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Nutrition 2 > Cattle > Flashcards

Cattle Flashcards

1
Q

Rumen pH

A

6.2-6.8

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2
Q

Saliva:
Buffers
pH

A

NaHCO3
Na2HPO4

pH: 8.2-8.4
(Horse pH: 8.6-9.1)

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3
Q

VFAs

A

Acetic acid 60-70%
Propionic acid 20-30%
Butyric acid 10%

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4
Q

Protein degredation

A

RDP: 70%
UDP: 30%

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5
Q

Rumen Degradability Protein

A

High >70%: Cereals, extracted sunflower meal, corn silage, alfalfa
Med: 50-70%: Corn, meadow hay, extracted soyabean
Low: <50%: Corn gluten meal, shoghrum

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6
Q

Protein + AA for high yeilding dairy cow``

A 
By-pass/protected Protein:
   > Soyabean
   > Heat or fermaldehyde
   > 0.5-1kg
By-pass/ protected methionine
   > 10-20g/day
   > Encapsulation technique: Lipid bilayer
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7
Q

Types of FAT

A

EE: 2.5-3% DM
Plant origin: 2-3%
Protected/by-pass: 2-3%

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8
Q

Advantageous compounds on rumen

A 
Yeast (sacchromycosis, aspergillus)
Buffers (Na2Co3, Na2CO3: MgO)
CAB: NH4Cl orMgSo4
Nicotinic acid- Niacin (B3)
Glycogenic compounds: Glycerol, propylenglycol
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9
Q

Development of Rumen in calf

A

Depends on:
> VFA production
> Micro-organism establishment (triggered by solid food)
> Papillary development (triggered by fibre)

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10
Q

Ruminoreticulum: abomasum ratio

A

Month 1: 0.5
Month 2: 1.5
Month 4: 4-6

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11
Q

Calf starter Meal

A 
Intro. at week 2
CP: 18-19%
1.5kg/day
Concentrate intro: incr. Propionic acid prod
Hay intro. Incr. acetate prod.
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12
Q

Milk replacer

A

CP: 26-30%
Lactose: 40-45%
EE: 20%

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13
Q

Milk replacer

A

Skim milk powder + whey + soy protein + Fat

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14
Q

Acidified milk

A

Milk replacer with propionic acid or formic acid added
pH 4.5
temp: 15-20oC

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15
Q

Weight of cattle

A 
Birth: 45-50kg
2-3months: 80-90kg
5-6months: 200kg
15-16months 400kg (1st insemination)
24-25 months: 550kg (1st parturition)
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16
Q

Urea toxicosis

A

Staggering, kicking flank, incoordination, Uneasiness, Laboured breathing slobbering
Tx: 1L Vinegar + 2 L water = 3.3% acetic acid

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17
Q

Physiology intensive rearing

A

Maintenance + 15% higher
ADG: 1000-1200g/day
1st breathing at 12-13 months
Benefits
> decr. generation interval, incr. milking yield
Disadvantage: Dystocia (difficult calving)

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18
Q

Isometric growth

A

0-90days
Organ and body growth proportional
decr. GH andparenchmal DNA lowered: Prevent puberty onset
Problem: fat deposition

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19
Q

Allometric growth:

A

100- onset of puberty (250-280kg)
GH and parenchymal growth: induce puberty
Growth of organs to Body not proportional

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20
Q

Heifer DWG

A

700-800g /kg

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21
Q

280 Kg Heifer Suggested Diet

A

Haylage 3-4%BW
Meadow hay: 3-4% BW
Corn Silage: 4-5%BW
Alfalfa: 2-3%BW
Straw 1-2%

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22
Q

Beef heifer Mating weight

A

340-360kg

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23
Q

Beef heifer DWG

A

DWG: 700-800Kg
From mating to calving: 400g/Kg
During lactation: 250DWG

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24
Q

Dairy heifer

weither height

A

110cm

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25
Sexual maturity
Correlates with BW and Fat% not Age Decr. BW by 20% > Females ovaries underdeveloped
26
Dairy: Lactation Dry period
Lactation: 305days | Dry period: 60days
27
Dairy lactation: | Phase lengths
Phase 1 : 0-70 days Phase 2: 70-140 days Phase 3: 140-305 days
28
Dairy lactation | Phase 1
0-70 days Peak week 6-8 CF: 18% (Fiber: Chopped, ground or pelleted: > incr. Rumination) CP: >19% (Use soyabean meal as a by-pass protein) 40 % forages, 60% concentrates Normal weight loss: 10% (50kg)
29
Dairy lactation | Phase 2:
``` Day 70-140 Cows no longer loosing weight Grain <2.5% BW Forage: < 1.5% BW Insemination at day 90 ```
30
Dairy lactation | Phase 3
``` Day 140-305 CF: 21% CP: 13% Milk production decr. 8-10% per month Diet: 2 year old cows: maintenance + 20% 3 year old cows: maintenance + 10% ```
31
CP in lactation
``` Early lactation: >19% Late lactation: ~13% UDP or by pass protein > Early: 40% of CP > Late: 30% of CP ```
32
Dairy: Dry period
``` 60 days > 6weeks > 2weeks Purpose: incr. milk yield for next lactation and decr. metabolic problems CF: 34-20% (between phase 1 and 2) ```
33
Dairy: dry period | Phase 1
``` 6 weeks: Regeneration of mammary tissue DM 2%BW CP: 12% Forage: 50% DM Ca: 60-80g P: 30-40g Vit: ADE Selinium ```
34
Dairy dry period: | Phase 1:
2 weeks prepartum Do not give legume hay as Ca too high and P too low, incr. incidence of Milk fever. 4-5Kg grain CP: 14-15%
35
Beef: BCS at calving
``` BCS: 3.5 above optimal: > Prolong calving > incr. difficulties > weak calf > decr. colostrum > incr. prolapse incidence ```
36
Beef cow | Calving to rebreeding
80days
37
Beef cow: | weaning
6-7months @ 240kg
38
Beef calf:
Weaned @ 6-7 months 240kg Creep: 1.5-2kg/day
39
Beef cow milk prod
Milk prod: 6-10L/day
40
Beef cow nutreints
DM: 2-3% Water: 3XDM CF: 18-23%
41
Beef cattle Nutritional dietetics
``` Vit A Copper CA + P Selinium + Vit E Mg Thiamine ```
42
Vit A
Skin + mucous membrane protection Reproduction: Spermatogenesis, embryo lifespan Growth and bone development > Bleached hay: low Vit A > Supplement: Inj, feed additives, carrots
43
Copper
Def: If low in soil, and if high MO, Fe or S | > dull coat colour
44
Mg
Def: grass tetany > Low Mg (&/low Ca) > High K and N CS: staggers, excitability, muscle spasms
45
Ca + Vit D
Def: Rickets
46
Thiamine
CCN, PEM Intensive diet: High B1 demand Decr. Rumen pH, Thamine level decr. cause: Molasses, corn gluten
47
Vit E and selinium
Def Calf: White muscle disease = Muscular dystrophy
48
Beef cattle: Clinical dietetics
``` Bloat (Frothy) Acidosis Hardware disease Urinary calculi: uroliathis Hydrocyanic acid toxicity Urea toxicity Nitrate-nitrite toxicity Phytoestrogens ```
49
Bloat (Frothy)
Bloom stage of plants Legumes: Alfalfa, clover : high CP, contains TANNINS Prevention: leguems < 35-50% of TMR
50
Acidosis and liver abscesses
High conc diet causing a lower pH <6 Rumen wall: necrosis and inflammation Incr. fusobacterium in rumen: transported to liver causing abscesses Prevention > Forages > 10% + buffe solution (Na2Co3, MgO)
51
Hareware disease
ingestion of objects: puncture and damage organs | Tx: Magnet
52
Urinary calculi: uroliathias
``` Struvite: Intensive fatteneing Silicate: high sour grasses Bulls more effected Bladder rupture: urine into abd Tx: Acidifiers ```
53
Hydrocyanic acid toxicity
Sorghum + Sudan grass > Prussic acid (HCN) problems: Respiratory failure Prevention: Grass over 30cm
54
Urea toxicity
High salivation, convulsion, in-coordination | Tx: 3.3% acetic acid
55
Nitrate toxicity
Manure, fertilisation | > Methaemoglobinemia
56
Dairy cow: Metabolic troubles
``` Milk fever Grass tetany (hypomagnesium) Downers syndrome Displaced abomasum Dystocia (difficulty calving) Lactic acidosis Fat cow syndrome ```
57
Milk fever
Due to low Ca in the blood after calving/ incr. in milk production. Ca is needed for the release of ach to neuromuscular junctions: to cause muscle contraction Symptoms: > Early: loss of appetite, in-corodination, cows are dull, cold ears and muzzle > late: cow goes down, cannot stand (symptoms also associated with ketosis or remained placenta) 1. Classical: too high Ca before calving = low PTH relaese after calving. 2. Atypical: to high P in diet 3. CAB: cationic incr. incidence = resistant to PTH activation anionic: decr. incidence tx: Calcium gluconate
58
Grass tetany (hypomagnesia)
CS: Hyper excitability, muscle spasms, convulsions, depressed depression, collapse + death cause: fresh grass low in Mg, incr. K and N leads to decr. Mg Prevention: licking stones, bolus Tx: Mg + Ca iv or Sc
59
Fat cow syndrome
Cow fed too much in early pregnacy and feed intake decreased in late pregnancy cs: loss of appetite, weak, fast Hb, sternal recubancy tx: Anabolic steroids, supportive therapy: electrolytes, glucose, water
60
Displaced abdomen
increase in cows feed high concentrate diets and low forage diets, incr. in older cows > abomasum moves to the right CS: decr. appetitie, decr. milk production. loss of weight Tx: Rolling
61
Downers syndrome
Due to untreated/ unsuccessful treating of milk fever Pathology > nerve damage of HL, necrosis, muscle and tendon damage
62
lacticacidosis
caused by high concentrates being fed cs: anorexia, decr. milk production tx: buffers
63
Urea
1. Liver- blood- rumen 2. Liver- blood - slaivary gland- rumen 3. Liver - blood - kidney - rumen Urea supplement increases NH3 in rumen CO(NH2)2 + H20 -------> 2NH3 + CO2
64
UFP
Urea fermentable potential | UFP +ve: additional urea can be added as excess energy
65
Ketones
Acetone: >0.7mmol/L aceto-acetic acid: 0.4mmol/L BHB: > 100umol/L (Betohydroxybutyrate)
66
Ketonuric index
``` 2 parameters: > ketone body level > interval from calving Evaluation > 0-19: Ketonuria > 20-29: med ketonuria > 30-39: incr. danger ketonuria > more than 40: life threatening ```
67
Ketone formation due to
Hypocalcemia Acidosis Milk urea level

Nutrition 2 (12 decks)

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