Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

GROSS 2 Exam 3 > CLINICAL NOTES > Flashcards

CLINICAL NOTES Flashcards

1
Q

Where does extravasation of Urine occur?

A

between scarp’s fascia and deep fascia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What happens between scarp’s fascia and deep fascia in extravasation of urine?

A

fluid accumulates because the spongy urethra ruptures

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Where can the urine spread?

A

superiorly in anterior abdominal wall within the space

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Where can the urine not spread?

A

inferiorly into thigh because firm attachment of scarpa’s fascia to fascia lata

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Who is prone to extravasation of urine?

A

Males exclusive

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Why is extravasation of urine exclusive to males?

A

urethra is longer, more superficial, and more horizontally orientated than females

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Cause for extravasation of urine?

A

trauma

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What is low back pain associated with?

A

weak abdominal muscles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What is a hernia?

A

abnormal protrusion of tissue through an opening

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is an inguinal hernia?

A

abdominal viscera (usually small intestine) protrude through inguinal region

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Inguinal hernias are more common in males or females?

A

males

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Why are inguinal hernias more common in males?

A

large diameter of inguinal canal and scrotum is an out pounching of anterior abdominal wall making it a large potential space for viscera to fill

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What are the two types of inguinal hernias?

A

indirect and direct

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Where does an indirect inguinal hernia happen?

A

passes through deep inguinal ring, inguinal canal, and superficial inguinal ring before descending to scrotum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Where does an indirect inguinal hernia pass the inferior epigastric vessel?

A

lateral

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Where does a direct inguinal hernia pass the inferior epigastric vessel?

A

medial

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Indirect inguinal hernia is

a) congenital
b) acquired
c) both

A

both congenital and acquired

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Direct inguinal hernia is

a) congenital
b) acquired
c) both

A

acquired, due to weakness in conjoint tendon

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Indirect inguinal hernia accounts for what % of inguinal hernias

A

75%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Direct inguinal hernias account for what % of inguinal hernias

A

25%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Does the Rectus abdominis play a role in preventing hernias?

A

no because it lies medial to inguinal canal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Where do direct inguinal hernias happen?

A

punches directly through posterior wall of inguinal canal, bypassing deep inguinal ring

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What does a direct inguinal hernia cause

A

general bulging of anterior abdominal wall

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Femoral Hernia passes through what

A

passes through femoral canal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Where does femoral hernia occur

A

occurs inferior to inguinal ligament

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Where does inguinal hernias occur

A

occurs superior to inguinal ligament

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Is femoral hernia more common in males or females

A

females

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Umbilical hernia occurs when

A

incomplete closure of anterior abdominal wall after ligation of umbilicus at birth or due to defect in linea alba

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

What affects male fertility

A

subluxation of L1,L2 (genitofemoral nerve)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Varicocele (varicous veins) form in what plexus

A

pampiniform plexus of veins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

Varicocele can look like what

A

tumor when swelled together

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

What is cryptorchidism

A

undescended testes at birth

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

Cryptorchidism occurs in ____% of full term infants and ____% in premature infants

A

3, 30

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

Where are undescended testes usually found

A

in inguinal canal and usually unilateral

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

Most descend after few weeks after birth but if they don’t what happens

A

infertility but androgen secretion is unimpaired

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

T/F Is undescended testes a greater risk for cancer?

A

true

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

Infections of Peritoneal cavity via uterine tubes occur in

A

Immunocompromised women or unsanitary conditions during birth

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

Is ascites a disease or a condition

A

condition

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

Ascites is what

A

accumulation of fluid within the peritoneal cavity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

Ascites results in

A

imbalance between fluid production and absorption (more production)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

Peritoneal cavity is used for what?

A

rabies vaccine, kidney dialysis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

Causes of Ascites

A

malnutrition, congestive heart failure, liver failure, kidney failure, peritonitis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

What is peritonitis

A

inflammation of peritoneum, usually results in infections

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

Causes of peritonitis

A

trauma, inflammatory bowel disease, vaginal infection, perforated ulcers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

Where does peritonitis occur

A

adhesions between parietal and visceral peritoneum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

What can cause these adhesions in peritonitis

A

surgery

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

In peritonitis under the diaphragm the phrenic nerve referes pain to what and causes what

A

pain to shoulder, hiccups

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

What is congenital hypertrophic pyloric stenosis?

A

increase in size of the pyloric spincter which reduces the size of the pyloric canal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

What does congenital hypertrophic pyloric stenosis resemble?

A

tumor

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
50
Q

When is congenital hypertrophic pyloric stenosis present?

A

at birth

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
51
Q

Congenital hypertrophic pyloric stenosis is more common in males or females?

A

males

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
52
Q

What is a symptom of congenital hypertrophic pyloric stenosis?

A

projectile vomitting

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
53
Q

How is congenital hypertrophic pyloric stenosis fixed?

A

surgery

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
54
Q

What is pylorospasm?

A

spasmodic contraction of pyloric sphincter, no change in size

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
55
Q

Is pylorospasm present at birth?

A

sometimes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
56
Q

What is causes because of pylorospasm?

A

food does not pass easily from stomach to duodenum causing stomach to become overly full sometimes resulting in vomiting

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
57
Q

Subluxations of what thoracics may play a role in pylorospasms?

A

T5-T9

58
Q

What is a gastic ulcer look like?

A

crater like depression in mucosa of stomach

59
Q

What does the stomach secrete to protect from gastric ulcers?

A

alkaline mucus which is viscous (sticky) and forms a barrier between stomach acid and mucosa

60
Q

Gastric ulcer occurs when

A

alkaline mucus is inadequate in spots and gastric acid erodes stomach mucosa forming an ulcer

61
Q

What are some factors of gastric ulcers?

A

excess acid secretion (related to stress) and inadequate mucus barrier (related to presence of bacteria - Heliobacter Pylori which erodes mucosa)

62
Q

What controls the secretion of gastric acid?

A

vagus nerve

63
Q

What can happen with a duodenal ulcer?

A

erosion of the gastroduodenal artery by a perforated duodenal ulcer can result in severe hemorrhage

64
Q

What is a duodenal ulcer?

A

mucosa in the duodenum is eroded to form a crater like depression

65
Q

Where is a duodenal ulcer commonly located?

A

duodenal cap

66
Q

What is a perforated duodenal ulcer

A

allows contents to escape into peritoneal cavity causing peritonitis

67
Q

Duodenal Ulcer flow of fluid

A

fluid travels from subhepatic recess to the right paracolic gutter to the right iliac fossa

68
Q

What does a perforated duodenal ulcer commonly damage

A

liver, pancreas, and gall bladder because of its proximity

69
Q

What thoracic level is associated with gastric and duodenal ulcers? and why?

A

mid thoracic because of greater splanchic nerve supplies sympathetic innervation to stomach and duodenum

70
Q

What is Ileal (meckel’s) diverticulum

A

common malformation of the digestive tract

71
Q

What is the Ileal diverticulum a remnant of?

A

embryonic vitelline duct

72
Q

What does a Ileal diverticulum look like

A

finger-like pouch which projects from distal ileum

73
Q

What layers does the Ileal diverticulum contain

A

contains all layers of the ileum and may contain gastric or pancreatic tissue

74
Q

What does Ileal diverticulum resemble if the diverticulum becomes inflamed?

A

appendicitis

75
Q

What is Crohn’s disease

A

inflammatory bowel disease which most commonly affects distal ileum and adjacent colon, but can affect any part of digestive tract

76
Q

What Crohn’s affects?

A

all layers of intestine and results in thickening and ulceration of the affected segment

77
Q

What does Crohn’s result in?

A

pain, diarrhea, and malabsorption

78
Q

What is the etiology for Crohn’s

A

unknown, produces a cobble stone radiographic appearance

79
Q

What segments of the thoracic when subluxations present are associated with Crohn’s

A

lower thoracics (affect motility which is controlled by vagus, greater and lesser splanchnic nerves)

80
Q

What is appendicitis

A

inflammation of the appendix

81
Q

What is the most common intra-abdominal inflammatory condition in the world?

A

appendicitis

82
Q

What are the symptoms of appendicitis

A

begin as umbilical pain which then localizes to right lower quadrant

83
Q

What happens if appendicitis is untreated

A

appendix may rupture, leading to peritonitis

84
Q

What causes appendicitis?

A

obstruction of lumen due to lymphoid hyperplasia and fecal impaction

85
Q

What is diverticulosis

A

herniation of the mucosa of the colon throughout the muscular layer

86
Q

Is diverticulosis associated with inflammation?

A

no inflammation

87
Q

Diverticulosis is most common with people?

A

over the age of 40

88
Q

What location does diverticulosis most commonly occur?

A

sigmoid colon

89
Q

What happens if the diverticuli become inflammed?

A

it is called diverticulitis

90
Q

What does diverticulosis result in?

A

abdominal pain, diarrhea, and some cases abscess

91
Q

Characteristics of Diverticulosis?

A

radiographically it looks like numerous outpouchings along the colon

92
Q

Diverticulosis is treated with what?

A

laser endoscopy

93
Q

What kind of diet is diverticulosis related to?

A

low fiber diet

94
Q

What is ulcerative colitis

A

severe inflammation and ulceration of the rectum and lower colon

95
Q

Where does ulcerative colitis occur?

A

mucosa

96
Q

What are the symptoms of ulcerative colitis

A

abdominal pain and diarrhea

97
Q

What could occur with ulcerative colitis

A

bowel perforation

98
Q

How does ulcerative colitis look radiographically?

A

constricted, tear drop deformity

99
Q

What is irritable bowel syndrome

A

common condition involving recurrent abdominal pain and diarrhea with no inflammation or deterioration in health

100
Q

What happens with irritable bowel syndrome

A

abnormal muscular contractions of the colon

101
Q

What causes irritable bowel syndrome?

A

unknown but it is linked to stress and anxiety

102
Q

Ischemic bowel disease is what?

A

blood clot in bowel

103
Q

What can ischemic bowel disease lead to?

A

bowel infarction, mortality rate is 95%

104
Q

What is chronic constipation an increase risk for?

A

increased risk of hiatal hernia, inguinal hernia, diverticulosis, and colon cancer

105
Q

Diarrhea, constipation, and other colon problems are associated with what vertebral segments?

A

lower thoracic, upper lumbar, sacral subluxations

106
Q

What is the most common organ for metastasis of colon cancer?

A

liver

107
Q

What is cirrhosis of the liver?

A

condition characterized by destruction of hepatic cells and their replaced by fibrous tissue and fat

108
Q

What occurs to liver in cirrhosis of liver?

A

becomes nodular and hard, tends to constrict portal vein at the porta hepatis causing hypertension

109
Q

What causes cirrhosis of liver?

A

alcoholism, hepatitis, chronic obstruction of bile duct, and congestive heart failure

110
Q

What is portal hypertension

A

abnormal elevation of pressure within the portal system often due to cirrhosis of liver

111
Q

What happens in portal hypertension

A

portal vein (no valves) is constricted within portal hepatis and blood flow is reversed causing blood to bypass the liver

112
Q

Where does the blood then accumulate in portal hypertension

A

back up into caval system in the region where portal-caval anastomoses occurs

113
Q

Portal hypertension does what to the veins?

A

varicose veins (dilated, twisted, thin) may rupture

114
Q

Portal-Caval anastomoses has 3 sites

A

distal esophagus, around umbilicus, rectum/anal canal

115
Q

Portal-Caval anastomoses = Distal esophagus are associated with what caval vein and what portal vein

A

caval - esophageal; portal - left gastric

116
Q

Portal-Caval anastomoses = around umbilicus are associated with what caval vein and what portal vein

A

caval - superficial veins of anterior abdominal wall; portal - paraumbilical

117
Q

Portal-Caval anastomoses = rectum/anal canal are assocatied with what caval vein and what portal vein

A

caval - middle and inferior rectal; portal - superior rectal

118
Q

In Portal-Caval anastomoses in the distal esophagus can result in what

A

esophageal varices causing hemorrahge = fatal bleeding

119
Q

In Portal-Caval anastomoses in around umbilicus can result in what

A

caput medusae (only in severe cases) snake like veins radiating around umbilicus

120
Q

In Portal-Caval anastomoses in rectum/ anal canal can result in what

A

hemorrhoids

121
Q

Numonic to remember Portal-Caval anastomoses

A

Gut (esophageal varices), butt (hemorrhoids), caput (caput medusae)

122
Q

What is jaundice

A

yellow discoloration of the skin, sclera of the eye, and mucous membranes

123
Q

What causes jaundice

A

due to release of bilerubin into circulation due to liver damage

124
Q

What are gallstones

A

hard masses formed by solidification of bile constituents

125
Q

What are gallstones composed of?

A

cholesterol crystals

126
Q

Where are gallstones commonly located

A

distal end of the hepatopancreatic ampulla (spincter of ampulla) because it is narrowest part in biliary passages

127
Q

Blockage of gallstones at this location result in what

A

back up of bile throughout pancreatic duct, acute pancreatitis results

128
Q

Upper abdominal diseases involving liver, gall bladder, or stomach refer pain to what lower thoracic levels?

A

T8-T12

129
Q

Gall bladder attacks cause pain where?

A

right upper quadrant of abdomen (30% of patients pain referred to right subscapular region of back)

130
Q

Risk factors for gallstones?

A

females, obesity, pregnancy, high fat diet

131
Q

Rupture of Pancreas occurs?

A

when there is forceful compression of the abdomen, as in auto accident (pancreas is smashed)

132
Q

Rupture of pancreas causes

A

release of digestive enzymes into body cavity causing alot of damage to adjacent tissues

133
Q

Where is pain from the pancreas referred to?

A

lower thoracic segments

134
Q

Where is pain referred to from the head of the pancreas

A

right vertebral column

135
Q

Where is pain referred to from the body and tail of the pancreas

A

left vertebral column

136
Q

Rupture of spleen occurs?

A

vulnerable to blows to left hypochondrium region

137
Q

What is the most common injured abdominal organ?

A

spleen

138
Q

What does a ruptured spleen cause

A

severe hemorrhage and shock

139
Q

Spleens become more fragile in

A

mononucleosis, malaria, sickle-cell anemia, septicemia

140
Q

When the spleen is removed what takes over its function

A

kupffer cells of the liver (phagocytize- worn out red blood cells)

GROSS 2 Exam 3 (19 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions