Abdomen Flashcards
How is the abdomen divided up?
9 regions by, 2 vertical planes and two horizontal planes
What is the vertical planes?
2 midclavicular plane
What is midclavicular plane?
extend inferiorly from midpoint of clavicle to midpoint of lines joining ASIS to pubic symphysis
What are the horizontal planes?
subcostal and transtubercular plane
What is the subcostal plane?
lowest point of costal margin on each side, inferior margin of rib 10 (L3)
What is the transtubercular plane?
joins the tubercles of the iliac crests (L5)
What are the 9 regions of the abdomen?
Right Hypochondrium Epigastric Left Hypochondrium Right Flank Umbilical Left Flank Right Groin Pubic Left Groin
Where does the liver lie in the regions?
right hypochondrium and epigastric region
Where does the spleen and fundus and body of the stomach lie in the regions?
left hypochondrium region
What are the quadrants of the abdomen?
Right upper quadrant
Right lower quadrant
Left upper quadrant
Left lower quadrant
What is the median plane?
vertical plane through midline
What is the transumbilical plane?
horizontal plane through the umbilicus
Where does the Umbilicus lie?
L2-L5
What are the Layers of the Anterior Abdominal Wall? Superficial to Deep
skin camper's fascia (superficial layer of superficial fascia) scarpa's fascia (deep layer of superficial fascia) deep fascia external oblique muscle internal oblique muscle transversus abdominis muscle transversalis fascia extraperitoneal fascia parietal peritoneum peritoneal cavity visceral peritoneum abdominal organs
What are the two layers of the fascia of anterior abdominal wall
superficial and deep fascia
What two layers are the superficial fascia broke into?
superficial layer
Deep layer
What is the superficial layer (camper’s) made up of?
fatty layer
What is the deep layer (scarpa’s) made up of?
membranous layer
What are the muscles of the anterior abdominal wall?
Linea Alba External Oblique Internal Oblique Transversus Abdominis Rectus Abdominis Pyramidalis
What muscles are innervated by the anterior primary rami of lower 6 thoracic nerves?
External Oblique
Rectus Abdominis
What muscles are innervated by the anterior primary rami of lower 6 thoracic nerves and first lumbar nerves?
Internal Oblique
Transversus Abdominis
What is the longest raphe in the body?
linea alba
What muscle is innervated by the subcostal nerve?
pyramidalis
Is the pyramidalis often missing?
Yes
What does all the anterior abdominal wall muscles insert into via their aponeuroses?
linea alba
What is the function of the external oblique?
compress abdomen, supports abdominal viscera, lateral flex trunk
What is the function of the Internal oblique?
compress abdomen, supports abdominal viscera, lateral flex trunk
What direction does fibers of external oblique run?
downward and forward
What direction does fibers of internal oblique run?
downward and backward
What is the function of the transversus abdominis?
helps stabilize spine, compresses abdomen, supports abdominal viscera
What direction does fibers of transversus abdominis run?
horizontally across abdomen
What is the function of the rectus abdominis?
6 pack, compresses abdomen, supports abdominal viscera, anterior flex of trunk
Where does the linea albia run?
down middle of right and left rectus abdominis
Where does the linea semilunaris?
curved line that runs lateral border of rectus abdominis muscles
What is the tendinous intersections?
make the six pack, run tranversely across rectus abdominis
What is the function of the pyramidalis?
tenses linea alba
What are the abdominal wall muscles active in?
coughing (vagus nerve) sneezing (trigemital nerve) vomiting micturition (peeing) defecation (constipation) parturition (child birth)
What is the rectus sheath formed by?
external and internal oblique, and transversus abdominis
What is enclosed inside the rectus sheath?
rectus abdominis pyramidalis superior epigastric artery and vein inferior epigastric artery and vein anterior primary rami of lower 6 thoracic nerves
What is the arcuate line?
crescent shaped line, midway between umbilicus and pubic crest
What is above the arcuate line?
anterior and posterior layer of rectus sheath
What is the anterior layer of rectus sheath above the arcuate line made up of?
aponeuroses of external and internal oblique muscles
What is the posterior layer of rectus sheath above the arcuate line made up of?
aponeuroses of internal oblique and transversus abdominis muscles
What happens to aponeurosis of internal oblique above the arcuate line?
splits to enclose the rectus abdominis
What is below the arcuate line?
anterior and posterior layer of rectus sheath
What is the anterior layer of rectus sheath below the arcuate line made up of?
aponeuroses of the external, internal oblique, and transversus abdominis muscle
What is the posterior layer of rectus sheath below the arcuate line made up of?
transversalis fascia
What makes up the posterior surface of the anterior abdominal wall?
5 folds and 3 paired fossae
Where are the five folds located?
posterior surface of anterior abdominal wall, below umbilicus
What does the median umbilical fold contain?
urachus
What does the medial umbilical fold contain?
obliterated umbilical artery
What does the lateral umbilical fold contain?
inferior epigastric vessel
What are the three paired fossae that are separated by the folds?
supravesical, medial inguinal, lateral inguinal fossa
Where is the supravesical fossa?
between median and medial umbilical folds
Where is the medial inguinal fossa?
between median and lateral umbilical folds
Where is the lateral inguinal fossa?
lateral to the umbilical fold
Where does the ligamentum teres lie? and What does it contain?
above umbilicus and contains obliterated umbilical vein
What is the ligamentum teres?
free edge of the falciform ligament and is attached to liver
What is the blood supply to the anterior abdominal wall?
superior epigastric artery
inferior epigastric artery
lumbar arteries
deep circumflex iliac artery
Where does the superior epigastric artery come from?
internal thoracic artery
Where does the inferior epigastric artery come from?
external iliac artery
Where does the lumbar arteries come from?
abdominal aorta
Where does the deep circumflex iliac artery come from?
external iliac artery
What is the innervation of the anterior abdominal wall?
lower 6 thoracic nerves
Where does the lower 6 thoracic nerve run?
between internal oblique and transverse abdominis muscle
