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3 Anatomy > Clinical Anatomy of the Back, Spine and Spinal Cord > Flashcards

Clinical Anatomy of the Back, Spine and Spinal Cord Flashcards

1
Q

what do skin dimples in the back indicate the position of

A

PSIS

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2
Q

name the 3 parts of the trapezius and the way the fibres run

A

superior- descends
middle - transverse
inferior- ascending

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3
Q

low back pain could be due to what muscle?

A

erector spinae (located at lower back)

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4
Q

name the extrinsic back muscles

A

rhomboids
levator scapulae
trapezius
latissimus dorsi

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5
Q

main function of the extrinsic back muscles

A

move upper limb

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6
Q

what do the extrinsic back muscles attach the back to?

A

pectoral girdle

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7
Q

main function of the intrinsic back muscles

A

move spine

maintain back posture

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8
Q

name the 2 groups of the intrinsic back muscles from superficial to deep

A

erector spinae

transversospinalis

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9
Q

most lateral muscle of the erector spinae

A

iliocostalis

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10
Q

the erector spinae attach individually to the sacrum T or F

A

F, attach to the sacrum and iliac crest via a COMMON tendon

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11
Q

where are the erector spinae located in relation to the spine?

A

lateral to the spine

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12
Q

what do the erector spinae attach to superiorly (3)?

A

via separate tendons to:
rib
transverse process of vertebra
spinous process of vertebra

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13
Q

where is the transversospinalis located in the spine?

A

within the grooves between the transverse and spinous processes

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14
Q

nerve supply of the intrinsic back muscles?

A

posterior rami branches of cervical, thoracic and lumbar spinal nerves depending on level

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15
Q

erector spinae and transversospinalis control extension/flexion of the spine?

A

extension

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16
Q

what 2 muscles control spine flexion?

A

psoas major

rectus abdominus

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17
Q

how can the intrinsic back muscles also perform lateral flexion?

A

if they contract unilaterally instead of bilaterally

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18
Q

why does the spine get smaller at the bottom?

A

weight has transferred to hip bones

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19
Q

which of the intrinsic muscles of the back is in more direct contact with the vertebrae (deeper)?

A

transversospinalis

20
Q

vertebrae attach to each other via …

A

articular processes

21
Q

what kind of joint is the connection between vertebrae

A

synovial plane joints called “facet joints”

22
Q

where is the lamina

A

the extension posteriorly just before the spinous process starts

23
Q

spinal nerves are found in what foramen?

A

intervertebral foraminae

24
Q

there are no intervertebral discs between what vertebrae

A

C1-C2

sacrum and coccyx

25
Q

what material is the annulus fibrosis made of?

A

fibrocartilage

26
Q

why do older people get smaller as they age

A

intervertebral discs cant regenerate as well so stay sunken

27
Q

what does the ligamentum flavum connect?

A

each of the laminae

28
Q

what does the posterior longitudinal ligament prevent?

A

overflexion of the spine

29
Q

what does the anterior longitudinal ligament prevent?

A

overextension of the spine

30
Q

which is the stronger and broader of the longitudinal ligaments?

A

anterior

31
Q

what ligament connects the TIPS of the spinous processes?

A

supraspinous ligament

32
Q

what ligament connects the superior and inferior surfaces of the spinous proceses

A

interspinous ligament

33
Q

which spinous process ligament is stronger

A

supraspinous (supra think superior)

34
Q

what typical parts of the vertebrae does C1 lack?

A

body

spinous process

35
Q

what does C1 have that other vertebrae dont and why?

A

posterior and anterior arch to replace its lack of a vertebral body

36
Q

what vertebra contains the odontoid process

A

C2

37
Q

atlantooccipital joints connect using __ joints

A

synovial

38
Q

what does the atlanto-occipital joint connect?

A

superior articular facets of the atlas to the occipital condyles

39
Q

what movement do the atlanto-occipital joints allow?

A

“yes” movement

40
Q

name the 3 articulations of the atlantoaxial joint

A

2 for articular facets of atlas and axis

1 between anterior arch of atlas and odontoid process

41
Q

the inferior end of the sacral canal is called…

A

the sacral hiatus (palpable)

42
Q

where is the sacral promontory

A

the top of the sacrum where the spine would be

43
Q

where is local anaesthetic injected in caudal anaesthesia

A

sacral hiatus

44
Q

name the location of the start point of the spinal cord

A

foramen magnum

45
Q

main shock absorber of the spinal cord

A

epidural fat

3 Anatomy (20 decks)

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