Clinical II: Midterms Flashcards
A physician who specializes in the diagnosis and treatment of disorders and diseases of the eye
Ophthalmologist
They are trained to fill prescriptions written by ophthalmologist and optometrist for corrective lenses by grinding the lenses and dispensing eyewear
Optician
A test that measures the lowest intensity of sound and individual can hear.
Audiometry
A ringing in the ears
Tinnitus
Affects the external ear canal
It may be caused by Dermatologic conditions such as Seborrhea or psoriasis, trauma to the canal or continuous use of earplugs or earphones
Otitis externa
A.k.a. swimmers ear
And infection of the eye
A localized, purulent infection of a sebaceous gland of the eyelid. The area is inflamed, swollen and painful. The infection usually is caused by staphylococci and is treated with warm compresses and topical or systemic antibiotics.
Hordeolum
stye
Inflammation of the conjunctiva are caused by irritation, allergy, or bacterial infection. This is highly contagious and produces a purulent discharge. Symptoms include inflammation, swelling and itching of the sclera, photophobia and tearing. Bacterial infections are treated with antibiotic ophthalmic preparations .
Conjunctivitis
Reduction or dimness of vision with no apparent organic cause; often referred to as lazy eye syndrome
Amblyopia
Structures in the retina that make the perception of color possible
Cones
This occurs when light rays entering that I focus in front of the retina, causing objects at a distance to appear blurry and dull; Objects viewed at reading or working level are seen clearly.
In this disorder, the eyeball is elongated from the anterior to the posterior wall and the image cannot be sharpened by the internal lens of the eye.
A concave corrective lens is used to focus the light rays on the redness or surgery can be done to change the shape of the cornea
Myopia
nearsightedness
The hearing loss that affects aging people is caused by a reduction in the number of receptor cells in the organ of Corti and also is classified as a sensorineural loss
Children can be born with a congenital hearing defect or deafness because of an intrauterine infection such as the measles.
Presbycusis
A procedure that is commonly used to evaluate conduction and sensory loss.
This test is used if the patient reports that hearing is better in one year than in the other. That vibrating fork is placed in the center of the top of the head and the patient is asked in which year the tone is louder or if the tone is the same in both ears.
Weber test
A procedure that is commonly used to evaluate conduction and sensory loss.
This test is designed to compare air conduction sound with bone conduction sound.
In this test, the stem of the vibrating fork is placed on the patients mastoid process and the patient is instructed to raise a hand when the sound disappears. the fork is quickly inverted so that the vibrating tines are approximately 1 inch in front of the external ear canal if hearing is normal the patient should still hear a sound.
Rhine test
The discharge of nasal drainage
Rhinorrhea
The opening of the cervix through the process of labor, measured as 0 to 10 cm wide
Dilation
A hormone secreted by the placenta, found in the urine of pregnant females
Human chorionic gonadotropin
HCG
One of three phases of menstruation
In this phase the hypothalamus begins Secreting gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH) stimulating the anterior pituitary to release follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH).
The mature ovarian follicle secretes estrogen, which stimulates the growth of the endometrium.
The end of this phase is the expulsion of the egg.
Follicular phase
One of three phases of menstruation
This phase begins wants ovulation is complete. During this phase, progesterone secreted by the corpus luteum causes extensive growth of the endometrium as it prepares for a possible pregnancy.
If conception occurs, the corpus luteum continues to secrete progesterone until the placenta is well established and can secrete progesterone and HCG to maintain that pregnancy.
If conception does not occur, HCG is not secreted, and the corpus luteum Atrophies. Without increased levels of progesterone and HCG, the endometrium breaks down, and menstruation begins.
Luteal phase
One of three phases of menstruation
In this phase the endometrial lining discharges.
Menstruation
A commonly used contraceptive method
Failure rate: 2% to 10%
Characteristics: no prescription or examinations needed; easily available; inexpensive
Contra indications: latex allergy in Either partner
Side effects: possible allergic responses to latex or spermicide
Male or female condom
A.k.a. barrier method
A commonly used contraceptive method
Failure rate: 0.5%
Characteristics: requires 150 mg IM injection every three months
Contra indications: intention of becoming pregnant within one year; breast cancer; liver disease
Side effects: return of fertility may be delayed 10 to 18 months; should not be used more than two years in a row because it can cause a temporary loss of bone density; headache, weight gain, possibly depression
Depo-Provera
DMPA
A type of abortion
No identifiable cause
Spontaneous
A type of abortion
Complete expulsion of both fetus and placenta with no medical intervention.
Complete
A type of abortion
Expulsion of only parts of the fetus and placenta; a D and C must be done to remove the remaining pieces or the mother will continue to bleed.
Incomplete
A type of abortion
The fetus dies in utero and must be removed surgically.
Missed
A type of abortion
Cervical bleeding occurs, but dilation does not, and the pregnancy continues on interrupted.
Threatened
A hormone released from the corpus luteum during the follicular phase of menstruation.
Stimulates the development of the duck system during pregnancy
Progesterone
A hormone stimulated during the follicular phase of menstruation which stimulates the growth of the endometrium.
Responsible for the increase of breast size during pregnancy.
Estrogen
A hormone that stimulates the production of milk during pregnancy.
Prolactin
A hormone that causes the injection of milk from the glands during pregnancy
Oxytocin
An instrument used for measuring the degrees of motion in a joint.
Goniometer
Tough connective tissue bands that whole joints together by attracting to the bones on either side of the joint.
Ligaments
A clear fluid found in joint cavities that facilitates smooth movements and nurses joint structures
Synovial fluid
Tough bands of connective tissue that connects muscle to bone.
Tendons
A type of body movement
Reduces the angle of the joint and brings the two bones closer together
Flexion
A type of body movement
The opposite of flexion; increases the angle or distance between two bones or parts of the body
Extension
A type of body movement
Extension 180°
Hyper extension
A type of body movement
Moving the body part away from the midline or median plane of the body
Abduction
A type of body movement
The opposite of abduction move; moving the body part toward the midline of the body
Adduction
A type of body movement
Moving a bone around it’s central access; common in ball and socket joints
Rotation
A type of body movement
Circular movement of a limb; a combination of abduction, adduction, extension and flexion
Circumduction
A type of body movement
Moving the instep of the foot up and dorsally, reducing the angle between the foot and the leg.
Dorsiflexion
A type of body movement
A tow down movement of the foot at the angle; increases the angle of the joint
Plantar flexion
A type of body movement
Turning the soul of the foot laterally or outward
Eversion
A type of body movement
The opposite of eversion; turn in the soul of the foot mediately or in word
Inversion
A type of body movement
Rotation of the forearm that turns the palm of the hand down word or posteriorly
Pronation
A type of body movement
The opposite of pronation; rotation of the fore arm that turns the palm of the hand upward, or anteriorly
Supination
Classified by the way they are shaped or by their ability to move.
Types: -switchers; example joints of the school -hinge; example elbow and knee -gliding; example the wrist and foot -Ball and socket; greatest ROM example shoulder and hip L
Joints
A Coleman musculoskeletal conditions
Symptoms: painful joint inflammation, often affects the great toe, very sensitive to touch and movement; metabolic disease caused by buildup of uric acid
Diagnostic procedures: history, physical exam, microscopic synovial fluid examination for uric acid crystals
Laboratory tests: serum uric acid test
Treatment: low purine diet, limit alcohol, NSAIDs, analgesics, prednisones, colchicine
Gout
A type of spinal disorder
Any abnormal deviation or curvature to the right or left of the spine
It can cause significant back pain and possibly heart or lung problems because of the diminished space in the Resik cavity on one side
Scoliosis
A type of spinal disorder
Loss of cervical lordosis
Military neck
A type of spinal disorder
Upper excessive thoracic kyphosis
Hunchback
The need to sit or stand to breathe comfortably
Orthopnea
A disease that causes approximately 1/3 of the worlds population To be infected with this. Causes more deaths than any other infectious agent in the world.
It is caused by the bacterium Mycobacterium tuberculosis. It is transmitted by droplets of sputum expectorated into the environment by an infected host. It can also spread when an infected person coughs or sneezes, releasing Airbourne infected droplets, which are in hailed and cause infection if the person is susceptible.
Primary infection; occurs when the person is first infected with bacteria and the lungs become inflamed
Develops in two stages:
Latent; asymptomatic, not infectious, positive purified protein
derivative test results, positive Quantiferon gold blood test
result, normal chest x-ray studies, negative sputum culture
Active; symptoms include cough for three weeks or longer, chest
pain, he made the phthisis, fatigue, weight loss, anorexia, fever
with chills and night sweats, positive PPD and quantiferon gold
blood tests,Abnormal chest x-ray studies and /or positive spot
and culture.
Tuberculosis
A test for tuberculosis
Quantiferion-TB Gold blood test
Hey substance that relieves or alleviates the symptoms of a disease without curing disease
Palliative treatment
The long with three lobes
Right lung
The long with two lobes
Left lung
Collapsed lung
Atelectasis
Greater than normal amounts of carbon dioxide in the blood
Hypercapnia
Oh Kurz when the muscles in the posterior pharynx that support the soft palate, uvula, tonsils and tongue relax during sleep. This relaxation causes the trachea to narrow or close with inhalation, momentarily stopping breathing.
Signs and symptoms:
- excessive daytime sleepiness; hypersomnia
- persistently loud, disruptive snoring
- Episodes of breathing cessation during sleep
- dry mouth or sore throat on awakening
- Morning headache
Treatment: CPAP machine which delivers the air pressure through a mask placed over the mouth or nose or through a cannula in the nose. This machine forces the upper airway passages open and prevents tracheal collapse
Sleep apnea
Low level of oxygen in the blood
Hypoxemia
This test is performed to diagnose a pulmonary abnormality and order to determine the extent of a pulmonary disease.
Patient instructions:
-Where loose fitting clothing,
-avoid eating a large meal within two hours of taking the test,
-avoid smoking for at least one hour before the test
-avoid taking bronchodilators or nebulizers for six hours before the
test
Spirometry
Dilation of the brown she and bronchioles associated with secondary infection or ciliary dysfunction
Bronchiectasis
A computerized x-ray imaging modality that provides axial and three dimensional scans
Computed tomographic game
CT scan
Direct observation of an x-ray image in motion
Fluoroscopy
And imaging modality that uses a magnetic field and radio frequency pulses to create computer images of those bones and soft tissue in multiple planes
Magnetic resonance imaging
MRI
A donut shaped portion of a scanner that surrounds the patient and functions, at least partly, together imaging data
Gantry
A frontal projection in the witch this central ray enters the front of the patients and exits the back to reach the image receptor; the patient is supine or facing and the x-ray tube
Anteroposterior
A view in which the central ray enters the back and exits the front of the patient’s body; the patient is prone or facing the image receptor.
Posteroanterior
Special radioactive materials that are swallowed or injected intravenously, to track the activity of cells and determine the location of fractures
Tracers
I’m moving greet device that holds hand image receptor and prevents scatter radiation from fogging eat image
Bucky
A badge for monitoring it radiation exposure of personnel
Dosimeter
A therapeutic intervention technique that reduces or stops blood flow to control hemorrhage, cut off the blood supply to a tumor or reduce blood loss during surgery.
Embolization
