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Nutrition 2 > Clinical Cats and Dogs > Flashcards

Clinical Cats and Dogs Flashcards

1
Q

Cat metabolic disorders

A 
Vit E def
Hypervitaminosis A
Biotin def
Thiamine Def
Taurine Def
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2
Q

Vit E def

A

Peroxide damage
Fat cell necrosis, inflammation
yellow fat
CS: anorexia, tenderess

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3
Q

Hypervitaminosis A

A

Due to over feeding of liver
CS: refuse to stand, poor coat, lethargy, neck pain on palpation
Tx: Lipotrop (Met + choline)

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4
Q

Biotin def

A

cause Low in diet, avidin in egg whites, peroxides in food

symptoms: symmetric hair loss, scaly dry dermatitis

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5
Q

Thiamine (B1) def

Kittens

A

raw fish, old chicken, under cooked food
Symptoms: anorexia, vomiting
Critical: nervous signs, star gazing (ventro-flexion)
Terminal: death

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6
Q

Taurine def

A

Cannot synthesis must be added to diet
Use: conjugate bile acids
Def: retinal degeneration, poor growth, poor reproductive performance, low birth weight of kittens
> Source: seafood, fish, meat

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7
Q

Obesity:
Hyperplastic
Hypertropic

A

Hyper plastic: increase # of fat cells (only in growing animals)
Hyper tropic: Increase the size of the fat cell (Adult animals)

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8
Q

Obesity factors:

A

Inadequate saitiety signals
Leptin, NPY
Dietary
Nuteuring

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9
Q

Differential diagnosis of obesity

A

Ascites, pregnancy, Constipation, DM, Hyperadrenocorticism

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10
Q

Obesity therapy

A

cyclic decrease of 60% every 2 weeks
or: Fortified diet
Low digestible starch (sorghum, barley, buck wheat)
Incr. fibre: decreases the feed intake (~10-13%)
L-carnitine: Burn energy to digest

Dog: Mitratapid and dirlotapid
> prevent fat abs in the gut wall
> feed back causes decr. in feed intake

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11
Q

Cat restricted diet

A

Hills: r/d, eukanuba: restricted calorie

decrease ME, increase all others

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12
Q

BMI

A

Cat: 30%
Dog: 25%

ribcage at 9th rib and length from calcaneus to patella

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13
Q

Geriatric Horse

A
  1. Dental abnormalities
    > Chop hay, pelleted food, soaked beet pulp
  2. Metabolic imbalances:
    a. progressive decrease in insulin sensitivity
    b. cushings (PPID)
    c. EMS
    > low glycaemic feed, soak hay to remove sugar
  3. Digestive tract health
    a. chronic low grade diarrhoea, due to absorbitive changes and decr CF digestibility in hind gut
  4. Chronic pain: arthritis
  5. Equine asthma: RAO
  6. maintenance energy decreased
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14
Q

Feeding geriatric horse

A

Fat 7% (oil supplementation 5-100ml)
Protein: 6%, high intake of lysine
Leafy alfalfa: controversial (needs extra water)
Antioxidants

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15
Q

Senior dogs and Cats

A

Less energy, higher BV proteins, less fat, lower Na and phosphorus,

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16
Q

Senior cat and dog diet

A 
Protein with higher BV
higher fibre: prevent constipation
ad lib water
Low Na and phosphorus
Increase Vit E (antioxidant)
Glucose intolerance (avoid high sugar carbohydrates)
Probiotics
Incr. Omega 3: immune system
L-carnitine: heart function
Taurine: Cat!
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17
Q

Renal failure in dogs and cats

A

More common in cats

CRD:
Therapy aim: Lower protein, replace water soluble vitamins and Ca, prevent accumulation of P
> Secondary renal hyperparathyroidism:
> renal osteodystrophy (Rubber jaw)
Symptoms: Blood: Anemia, acidosis, uremia

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18
Q

CRD Dietary treatement

A 
Low protein
    > Dog: 2.0-2.2g/kg 
    > Cat: 3.5g/kg
Decr P
Incr. Vit B
Energy source: carbohydrates and fats
Aluminium hydroxide
Compensate acidosis: Na2Co3 + EPO inj
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19
Q

Glomerular nephritis

A

Normally: HB cannot pass and myoglobin can,
maintain blood urea levels between 3-5 mmol/L
> Persistent protein urea leads to
>hypoalbuinema: ascites, hypertention,
hydrothorax, SC odema
Diet: Na < 0.3% DM
Low protein:
> Dog: 2.0-2.2g/kg
> Cat: 3.5g/kg

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20
Q

Nutritional management of CRD

A

Protein: lower (chicken, eggs)
> Dog: 2.0-2.2g/kg
> Cat: 3.5g/kg
Increase: ME: carbohydrates and fat
Lower P: prevent secondary hyperparathyroidism
> Aluminium hydroxide
Lower NA: prevent glomerular nephritis
Higher: > anti-oxidants
> Vit B complex
> Dietary fibre: sugar beet pulp, guar gum
> Omega 3 and 6: prevent inflammation
pH: metabolic acidosis: CaCo3 or potassium citrate

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21
Q

Urolithias dogs and cats

A

Dog: Struvite, cystenine, oxalate, urate, silcate
Cat: Struvite, oxalate

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22
Q

FLUTD

A

Feline lower urinary tract disease

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23
Q

Uroliths

A 
Ca-cabonate
Ca-carbonte
Mg-aluminium phosphate
gypsum
Ca-oxalate
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24
Q

Uroliths treatment

A
  1. acidic urine pH: dissolves the stones @ pH 6.5
    > Meth, Na4Cl
    2.: Increase water: add salt increases thirst
  2. reduce magnesium in the diet: decr. dairy products

Cystitis: Sulphonamides or antibiotic treatment

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25
Q

Urolitiasis: Alkaline urine

A

Caused by: Vomiting(acid loss), post prandial alkaline wave, hperventilation
Produces oxalate stones
Treatment: Mannitol: increase water intake

26
Q

Urolitiasis: Dietary changes

A

Control level of high quality high BV of protien
>decr. Purine
Lower levels of Na and Ca to prevent stone formation
Alkalating properties: K-citrate and CaCO2

27
Q

Skin diseases

A

Zn def: Siberian husky
> Alopecia, crusts and suppuration around the eyes,
nose mouth, anus
> TX: 100mg zinc sulphate BID
Biotin: CAT
> cause: avidin in egg, peroxides in feed, def. in feed
> Symmetrical hair loss from rear to head
Iodine: Puppies
> Goitre, low metabolic rate, hair loss
Vit A: Def In DOG
> regeneration of mucous membrane, keratinisation
> Greasy skin
Essential FA
> Def: rough coat, greasy skin
Flea eczema: Symmetric hair loss at rear of the body

28
Q

Dietary changes causing allergy

A 
Dogs: alopecia, dermatitis, food intolerance
Cats: grunulomatosis
Allergens:
 > Dog: beef dairy cereals
  > Cat: Beef dairy fish
  Both: Soya, chicken
29
Q

Skin diseases

Approach to dermatological case

A
  1. Clinical + dietary history
  2. Physical exam
  3. Skin exam
  4. lab tests: Skin scraping
  5. Diagnosis
30
Q

Skin diseases

Symptoms

A

1st: Macula, papule/nodule/tumour, wheals, vesicle, pustules
2nd: Scales, crusts altered pigmentation

31
Q

Dermatosis:

A
  1. Pruritic: Ectoparasites, bacteria infection

2. Non-pruritic: ectoparasites, fungal inf, S-cell tumor, deep pyoderma

32
Q

Nutrients preventing skin problems

A
  1. Protein: If deficient: abnormal keritiziation, depigmentation, brittle hairs, greasy skin
  2. Minerals: Zn, Biotin, vit A, iodine, essential FA
33
Q

Diabetes

A

Type 1 : IDDM
Type 2: NIDDM (more glucose then receptor sites)
Type 3: Abnormal glucose tolerance: high glucose while fasting
Type 4: pregnancy related

34
Q

Diabetes

Type 1

A

B-cells not producing enough insulin

35
Q

Diabetes nutrition

A 
Special carbohydrate blend: (45-50%)
 > Low glycaemic index
  > Brown rice,artichoke, cooked potato, barley. millet oats
Special fibre blend (10-13%): 
  > Incr. GLP-1 (Glycogen- like peptide)
  > Carrot, sugar beet pulp
Fibre + carboxymethylcellulose (6.5-15%)
  > Slow down glucose absorbtion
High Protein (25-30%) and fat (<10%)
36
Q

Congestive heart failure

A

Symptoms: Ascites, difficult breathing, oedema, hydrothorax
Pathogenesis:
> Low Bp–> poor renal perfusion –> RAA activation —> retention of Water and Na –> Further loading on heart

37
Q

CHF

Diet

A

Decrease Na (< 0.25%DM)
> Problem: less palatable –> add tuna, garlic
High salt food: heart, liver, lungs, bread, cheese, cereals
Low Na food: Beef, chicken, egg yolk, oat meal, rice pasta
Additives: L-carnitine, Taurine (cats)

38
Q

Pancreatic diseases

A

Acute pancreatitis

Exocrine pancreatic insufficiency (EPI)

39
Q

Acute pancreaitis

A

common in dogs (incr. risk at middle age)
Cause: medication, metabolic disorders, infection, obesity, trauma, shock
Symptoms: enlarged painful abdomen, yellow feaces, lack of appetite, dehydration, vomiting
> increase severity: arrythmia, sepsis, DIC
Treatment:
1. no food or water per os 3-5 days: Problem: cause villi atrophy
2. Jejunal tube, past the pancreas
Liquid diet, low CHO and fat

40
Q

EPI

Exocrine pancreatic insufficiency

A

Congenital in dogs (German shepard), rare in cats
> decr or absence of pancreatic enzymes (amylase,
lipase, trypsin, chymotrypsin)
> Cause: chronic pancreatitis, young animasl (decr. # and function) or congenital.
> Symptoms: rapid weight loss, hair coat poor, chronic diarrhoea (yellow), animals eat abnormal things (plants)
> Tx: For life
highly digestible, low fat, low fibre
Enzyme replacer, Vitamin supplement (Esp Vit B12)

41
Q

EPI diarhoea

A 
Dietary rest for 24-48hrs
Low fat and fibre
Chicken, fish, COOKED egg, cottage cheese, rice or potatoes.
Electrolytes
Adjuvant: Imodium
42
Q

Liver disease in dogs and cats

A

aquired shunt, High Bp, viral (viral canine hepatitis), leptosporosis, drugsor poisons
Symptoms: Jaundice, hepatho encepelopathy, GI signs (vomiting,, decrease appetite), ascites
Liver enlargement –> later leading to cirrhosis
Tx
NH3 traps: Lactulose,
High BV value
Dog: 13-16%
Cat: 24-26%
High energy diet: Highly digestible CHO to prevent NH3 accumulation

43
Q

Bedlington terrier

A 
Cu storage disorder
> lack of liver metallothionein (Cu binder)
Prevention: Low Cu diet, Cu- binding compounds (S)
Treatment: 
     > Chelating agents (Vit B6)
      > Zinc: antagonist of copper
    > S powder
    > Liver transplantation
AVOID: Liver and mushroom
44
Q

Nutritional objectives of liver disease

A

Dog: icteris, chronic hepatitis, Cu-storage disorder
Cat: idiopathic hepatic toxicosis
Problem: liver metabolic over load

45
Q

Liver disease Diet

A 
Protien ~ 14-16%
Incr. Arg as incr. urea == >decr NH3
Higher fat, L-carnithine, carbohydrates
Decrease Cu (5mg) usually 15mk
Increase Zn: 200mg
Antioxidants
Fibre: Sugar beet pulp and guar gum
Omega 3 and 6
46
Q

Skeletal status of Dogs and cats

A
  1. Omega 3 FA
    > DHA: neurological growth
    > EPA: treatmentof skin, renal conditions, arthritis
  2. Ca def:
    > All meat syndrome diet: too high P
    > Excess P = hypocalcaemia: Incr. PTH stimulation
    > CS: Lameness, decreased bone density, widespread
    bone pain
    > TX: analgesic for pain
    >Prevention: Limestone, Ca- lactate,
    Ca-hypophosphoricum
  3. Vit D Def:
    >Rickets, osteomalacia,
    > failure to normal mineralisation of new osteiods and
    cartilangeous matrix of apiphyseal growth plates
    > CS: Lameness, lordosis, deformed bones
    TX: Vit D an Ca combo
  4. VitA hyperviatminosis (CAT)
    > fed too much liver
    > poor coat, lethargy, reluctance to move, neck pain on palpation
47
Q

Hard working dogs

A

Traditionally was 70% meat based
> Problem: Pathogens
Now: Low Bulk, High energy dry food replaces the meat
> Low bulk as minimise gut weight
> Highly digestible
> Cereal, high oil seed meal base
> high fat (20-30%)
> High CP (20-30%)
Optimal hydration, electrolytes, anaerobic buffering capacity.
Short term energy: fuelled by muscle Glycogen stores and blood sugar

48
Q

Hard wroking dogs

Ideal nurtrition

A

Research: for best speed and performance
> CHO: 42 % energy
> Fats: 33% Energy
> Protein: 24% Energy

Supplements:
Vit E, Vit C
Iron, Ca,Vit D, Vit B
Electrolytes, minerals and trace elements

49
Q

Cancer

A 
Omega 3 FA (Flaxseed oil)
   > DHA
   > EPA: Cancer treatment
Antioxidant
Protein of high BV
Immunostimulants
Incr. Arginine and Biotin
50
Q

Orphan Puppies, kittens and foal

A 
Surrogate is best!!
Common illness: hypothermia, hypoglycaemia, dehydration
Puppy: 100-800g at birth, doubles weight in 10 days
     add protein and fat sources
     25-30ml/100BW
Kitten: 90-120g birth weight
    BW doubles in 2 weeks
    Wk 1: 15ml
     Wk 2: 18ml
     Wk 3: 20ml
     Wk 4 20ml + solid food
Feeding materials: tube, bottle, spoon
51
Q

Care for orphan kitten and puppy

A

Prevent hypothermia,
Hypoglycaemic: Glucose Sc
Diarrhoea + dehydration: Give elctrolytes
Stimulates urigenital areas

Weaning at wk 7-8; solid food without mil replacer

52
Q

Kitten and puppy
Energy
Protein
Extra additonal nutrition

A

Energy: 20-30%
Protein: 8g/100g diet

Additional
Cu: deficiency leads to hair loss and greying
K def (Kitten) decrease muscle activity
Iodine (puppy): goitre, hair loss (Low in gestating mother)

53
Q

Orphan Foal

A

600ml Cow milk
400 ml Water
30g sugar
> Diluted as horse milk has lower fat, energy and protein, but add sugar to increase the lactose
> Add 2-3 raw eggs: For Essential AA and Vit D
4L/day gradually increased to 10L/ day

Weak foal: Hypertonic IV solution (4-5days)
1000ml AA (5%)
500ml dextrose (50%)
KCl + NaHCO3
Complex Vit inj
54
Q

Non-infectious abortions

A

1: Stress
2. Lack of nutrient:
3. Environmental / pollutants
4. Vit Def
5. Mineral Def
6. Immunosuppression

55
Q

Stress

A

> Environmental (heat, humidity)
transport: decr. LH = uterus contractions
Social stress: Hierarchy
Pheramones (synchronisation)

56
Q

Lack of nutrients

A

> Protein and carb decr. : Not abortion but prevents fertilization
Goat: Energy deficiency abortion

57
Q

Environmental

A

> Toxins, heavy metals
PCBs: cause chromosome breakages = abortion
> Estrogen- like, dioxin-like, phenobarbital-like
F2= ostrogen syndrome
Fungicides
Plants: Phytoestrogens Clover (incr. contractions)
Astragulus bush

58
Q

Vitamin deficiency

A

Vit A: Pregnant sows = malformation of the foetus
Biotin and Folic acid: tetrogenic
Vit K: Rabbits = placental heamorrhage

59
Q

Mineral Deficiency

A

Manganese: dairy cow

> Ovarian problems, potential abortion

60
Q

Immuno-suppression

A

Maternal blocking antibodies
Blood group - foals and pigs
Serum blocking antigens produced by foetus

Phytotoxins, mycotoxins

Nutrition 2 (12 decks)

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