, ________ memory is obtained through observation/practice
and contains information about how to do
things, ________ memory includes knowledge of language, common sense,
and rules of logic and inference, and
________ contains information about personally experienced events.

Answer 115

Procedural; semantic; episodic (autobiographical)

Question 116

________ memory is the conscious, intentional recollection of previous experiences and information (e.g., remembering appointments), while ________ memory refers to when previous experiences aid in the performance of a task without conscious awareness (e.g., conditioned responses).

Answer 116

Explicit

(declarative); implicit

Question 117

When a person is asked to remember a list of unrelated words, research has shown they tend to recall words from the beginning (primacy) and the end (recency) of the list best. What is this referred to as?

Answer 117

Serial position effect

Question 118

This term refers to vivid

memories created in great detail during personally significant and emotionally charged events.

Answer 118

Flashbulb memory

Question 119

True or False: Flashbulb memories
tend to maintain
their accuracy over time?

Answer 119

False- research indicates they do fade over time

Question 120

People with ________ amnesia
have normal recall of previously learned information but are unable to retain newly learned information, while those with ________ amnesia are able to retain and recall new information but unable to recall previously learned information.

Answer 120

Anterograde; retrograde

Question 121

What mnemonic involves first
associating items to be remembered with visual images, then mentally placing the images somewhere in a familiar room, and finally mentally walking through the room to recall the items?

Answer 121

Method of Loci

Question 122

The capacity to maintain
a mental snapshot of an
object even after it is removed is referred to as what?

Answer 122

Eidetic imagery

aka photographic memory

Question 123

The ________ states that a person is better able to
recall information when the
relationship between
encoding, storage, and retrieval is closer.

Answer 123

Encoding specificity hypothesis (aka state-dependent memory)

Question 124

________ dependence refers to the fact that information recall is better when the learning and retrieval environments are the same, while ________ dependence refers to the fact that recall of information is better when one’s emotions during learning and retrieval are similar.

Answer 124

Context; state

Question 125

When a new experience interferes with recall of an earlier memory, it is referred to as ________ interference, while ________ interference occurs when previously learned information interferes with more recent learning.

Answer 125

Retroactive; proactive

Question 126

This terms refers to the

inability to recall information due to its emotional significance, rather than true loss of the information.

Answer 126

Repression

Question 127

This has been found to occur when actual memories are combined with
the content of suggestions from
other sources of information such as when conversing with others who experienced the same event or accessing new information from the media.

Answer 127

Misinformation effect (false memories)

Question 128

________ attention involves focusing on one event while filtering out irrelevant events, ________ attention involves focusing cognitive activity on one event for an extended period of time, and ________ attention refers to focusing on 2 or more events simultaneously.

Answer 128

Selective;

sustained; divided

Question 129

What theory contends that focused visual attention is what allows us to perceive an object as an entire entity rather than as a meaningless cluster of features?

Answer 129

Feature Integration Theory

Question 130

The capacity to chunk or move information between working memory and long-term memory rapidly and efficiently, requiring very little attention, is referred to as what?

Answer 130

Automaticity

Question 131

Often defined as “knowing about knowing,” ________ refers to one’s awareness of their own cognitive state and processes and involves things such as evaluating one’s own cognitive skills, using strategies to increase learning efficiency, and determining how much knowledge one has or needs.

Answer 131

Metacognition