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Nutrition 2 > Cattle > Flashcards

Cattle Flashcards

1
Q

Rumen pH

A

6.2-6.8

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2
Q

Saliva:
Buffers
pH

A

NaHCO3
Na2HPO4

pH: 8.2-8.4
(Horse pH: 8.6-9.1)

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3
Q

VFAs

A

Acetic acid 60-70%
Propionic acid 20-30%
Butyric acid 10%

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4
Q

Protein degredation

A

RDP: 70%
UDP: 30%

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5
Q

Rumen Degradability Protein

A

High >70%: Cereals, extracted sunflower meal, corn silage, alfalfa
Med: 50-70%: Corn, meadow hay, extracted soyabean
Low: <50%: Corn gluten meal, shoghrum

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6
Q

Protein + AA for high yeilding dairy cow``

A 
By-pass/protected Protein:
   > Soyabean
   > Heat or fermaldehyde
   > 0.5-1kg
By-pass/ protected methionine
   > 10-20g/day
   > Encapsulation technique: Lipid bilayer
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7
Q

Types of FAT

A

EE: 2.5-3% DM
Plant origin: 2-3%
Protected/by-pass: 2-3%

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8
Q

Advantageous compounds on rumen

A 
Yeast (sacchromycosis, aspergillus)
Buffers (Na2Co3, Na2CO3: MgO)
CAB: NH4Cl orMgSo4
Nicotinic acid- Niacin (B3)
Glycogenic compounds: Glycerol, propylenglycol
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9
Q

Development of Rumen in calf

A

Depends on:
> VFA production
> Micro-organism establishment (triggered by solid food)
> Papillary development (triggered by fibre)

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10
Q

Ruminoreticulum: abomasum ratio

A

Month 1: 0.5
Month 2: 1.5
Month 4: 4-6

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11
Q

Calf starter Meal

A 
Intro. at week 2
CP: 18-19%
1.5kg/day
Concentrate intro: incr. Propionic acid prod
Hay intro. Incr. acetate prod.
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12
Q

Milk replacer

A

CP: 26-30%
Lactose: 40-45%
EE: 20%

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13
Q

Milk replacer

A

Skim milk powder + whey + soy protein + Fat

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14
Q

Acidified milk

A

Milk replacer with propionic acid or formic acid added
pH 4.5
temp: 15-20oC

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15
Q

Weight of cattle

A 
Birth: 45-50kg
2-3months: 80-90kg
5-6months: 200kg
15-16months 400kg (1st insemination)
24-25 months: 550kg (1st parturition)
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16
Q

Urea toxicosis

A

Staggering, kicking flank, incoordination, Uneasiness, Laboured breathing slobbering
Tx: 1L Vinegar + 2 L water = 3.3% acetic acid

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17
Q

Physiology intensive rearing

A

Maintenance + 15% higher
ADG: 1000-1200g/day
1st breathing at 12-13 months
Benefits
> decr. generation interval, incr. milking yield
Disadvantage: Dystocia (difficult calving)

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18
Q

Isometric growth

A

0-90days
Organ and body growth proportional
decr. GH andparenchmal DNA lowered: Prevent puberty onset
Problem: fat deposition

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19
Q

Allometric growth:

A

100- onset of puberty (250-280kg)
GH and parenchymal growth: induce puberty
Growth of organs to Body not proportional

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20
Q

Heifer DWG

A

700-800g /kg

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21
Q

280 Kg Heifer Suggested Diet

A

Haylage 3-4%BW
Meadow hay: 3-4% BW
Corn Silage: 4-5%BW
Alfalfa: 2-3%BW
Straw 1-2%

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22
Q

Beef heifer Mating weight

A

340-360kg

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23
Q

Beef heifer DWG

A

DWG: 700-800Kg
From mating to calving: 400g/Kg
During lactation: 250DWG

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24
Q

Dairy heifer

weither height

A

110cm

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25
Q

Sexual maturity

A

Correlates with BW and Fat% not Age
Decr. BW by 20%
> Females ovaries underdeveloped

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26
Q

Dairy:
Lactation
Dry period

A

Lactation: 305days

Dry period: 60days

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27
Q

Dairy lactation:

Phase lengths

A

Phase 1 : 0-70 days
Phase 2: 70-140 days
Phase 3: 140-305 days

28
Q

Dairy lactation

Phase 1

A

0-70 days
Peak week 6-8
CF: 18% (Fiber: Chopped, ground or pelleted:
> incr. Rumination)
CP: >19% (Use soyabean meal as a by-pass protein)
40 % forages, 60% concentrates
Normal weight loss: 10% (50kg)

29
Q

Dairy lactation

Phase 2:

A 
Day 70-140
Cows no longer loosing weight
Grain <2.5% BW
Forage: < 1.5% BW
Insemination at day 90
30
Q

Dairy lactation

Phase 3

A 
Day 140-305
CF: 21%
CP: 13%
Milk production decr. 8-10% per month
Diet: 2 year old cows: maintenance + 20%
         3 year old cows: maintenance + 10%
31
Q

CP in lactation

A 
Early lactation: >19%
Late lactation: ~13%
UDP or by pass protein
   > Early: 40% of CP
   > Late: 30% of CP
32
Q

Dairy: Dry period

A 
60 days
   > 6weeks
   > 2weeks
Purpose: incr. milk yield for next lactation and decr. 
               metabolic problems
CF: 34-20% (between phase 1 and 2)
33
Q

Dairy: dry period

Phase 1

A 
6 weeks:
Regeneration of mammary tissue
DM 2%BW
CP: 12%
Forage: 50% DM
Ca: 60-80g      P: 30-40g
Vit: ADE
Selinium
34
Q

Dairy dry period:

Phase 1:

A

2 weeks prepartum
Do not give legume hay as Ca too high and P too low, incr. incidence of Milk fever.
4-5Kg grain
CP: 14-15%

35
Q

Beef: BCS at calving

A 
BCS: 3.5
above optimal:
     > Prolong calving
     > incr. difficulties
     > weak calf
     > decr. colostrum
     > incr. prolapse incidence
36
Q

Beef cow

Calving to rebreeding

A

80days

37
Q

Beef cow:

weaning

A

6-7months @ 240kg

38
Q

Beef calf:

A

Weaned @ 6-7 months
240kg
Creep: 1.5-2kg/day

39
Q

Beef cow milk prod

A

Milk prod: 6-10L/day

40
Q

Beef cow nutreints

A

DM: 2-3%
Water: 3XDM
CF: 18-23%

41
Q

Beef cattle Nutritional dietetics

A 
Vit A
Copper
CA + P
Selinium + Vit E
Mg
Thiamine
42
Q

Vit A

A

Skin + mucous membrane protection
Reproduction: Spermatogenesis, embryo lifespan
Growth and bone development
> Bleached hay: low Vit A
> Supplement: Inj, feed additives, carrots

43
Q

Copper

A

Def: If low in soil, and if high MO, Fe or S

> dull coat colour

44
Q

Mg

A

Def: grass tetany
> Low Mg (&/low Ca)
> High K and N
CS: staggers, excitability, muscle spasms

45
Q

Ca + Vit D

A

Def: Rickets

46
Q

Thiamine

A

CCN, PEM
Intensive diet: High B1 demand
Decr. Rumen pH, Thamine level decr.
cause: Molasses, corn gluten

47
Q

Vit E and selinium

A

Def Calf: White muscle disease = Muscular dystrophy

48
Q

Beef cattle: Clinical dietetics

A 
Bloat (Frothy)
Acidosis
Hardware disease
Urinary calculi: uroliathis
Hydrocyanic acid toxicity
Urea toxicity
Nitrate-nitrite toxicity
Phytoestrogens
49
Q

Bloat (Frothy)

A

Bloom stage of plants
Legumes: Alfalfa, clover : high CP, contains TANNINS
Prevention: leguems < 35-50% of TMR

50
Q

Acidosis and liver abscesses

A

High conc diet causing a lower pH <6
Rumen wall: necrosis and inflammation
Incr. fusobacterium in rumen: transported to liver causing abscesses
Prevention
> Forages > 10% + buffe solution (Na2Co3, MgO)

51
Q

Hareware disease

A

ingestion of objects: puncture and damage organs

Tx: Magnet

52
Q

Urinary calculi: uroliathias

A 
Struvite: Intensive fatteneing
Silicate: high sour grasses
Bulls more effected
Bladder rupture: urine into abd
Tx: Acidifiers
53
Q

Hydrocyanic acid toxicity

A

Sorghum + Sudan grass
> Prussic acid (HCN)
problems: Respiratory failure
Prevention: Grass over 30cm

54
Q

Urea toxicity

A

High salivation, convulsion, in-coordination

Tx: 3.3% acetic acid

55
Q

Nitrate toxicity

A

Manure, fertilisation

> Methaemoglobinemia

56
Q

Dairy cow: Metabolic troubles

A 
Milk fever
Grass tetany (hypomagnesium)
Downers syndrome
Displaced abomasum
Dystocia (difficulty calving)
Lactic acidosis
Fat cow syndrome
57
Q

Milk fever

A

Due to low Ca in the blood after calving/ incr. in milk production.
Ca is needed for the release of ach to neuromuscular junctions: to cause muscle contraction
Symptoms:
> Early: loss of appetite, in-corodination, cows are dull, cold ears and muzzle
> late: cow goes down, cannot stand (symptoms also associated with ketosis or remained placenta)
1. Classical: too high Ca before calving = low PTH relaese after calving.
2. Atypical: to high P in diet
3. CAB: cationic incr. incidence = resistant to PTH activation
anionic: decr. incidence
tx: Calcium gluconate

58
Q

Grass tetany (hypomagnesia)

A

CS: Hyper excitability, muscle spasms, convulsions, depressed depression, collapse + death
cause: fresh grass low in Mg, incr. K and N leads to decr. Mg
Prevention: licking stones, bolus
Tx: Mg + Ca iv or Sc

59
Q

Fat cow syndrome

A

Cow fed too much in early pregnacy and feed intake decreased in late pregnancy

cs: loss of appetite, weak, fast Hb, sternal recubancy
tx: Anabolic steroids, supportive therapy: electrolytes, glucose, water

60
Q

Displaced abdomen

A

increase in cows feed high concentrate diets and low forage diets, incr. in older cows
> abomasum moves to the right
CS: decr. appetitie, decr. milk production. loss of weight
Tx: Rolling

61
Q

Downers syndrome

A

Due to untreated/ unsuccessful treating of milk fever
Pathology
> nerve damage of HL, necrosis, muscle and tendon damage

62
Q

lacticacidosis

A

caused by high concentrates being fed

cs: anorexia, decr. milk production
tx: buffers

63
Q

Urea

A
  1. Liver- blood- rumen
  2. Liver- blood - slaivary gland- rumen
  3. Liver - blood - kidney - rumen

Urea supplement increases NH3 in rumen

CO(NH2)2 + H20 ——-> 2NH3 + CO2

64
Q

UFP

A

Urea fermentable potential

UFP +ve: additional urea can be added as excess energy

65
Q

Ketones

A

Acetone: >0.7mmol/L
aceto-acetic acid: 0.4mmol/L
BHB: > 100umol/L
(Betohydroxybutyrate)

66
Q

Ketonuric index

A 
2 parameters: 
    > ketone body level
    > interval from calving
Evaluation
> 0-19: Ketonuria
> 20-29: med ketonuria
> 30-39: incr. danger ketonuria
> more than 40: life threatening
67
Q

Ketone formation due to

A

Hypocalcemia
Acidosis
Milk urea level

Nutrition 2 (12 decks)

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