Clinical Anatomy of the Back, Spine and Spinal Cord Flashcards
what do skin dimples in the back indicate the position of
PSIS
name the 3 parts of the trapezius and the way the fibres run
superior- descends
middle - transverse
inferior- ascending
low back pain could be due to what muscle?
erector spinae (located at lower back)
name the extrinsic back muscles
rhomboids
levator scapulae
trapezius
latissimus dorsi
main function of the extrinsic back muscles
move upper limb
what do the extrinsic back muscles attach the back to?
pectoral girdle
main function of the intrinsic back muscles
move spine
maintain back posture
name the 2 groups of the intrinsic back muscles from superficial to deep
erector spinae
transversospinalis
most lateral muscle of the erector spinae
iliocostalis
the erector spinae attach individually to the sacrum T or F
F, attach to the sacrum and iliac crest via a COMMON tendon
where are the erector spinae located in relation to the spine?
lateral to the spine
what do the erector spinae attach to superiorly (3)?
via separate tendons to:
rib
transverse process of vertebra
spinous process of vertebra
where is the transversospinalis located in the spine?
within the grooves between the transverse and spinous processes
nerve supply of the intrinsic back muscles?
posterior rami branches of cervical, thoracic and lumbar spinal nerves depending on level
erector spinae and transversospinalis control extension/flexion of the spine?
extension
what 2 muscles control spine flexion?
psoas major
rectus abdominus
how can the intrinsic back muscles also perform lateral flexion?
if they contract unilaterally instead of bilaterally
why does the spine get smaller at the bottom?
weight has transferred to hip bones
which of the intrinsic muscles of the back is in more direct contact with the vertebrae (deeper)?
transversospinalis
vertebrae attach to each other via …
articular processes
what kind of joint is the connection between vertebrae
synovial plane joints called “facet joints”
where is the lamina
the extension posteriorly just before the spinous process starts
spinal nerves are found in what foramen?
intervertebral foraminae
there are no intervertebral discs between what vertebrae
C1-C2
sacrum and coccyx
what material is the annulus fibrosis made of?
fibrocartilage
why do older people get smaller as they age
intervertebral discs cant regenerate as well so stay sunken
what does the ligamentum flavum connect?
each of the laminae
what does the posterior longitudinal ligament prevent?
overflexion of the spine
what does the anterior longitudinal ligament prevent?
overextension of the spine
which is the stronger and broader of the longitudinal ligaments?
anterior
what ligament connects the TIPS of the spinous processes?
supraspinous ligament
what ligament connects the superior and inferior surfaces of the spinous proceses
interspinous ligament
which spinous process ligament is stronger
supraspinous (supra think superior)
what typical parts of the vertebrae does C1 lack?
body
spinous process
what does C1 have that other vertebrae dont and why?
posterior and anterior arch to replace its lack of a vertebral body
what vertebra contains the odontoid process
C2
atlantooccipital joints connect using __ joints
synovial
what does the atlanto-occipital joint connect?
superior articular facets of the atlas to the occipital condyles
what movement do the atlanto-occipital joints allow?
“yes” movement
name the 3 articulations of the atlantoaxial joint
2 for articular facets of atlas and axis
1 between anterior arch of atlas and odontoid process
the inferior end of the sacral canal is called…
the sacral hiatus (palpable)
where is the sacral promontory
the top of the sacrum where the spine would be
where is local anaesthetic injected in caudal anaesthesia
sacral hiatus
name the location of the start point of the spinal cord
foramen magnum
main shock absorber of the spinal cord
epidural fat
