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Nutrition 2 > Clinical Cats and Dogs > Flashcards

Clinical Cats and Dogs Flashcards

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1
Q

Cat metabolic disorders

A 
Vit E def
Hypervitaminosis A
Biotin def
Thiamine Def
Taurine Def
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2
Q

Vit E def

A

Peroxide damage
Fat cell necrosis, inflammation
yellow fat
CS: anorexia, tenderess

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3
Q

Hypervitaminosis A

A

Due to over feeding of liver
CS: refuse to stand, poor coat, lethargy, neck pain on palpation
Tx: Lipotrop (Met + choline)

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4
Q

Biotin def

A

cause Low in diet, avidin in egg whites, peroxides in food

symptoms: symmetric hair loss, scaly dry dermatitis

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5
Q

Thiamine (B1) def

Kittens

A

raw fish, old chicken, under cooked food
Symptoms: anorexia, vomiting
Critical: nervous signs, star gazing (ventro-flexion)
Terminal: death

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6
Q

Taurine def

A

Cannot synthesis must be added to diet
Use: conjugate bile acids
Def: retinal degeneration, poor growth, poor reproductive performance, low birth weight of kittens
> Source: seafood, fish, meat

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7
Q

Obesity:
Hyperplastic
Hypertropic

A

Hyper plastic: increase # of fat cells (only in growing animals)
Hyper tropic: Increase the size of the fat cell (Adult animals)

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8
Q

Obesity factors:

A

Inadequate saitiety signals
Leptin, NPY
Dietary
Nuteuring

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9
Q

Differential diagnosis of obesity

A

Ascites, pregnancy, Constipation, DM, Hyperadrenocorticism

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10
Q

Obesity therapy

A

cyclic decrease of 60% every 2 weeks
or: Fortified diet
Low digestible starch (sorghum, barley, buck wheat)
Incr. fibre: decreases the feed intake (~10-13%)
L-carnitine: Burn energy to digest

Dog: Mitratapid and dirlotapid
> prevent fat abs in the gut wall
> feed back causes decr. in feed intake

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11
Q

Cat restricted diet

A

Hills: r/d, eukanuba: restricted calorie

decrease ME, increase all others

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12
Q

BMI

A

Cat: 30%
Dog: 25%

ribcage at 9th rib and length from calcaneus to patella

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13
Q

Geriatric Horse

A
  1. Dental abnormalities
    > Chop hay, pelleted food, soaked beet pulp
  2. Metabolic imbalances:
    a. progressive decrease in insulin sensitivity
    b. cushings (PPID)
    c. EMS
    > low glycaemic feed, soak hay to remove sugar
  3. Digestive tract health
    a. chronic low grade diarrhoea, due to absorbitive changes and decr CF digestibility in hind gut
  4. Chronic pain: arthritis
  5. Equine asthma: RAO
  6. maintenance energy decreased
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14
Q

Feeding geriatric horse

A

Fat 7% (oil supplementation 5-100ml)
Protein: 6%, high intake of lysine
Leafy alfalfa: controversial (needs extra water)
Antioxidants

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15
Q

Senior dogs and Cats

A

Less energy, higher BV proteins, less fat, lower Na and phosphorus,

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16
Q

Senior cat and dog diet

A 
Protein with higher BV
higher fibre: prevent constipation
ad lib water
Low Na and phosphorus
Increase Vit E (antioxidant)
Glucose intolerance (avoid high sugar carbohydrates)
Probiotics
Incr. Omega 3: immune system
L-carnitine: heart function
Taurine: Cat!
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17
Q

Renal failure in dogs and cats

A

More common in cats

CRD:
Therapy aim: Lower protein, replace water soluble vitamins and Ca, prevent accumulation of P
> Secondary renal hyperparathyroidism:
> renal osteodystrophy (Rubber jaw)
Symptoms: Blood: Anemia, acidosis, uremia

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18
Q

CRD Dietary treatement

A 
Low protein
    > Dog: 2.0-2.2g/kg 
    > Cat: 3.5g/kg
Decr P
Incr. Vit B
Energy source: carbohydrates and fats
Aluminium hydroxide
Compensate acidosis: Na2Co3 + EPO inj
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19
Q

Glomerular nephritis

A

Normally: HB cannot pass and myoglobin can,
maintain blood urea levels between 3-5 mmol/L
> Persistent protein urea leads to
>hypoalbuinema: ascites, hypertention,
hydrothorax, SC odema
Diet: Na < 0.3% DM
Low protein:
> Dog: 2.0-2.2g/kg
> Cat: 3.5g/kg

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20
Q

Nutritional management of CRD

A

Protein: lower (chicken, eggs)
> Dog: 2.0-2.2g/kg
> Cat: 3.5g/kg
Increase: ME: carbohydrates and fat
Lower P: prevent secondary hyperparathyroidism
> Aluminium hydroxide
Lower NA: prevent glomerular nephritis
Higher: > anti-oxidants
> Vit B complex
> Dietary fibre: sugar beet pulp, guar gum
> Omega 3 and 6: prevent inflammation
pH: metabolic acidosis: CaCo3 or potassium citrate

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21
Q

Urolithias dogs and cats

A

Dog: Struvite, cystenine, oxalate, urate, silcate
Cat: Struvite, oxalate

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22
Q

FLUTD

A

Feline lower urinary tract disease

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23
Q

Uroliths

A 
Ca-cabonate
Ca-carbonte
Mg-aluminium phosphate
gypsum
Ca-oxalate
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24
Q

Uroliths treatment

A
  1. acidic urine pH: dissolves the stones @ pH 6.5
    > Meth, Na4Cl
    2.: Increase water: add salt increases thirst
  2. reduce magnesium in the diet: decr. dairy products

Cystitis: Sulphonamides or antibiotic treatment

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25
Urolitiasis: Alkaline urine
Caused by: Vomiting(acid loss), post prandial alkaline wave, hperventilation Produces oxalate stones Treatment: Mannitol: increase water intake
26
Urolitiasis: Dietary changes
Control level of high quality high BV of protien >decr. Purine Lower levels of Na and Ca to prevent stone formation Alkalating properties: K-citrate and CaCO2
27
Skin diseases
Zn def: Siberian husky > Alopecia, crusts and suppuration around the eyes, nose mouth, anus > TX: 100mg zinc sulphate BID Biotin: CAT > cause: avidin in egg, peroxides in feed, def. in feed > Symmetrical hair loss from rear to head Iodine: Puppies > Goitre, low metabolic rate, hair loss Vit A: Def In DOG > regeneration of mucous membrane, keratinisation > Greasy skin Essential FA > Def: rough coat, greasy skin Flea eczema: Symmetric hair loss at rear of the body
28
Dietary changes causing allergy
``` Dogs: alopecia, dermatitis, food intolerance Cats: grunulomatosis Allergens: > Dog: beef dairy cereals > Cat: Beef dairy fish Both: Soya, chicken ```
29
Skin diseases | Approach to dermatological case
1. Clinical + dietary history 2. Physical exam 3. Skin exam 4. lab tests: Skin scraping 5. Diagnosis
30
Skin diseases | Symptoms
1st: Macula, papule/nodule/tumour, wheals, vesicle, pustules 2nd: Scales, crusts altered pigmentation
31
Dermatosis:
1. Pruritic: Ectoparasites, bacteria infection | 2. Non-pruritic: ectoparasites, fungal inf, S-cell tumor, deep pyoderma
32
Nutrients preventing skin problems
1. Protein: If deficient: abnormal keritiziation, depigmentation, brittle hairs, greasy skin 2. Minerals: Zn, Biotin, vit A, iodine, essential FA
33
Diabetes
Type 1 : IDDM Type 2: NIDDM (more glucose then receptor sites) Type 3: Abnormal glucose tolerance: high glucose while fasting Type 4: pregnancy related
34
Diabetes | Type 1
B-cells not producing enough insulin
35
Diabetes nutrition
``` Special carbohydrate blend: (45-50%) > Low glycaemic index > Brown rice,artichoke, cooked potato, barley. millet oats Special fibre blend (10-13%): > Incr. GLP-1 (Glycogen- like peptide) > Carrot, sugar beet pulp Fibre + carboxymethylcellulose (6.5-15%) > Slow down glucose absorbtion High Protein (25-30%) and fat (<10%) ```
36
Congestive heart failure
Symptoms: Ascites, difficult breathing, oedema, hydrothorax Pathogenesis: > Low Bp--> poor renal perfusion --> RAA activation ---> retention of Water and Na --> Further loading on heart
37
CHF | Diet
Decrease Na (< 0.25%DM) > Problem: less palatable --> add tuna, garlic High salt food: heart, liver, lungs, bread, cheese, cereals Low Na food: Beef, chicken, egg yolk, oat meal, rice pasta Additives: L-carnitine, Taurine (cats)
38
Pancreatic diseases
Acute pancreatitis | Exocrine pancreatic insufficiency (EPI)
39
Acute pancreaitis
common in dogs (incr. risk at middle age) Cause: medication, metabolic disorders, infection, obesity, trauma, shock Symptoms: enlarged painful abdomen, yellow feaces, lack of appetite, dehydration, vomiting > increase severity: arrythmia, sepsis, DIC Treatment: 1. no food or water per os 3-5 days: Problem: cause villi atrophy 2. Jejunal tube, past the pancreas Liquid diet, low CHO and fat
40
EPI | Exocrine pancreatic insufficiency
Congenital in dogs (German shepard), rare in cats > decr or absence of pancreatic enzymes (amylase, lipase, trypsin, chymotrypsin) > Cause: chronic pancreatitis, young animasl (decr. # and function) or congenital. > Symptoms: rapid weight loss, hair coat poor, chronic diarrhoea (yellow), animals eat abnormal things (plants) > Tx: For life highly digestible, low fat, low fibre Enzyme replacer, Vitamin supplement (Esp Vit B12)
41
EPI diarhoea
``` Dietary rest for 24-48hrs Low fat and fibre Chicken, fish, COOKED egg, cottage cheese, rice or potatoes. Electrolytes Adjuvant: Imodium ```
42
Liver disease in dogs and cats
aquired shunt, High Bp, viral (viral canine hepatitis), leptosporosis, drugsor poisons Symptoms: Jaundice, hepatho encepelopathy, GI signs (vomiting,, decrease appetite), ascites Liver enlargement --> later leading to cirrhosis Tx NH3 traps: Lactulose, High BV value Dog: 13-16% Cat: 24-26% High energy diet: Highly digestible CHO to prevent NH3 accumulation
43
Bedlington terrier
``` Cu storage disorder > lack of liver metallothionein (Cu binder) Prevention: Low Cu diet, Cu- binding compounds (S) Treatment: > Chelating agents (Vit B6) > Zinc: antagonist of copper > S powder > Liver transplantation AVOID: Liver and mushroom ```
44
Nutritional objectives of liver disease
Dog: icteris, chronic hepatitis, Cu-storage disorder Cat: idiopathic hepatic toxicosis Problem: liver metabolic over load
45
Liver disease Diet
``` Protien ~ 14-16% Incr. Arg as incr. urea == >decr NH3 Higher fat, L-carnithine, carbohydrates Decrease Cu (5mg) usually 15mk Increase Zn: 200mg Antioxidants Fibre: Sugar beet pulp and guar gum Omega 3 and 6 ```
46
Skeletal status of Dogs and cats
1. Omega 3 FA > DHA: neurological growth > EPA: treatmentof skin, renal conditions, arthritis 2. Ca def: > All meat syndrome diet: too high P > Excess P = hypocalcaemia: Incr. PTH stimulation > CS: Lameness, decreased bone density, widespread bone pain > TX: analgesic for pain >Prevention: Limestone, Ca- lactate, Ca-hypophosphoricum 3. Vit D Def: >Rickets, osteomalacia, > failure to normal mineralisation of new osteiods and cartilangeous matrix of apiphyseal growth plates > CS: Lameness, lordosis, deformed bones TX: Vit D an Ca combo 4. VitA hyperviatminosis (CAT) > fed too much liver > poor coat, lethargy, reluctance to move, neck pain on palpation
47
Hard working dogs
Traditionally was 70% meat based > Problem: Pathogens Now: Low Bulk, High energy dry food replaces the meat > Low bulk as minimise gut weight > Highly digestible > Cereal, high oil seed meal base > high fat (20-30%) > High CP (20-30%) Optimal hydration, electrolytes, anaerobic buffering capacity. Short term energy: fuelled by muscle Glycogen stores and blood sugar
48
Hard wroking dogs | Ideal nurtrition
Research: for best speed and performance > CHO: 42 % energy > Fats: 33% Energy > Protein: 24% Energy Supplements: Vit E, Vit C Iron, Ca,Vit D, Vit B Electrolytes, minerals and trace elements
49
Cancer
``` Omega 3 FA (Flaxseed oil) > DHA > EPA: Cancer treatment Antioxidant Protein of high BV Immunostimulants Incr. Arginine and Biotin ```
50
Orphan Puppies, kittens and foal
``` Surrogate is best!! Common illness: hypothermia, hypoglycaemia, dehydration Puppy: 100-800g at birth, doubles weight in 10 days add protein and fat sources 25-30ml/100BW Kitten: 90-120g birth weight BW doubles in 2 weeks Wk 1: 15ml Wk 2: 18ml Wk 3: 20ml Wk 4 20ml + solid food Feeding materials: tube, bottle, spoon ```
51
Care for orphan kitten and puppy
Prevent hypothermia, Hypoglycaemic: Glucose Sc Diarrhoea + dehydration: Give elctrolytes Stimulates urigenital areas Weaning at wk 7-8; solid food without mil replacer
52
Kitten and puppy Energy Protein Extra additonal nutrition
Energy: 20-30% Protein: 8g/100g diet Additional Cu: deficiency leads to hair loss and greying K def (Kitten) decrease muscle activity Iodine (puppy): goitre, hair loss (Low in gestating mother)
53
Orphan Foal
600ml Cow milk 400 ml Water 30g sugar > Diluted as horse milk has lower fat, energy and protein, but add sugar to increase the lactose > Add 2-3 raw eggs: For Essential AA and Vit D 4L/day gradually increased to 10L/ day ``` Weak foal: Hypertonic IV solution (4-5days) 1000ml AA (5%) 500ml dextrose (50%) KCl + NaHCO3 Complex Vit inj ```
54
Non-infectious abortions
1: Stress 2. Lack of nutrient: 3. Environmental / pollutants 4. Vit Def 5. Mineral Def 6. Immunosuppression
55
Stress
> Environmental (heat, humidity) > transport: decr. LH = uterus contractions > Social stress: Hierarchy > Pheramones (synchronisation)
56
Lack of nutrients
> Protein and carb decr. : Not abortion but prevents fertilization > Goat: Energy deficiency abortion
57
Environmental
> Toxins, heavy metals > PCBs: cause chromosome breakages = abortion > Estrogen- like, dioxin-like, phenobarbital-like > F2= ostrogen syndrome >Fungicides > Plants: Phytoestrogens Clover (incr. contractions) Astragulus bush
58
Vitamin deficiency
Vit A: Pregnant sows = malformation of the foetus Biotin and Folic acid: tetrogenic Vit K: Rabbits = placental heamorrhage
59
Mineral Deficiency
Manganese: dairy cow | > Ovarian problems, potential abortion
60
Immuno-suppression
Maternal blocking antibodies Blood group - foals and pigs Serum blocking antigens produced by foetus Phytotoxins, mycotoxins

Nutrition 2 (12 decks)

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